Which famous noble family owned the estate Neskuchnoe. Boring garden before the revolution

The park was set up outside what was then Moscow on the banks of the river. The chosen site was inconvenient for construction, so for two years 700 people worked to level the ground to give the park the shape of an amphitheatre. But the result was worth it: from the manor house to the river, the garden descended in ledges, of different widths and heights, but of the same length of 95 sazhens. The park had many stone greenhouses with palm trees and trees from hot countries: 2,000 varieties of rare plants were collected especially for it. On the fifth site from the top there was a large pond and a poultry house with rare birds and animals ordered from Holland and England. And in soil sheds and greenhouses, pineapples and grapes were grown.

Watchmen smeared with chalk guarded the plants. At a cursory glance, they did not differ from garden sculptures. But when visitors began to break something, the “sculptures” came to life and gave a voice. Rumors about talking statues filled Moscow, and the people poured en masse into the garden, which they called "Neskuchny".

Under the next owner - Count Alexei Orlov-Chesmensky - monuments in honor of military battles, pavilions, gazebos and various garden "ventures" appeared in Neskuchnik. But since the main passion of the owner was horses (it was he who brought the famous Oryol trotters), an arena and stables appeared in the park. rebuilt and main house. Among the possible architects are I. Sitnikov, V. Iechta, V. Yakovlev.

In 1830, a theater was built in the Neskuchny Garden under open sky- the so-called "air" theater. Its scenery and backstage were bushes and trees. There was no curtain or stage. Because of this, sometimes performances were given knee-deep in water. But the audience liked the innovation, and the theater enjoyed enviable popularity.

... the theater arranged in an open-air garden delighted me; centuries-old trees, a babbling brook, turf benches and bushes of double roses served as decorations. During the intermission, the ladies ran from box to box, elegant ladies' hats were also full of armchairs, gentlemen brought bouquets, fruits and ice cream to their chosen ones and their silent and unsmiling bodyguards.

In the summer of 1830 Pushkin, Goncharova and Nashchokin visited the "air" theater in Neskuchny. There was a rehearsal, but when the famous guest appeared, it was interrupted, and the actors followed him in a crowd while the poet examined the stage and the audience seats. And in 1834 the theater was closed.

In 1923, the first All-Russian agricultural and handicraft-industrial exhibition was held on the territory of the Neskuchny Garden.

Several pavilions were placed in the park, including “Makhorka” by K.S. Melnikov and "Engineering" I.V. Zholtovsky. And in 1947-1951, in Neskuchnik, according to the project of Sergei Ikonnikov, a gazebo was built in honor of the 800th anniversary of Moscow. The main events from the history of the city are depicted on its walls.

And in 2006-2007, the area near the rotunda was landscaped and called the “Alley of Lovers”. Fountains were launched on it and a special clock was installed: now lovers do not have to worry about being late for a date - the clock is always five minutes to six.

In the Neskuchny Garden, on the edge of the Andreevsky ravine, stands the Hunting Lodge, where the games “What? Where? When?". The summer house has a library, a small zoo, and the oldest ping-pong site in Moscow. From the pond you can see the sculpture of a girl-diver by R. Iodko over the only cascade fountain in Moscow. And a small grotto lurked near the river itself.

They say that...... if lovers walk together along the Grotesque Bridge, then their love will be strong. And if at the same time they also kiss, they will never part.
...a nondescript green building on the shore of a pond in the Neskuchny Garden is all that remains of the Vanny (Bathing) house of the late 18th century. There, Emperor Alexander II liked to bathe in marble baths. And even the bottom the purest pond was paved with marble slabs.
In Soviet times, catering establishments were set up in the Vanny Domik, but after the fire it was empty. And now this park pavilion is slowly being destroyed.
...on the bricks of the buildings and alleys of the Neskuchny Garden you can find the stamps "N.Ya.". These bricks were made in the 19th century at a factory near Moscow by the merchant Nikolai Yakunchikov.
... on his site P.N. Trubetskoy arranged the first voxal - a pleasure garden with illuminations, theatrical performances and snacks. Here in 1805, Muscovites observed the first flight on hot-air balloon. The next owner of the site - Shakhovskaya - arranged a hydropathic facility there. But no one sat in the baths there, did not drink water, did not walk in the galleries - the project turned out to be commercially unsuccessful, and the property had to be sold to the treasury.
... Ilya Ilf liked to walk in the Neskuchny Garden. Once he approached a trained elephant from the local tent circus. He suddenly stood up on his hind legs. Ilf was taken aback, but threw up the camera, took a few shots and said with relief: “Sit down!”. Here the baby elephant was already taken aback and sat down.
...for several years after the revolution, the Moscow Museum of Furniture was located in the Alexandrinsky Palace. This is the same museum where in the novel "The Twelve Chairs" Ostap Bender and Kisa Vorobyaninov were looking for precious chairs.

The Garage Museum of Contemporary Art is a place where people, ideas and art meet to create history! The Garage Museum was founded in 2008 by Daria Zhukova and Roman Abramovich and became the first private philanthropic institution in Russia, whose activities are aimed at the development and promotion of contemporary art and culture. One of the main missions of the Garage Museum is to show that contemporary art is a space for dialogue and searching for answers to many questions. It hosts exhibitions by leading Russian and foreign contemporary artists (such as Marina Abramovich, Raymond Pettibon, Mark Rothko, Viktor Pivovarov, Yayoi Kusama), educational programs for adults and children of all ages, as well as film screenings, concerts, performances and much more. Drawing on the knowledge and experience of the best art historians and curators, Garage guides open up the world of contemporary art to visitors every day. The guides will be happy to conduct excursions for you in Russian and English, as well as help the guide with consecutive translation from Russian into the language of the group. The history of the Museum has always been closely connected with architecture. His first "home" was the famous Bakhmetevsky bus depot in Moscow (in honor of which the Garage got its name) - a monument of constructivism, designed by the architect Konstantin Melnikov. In 2012, Garage moved to the heart of the capital - Gorky Park, to a temporary pavilion designed by Japanese architect Shigeru Ban. In June 2015, the Museum opened its first permanent building on the territory of the Park, which previously housed the Vremena Goda restaurant, popular in the 1960s, which became the embodiment of the dream of ideal leisure for Soviet citizens. Today, the building, restored by the world-famous architect Rem Koolhaas and his bureau OMA, has become not just a museum, but also one of the city's main attractions, retaining many elements of its past. One of them is a mosaic that adorns the Atrium of the Museum and depicts a girl surrounded by autumn leaves. It is in the Atrium that every six months - in spring and autumn - a work of art created by artists especially for the Garage appears, which is available for free visiting. The rotating installations of the project, called Garage Atrium Commissions, included works by Eric Bulatov, Louise Bourgeois, Rashid Johnson and Irina Korina. A bookstore is open for you every day at the Museum with the best selection of books and magazines on art and Garage souvenirs made in Moscow (pay attention to the Made in Moscow label), including products created in collaboration with artists. There is a cozy cafe with author's cuisine, a summer terrace and breakfasts that can be enjoyed throughout the day. The heart of the institution and the platform for Garage's exhibition, publishing and research projects is its collection, the world's largest archive on the history of Russian contemporary art dating back to the 1950s. The archive is available to Russian and foreign researchers, and its collections, numbering this moment more than 400,000 storage units, constantly replenished. In addition, the building of the Educational Center of the Museum next to the Pioneer Pond for all comers operates the first public library in Russia on contemporary art. The Garage Museum also became the first museum in Russia to open an inclusive department and adapt exhibition and educational programs for visitors with various forms of disability. All Museum buildings are equipped with ramps, and specialists from the inclusive department conduct tours and special events for deaf and hard of hearing, blind and visually impaired visitors, as well as for people with intellectual disabilities. We don’t know what your plans are, but we definitely have something to offer: exhibitions, lectures, meetings with experts, open-air films in a great company, outdoor cocktails, festivals, concerts of famous musicians, performances, discussions, walks in the park and much more. See you at the Garage Museum! Ticket price: 0-300 rubles

Demidov Palace is located next to Tretyakov Gallery. Located on the banks of the Moskva River, it is an architectural monument of the mid-18th century.

Prokopy Akinfievich Demidov is the eldest son of the largest Ural mining plant owner A.N. Demidov, the largest owner of mining enterprises. He founded the Moscow Commercial School in 1772, is known for his many thousands of donations to Moscow University and millions of contributions to the construction of the Moscow Orphanage, of which he was a member of the Board of Trustees. He was famous for his eccentricities, and was characterized by his contemporaries as a rude and independent person, so much so that he aroused the indignation of Catherine II, who spoke of him as a "daring talker". He enthusiastically indulged in botany, collected a herbarium, transferred to Moscow University, wrote a study on bees, and was very fond of songbirds.

Demidov over the course of a number of years acquired land in the name of his wife from several Moscow owners. To these possessions in 1754, a yard with a house by F.I. Soymonov, a famous navigator and cartographer. This rounded out the site, and the estate occupied the entire space lying between "the moat and the road that travel from the Church of the Rees-Position to the Moscow River." The “pleased nobleman P.A. Demidov and his wife Matryona Antipova” dated April 10, 1756 that they want to build “stone chambers”. There is also a resolution: "it is allowed to be built according to the attached plan of the architect Yakovlev."

Demidov Neskuchny Palace, located on the banks of the Moscow River, is an architectural monument of the mid-18th century and perfectly represents the classical style. The palace had an enviable fate. During the life of the owner, he was filled with thousands of cages with birds. All Moscow nobility went to admire such miracles. There were painters, writers, statesmen, scientists... After the death of the owner, at one time the palace belonged to the Counts Orlovs. Later, the building, along with the land, was bought by Nicholas I and settled in it by his wife Alexandra Feodorovna (sometimes the palace was also called Alexandria). After the revolution, the unique historical monument was turned into a museum. People came here to meet the richest collections exquisite furniture. They say that Ilf and Petrov wrote their famous novel about the ill-fated chairs not without a hint heard within these walls.

The fence lattice was made in the 50s of the 18th century at the Nizhny Tagil Demidov plant according to the project of F.S. Argunov. Cast iron doors are not assembled from separate parts, but cast as a single piece.

During the tenure of Prokopiy Demidov, the estate of the Neskuchny Palace was famous for its famous botanical garden. Demidov, being fond of collecting exotic plants, back in the 1740s. asked brother Gregory for cuttings and seeds from his Solikamsk garden. After the death of Gregory, Procopius moved to Moscow the most interesting plants from the Ural collection. The garden itself attracted the attention of visitors, access to it was open, and it was always filled with visitors. The eccentric inventions of the owner also contributed to the popularity of the garden. For example, once, instead of plaster copies of Roman statues, he placed men smeared with chalk on the flower beds, who called out to everyone who dared to pick a flower. The rumor about the living statues stirred up Moscow, people poured into the garden. It was then that the name of the current place arose - Boring Garden.

In Demidov's garden, "herbals" (herbariums) were compiled annually, which included numerous plants from his garden. These herbalists supplied "hunters and lovers of botany." The catalog of the garden in 1781 was compiled by academician Pallas, he wrote: "The owner of this garden identified it first for fruits, and finally for one botany, and built many different stone greenhouses in it." Pallas mentions five terraces descending to the river, and eight greenhouses located on them. These greenhouses were designed not only for "succulent plants and trees from warm countries”, but also specifically for the “growing of seeds”, and stretched for a whole half a verst.

In the preface to his catalog of 1786, P.A. Demidov indicates 8000 plants - the total number of them for the entire period of the existence of the garden, which includes 6000 species and at least 2000 garden forms. Among the plants of the Demidov garden there were many species of Russian flora from different regions country. Some plants were natives of distant overseas lands. To replenish the collection of plants in his garden, the owner established contacts with foreign and domestic botanists.

After the death of P.A. Demidov Botanical Garden in Moscow gradually fell into disrepair. The direct heirs, the sons, were not interested in the garden. Fulfilling the will of the deceased, his widow Tatyana Vasilyevna turned in 1787 to Catherine II with a request to transfer the garden to the jurisdiction of Moscow University, but was refused, the new owners of the estate also did not pay attention to the garden, and it fell into decay and died as a botanical one. Only a part of the rare plants from it was transplanted into the university garden. In the 1920s local historians L.P. Alexandrov and V.L. Nekrasov wrote: “It would be best to restore the memory of the first botanical garden in Russia ... if the Neskuchny Garden, decorated with monuments to Demidov and Pallas, was turned into a large botanical garden ... and served the purposes of education, introducing the diverse flora of Russia. "

Gazebo in the Neskuchny Garden

Palace complex in Neskuchny garden well maintained, it is still occupied mainly by the Russian Academy of Sciences.

The hunting lodge, preserved from the oldest estate of Trubetskoy, is occupied by the Elite Club "What, where, when?". The building, surrounded by a high fence and guarded by dogs, is hardly accessible for inspection. However, it can be seen that the front façade, which serves as a backdrop for the filming of the games, is well maintained, although there is a pile of metal structures in front of it, apparently used in filming. The rear and side façades give an impression of abandonment, which is hard to imagine watching the building on TV during the regular games of connoisseurs.

Summer house, judging by appearance, is in a satisfactory condition, it houses a library in which, probably, only one middle-aged librarian (on the photo on the right) works and monitors. One of her main concerns is to protect the building and the library from companies of drunkards who gather in the evening on the benches near the house.

Ecologists consider it necessary at the beginning of spring, when the campaign for the improvement of city parks traditionally starts in Moscow, to pay special attention to such a landmark for the capital as the Neskuchny Garden, due to the neglected state of this natural area.

Neskuchny Garden is the oldest park in Moscow, located almost in its center. Occupies the territory from the Green Theater of the TsPKiO im. M. Gorky to the Third Transport Ring.

The Neskuchny Garden was created by decree of Nicholas I in 1847 as a result of the merger of three estates on the banks of the Moskva River, which once belonged to the Golitsyns, Demidovs and Trubetskoy and bought by the Palace Department for the imperial family.

The garden probably inherited its name from the pleasure estate of Prince Nikita Yuryevich Trubetskoy "Neskuchnoe".

The estate of Prosecutor General Prince Trubetskoy appeared in 1753 on a site adjoining the Kaluga Outpost (now Gagarin Square) and stretching to the Moscow River. The site consisted of a high plateau and a deep ravine with a pond at the bottom.

On this place, which is not very convenient for a park, the architect Dmitry Ukhtomsky built a palace called "Neskuchny country house", and laid out a regular garden. The house was two-story, built in baroque forms, with a pediment and sculpture above the roof. The first floor of the main facade was decorated with a colonnade, the second - with a balcony.

As the well-known Moscow historian Pyotr Sytin wrote, by 1783 the first owner of this territory laid out a small park here in the "Versailles style" - with trees cut in the form of pyramids and cubes, laid paths along it, equipped grottoes, and threw footbridges across the streams. Gazebos were scattered around the large house.

The entire space of the garden was divided by green living walls into rectangular and square garden cabinets, sculptures were placed in niches. Some of the alleys of the park were covered, completely covered with greenery. Through the whole garden to the house there was a central alley, planted with trimmed trees.

After Trubetskoy's death, "Neskuchny" was owned by Peter Trubetskoy, Elena Vyazemskaya, Shakhovskoy. In 1826, Leonty Shakhovskoy sold the estate to the Palace Department for Emperor Nicholas I.

Simultaneously with "Neskuchny", a little closer to the center of Moscow, around 1756, the estate of the industrialist and philanthropist Prokofy Akinfiyevich Demidov, the son of the famous founder of metallurgical plants Akinfiy Demidov, appeared.

The main attraction of the Demidov estate was the botanical garden, which had more than two thousand species of plants. The garden was in the form of an amphitheatre. He descended in ledges to the Moscow River. Each terrace was intended for a special kind of plants, winter and summer greenhouses - for trees, pineapples, grapes and palm trees. On the lowest, fifth terrace, wider than the others, there was a pond, a poultry house, where rare birds and animals lived. In this garden, experiments were carried out on the breeding of new varietal plants.

Prokofy Demidov was known for his original, often eccentric actions. For example, in his garden, he put chalked gardeners in the flowerbeds to call out to anyone who intended to pluck a rare plant.

After Demidov's death in 1786, his house and garden passed to Elena Vyazemskaya (daughter of Trubetskoy, the owner of Neskuchny). In 1793, the Demidov estate was bought by Fyodor Orlov, then it went to his niece Anna Orlova Chesmenskaya, who in 1832 sold the estate to Nicholas I. The emperor arranged there summer palace for his wife Alexandra Feodorovna. The palace was named Alexandria.

The estate of the Golitsyn princes was also located on the territory of the Neskuchny Garden. Since 1793, this estate belonged to Princess Natalya Petrovna Chernysheva (née Golitsyna). Chernysheva had a tough and domineering disposition, she did not want to sell her estate for any money. In her will, she allowed the estate to be sold no earlier than five years after her death. The estate was acquired by the Palace Department from the princess's son in 1843.

In 1826 1843. on the site of the noble estates of the Trubetskoy, Golitsyns and Demidovs, an ensemble of the imperial residence of Nicholas I was erected.

The palace buildings and garden plantings of Neskuchny were arranged under the guidance of the architect Evgraf Tyurin and the gardener Pelzel. By their order, the remaining Demidov greenhouses were broken, in 1834 the terraces and the pond between the palace and the Moscow River were filled up, all the buildings in the former Golitsyn estate were broken. The garden grew wild every year, more and more turning into a grove.

When the royal family was not in Moscow, Neskuchny Garden was available to the people and became in the second half of the 19th century. his favorite hangout. But when in the 1890s the Moscow governor-general, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, the uncle of the Tsar, settled in it, access to the Neskuchny Garden was closed to the people.

After the October Revolution, the Neskuchny Garden became available to everyone, and the Museum of Furniture of the 18th - early 19th centuries was arranged in the palace.

In 1928, the park was greatly reduced due to felling of trees and was included in the park to them. Gorky.

Now almost nothing remains of the former grandeur of the Neskuchny Garden. From old buildings and landscape gardening structures of the 18th century. little survived: the summer house of Count Orlov, a bathroom house by a covered pond, three garden bridges, a grotto, and the Hunting Lodge of the Trubetskoy estate, known as the venue for the games of the television elite club "What? Where? When?".

From the first half of the XIX century. the main entrance gates that lead to the old building of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences (former Alexander Palace), with the sculptural groups of Ivan Vitali "The Seasons", three service buildings and entrance gates built by the architect Tyurin, a white stone bridge, under which there used to be a passage from the palace, have been preserved to the Moscow river.

One of the most famous buildings in the park is the Rotunda, built in 1947 and dedicated to the 800th anniversary of the capital. In 2007, the Alley of Love was opened next to the rotunda. The idea of ​​creating an alley is to "revive" this section of the park and reproduce here Griboyedov's words "... happy hours are not observed." The clock here shows the same time: five minutes to six. Therefore, lovers are never late for a date. This watch symbolizes love as an eternal feeling.

The Neskuchny Garden was for several years a meeting place for the Tolkienists, who gave it the name Eglador. Fans of Tolkien's books at one time staged whole battles here. More than 10 years ago, on Thursdays, they began to gather in Neskuchny and play out the history of Middle-earth. There were more and more Tolkienists and their spectators, punks, hippies, metalheads began to come here, bikers came, and Neskuchny Garden became, as it were, a second Arbat. The noisy masses began to attract the attention of the authorities, and in 1997 the Tolkienists created for themselves a new piece of Middle-earth - Mandos in Tsaritsyno Park. And in Neskuchny, tournaments of minstrels, bards, and storytellers were held.

The Moscow Table Tennis Championships were once held here. Next to them were chess players. The chess house that existed here in past years burned down, but in its place there is always a capacious chess pavilion full of people.

In an old mansion with columns, on a cliff above the Moscow River, there is a library where lovers of reading in silence gather. Entrance to the reading room is free.

The park has a Children's equestrian school, the Mineralogical Museum. A.E. Fersman.

The Neskuchny Garden offers a tennis court and table tennis tables.

In winter, you can meet lovers of winter swimming here.

In 2009, the Neskuchny Garden received the status of a specially protected area (SPNA) of the natural complex of Moscow.

Currently, the Neskuchny Garden is almost 60 hectares of land. The garden has a length of six and a half kilometers, is a single green massif, in the plantations of which there are about six dozen species of tree species. Linden, elm, ash, oak, maple, birch, and willow predominate. In the central part there are gray and walnuts, chestnut, bird cherry.

On the territory of the park there are plants listed in the Red Book of Moscow, including the water bat (myotis daubentoni), two-colored leather (Vespertilio murinus), shrike (lanius collurio), hobby (falco subbuteo), four-spotted quicktail (sericoda quadripunctratum), andrena bloody red (andrena haemorrhoa), dawn or aurora (anthocharis cardamines), corydalis dense (corydalis solids), ranunculus anemone (anemonoides ranunculoides).

Some forest birds nest on the territory of the park, and in 2009 on the ponds of the Central Park of Culture and Culture the offspring of crested ducks - diving ducks, listed in the Red Book of Moscow, were bred. The Neskuchny Garden is one of the most "nightingale" places in the capital.

About 20 years ago there were a lot of squirrels in the Neskuchny Garden. They were very brave and friendly: one had only to lend a hand with nuts or seeds - they are already there. They even climbed up on the clothes. Over time, the protein became less and less. Now there are no squirrels in the Neskuchny Garden.

They left the palace forever, rode along the wide driveway for the last time - and somewhere in the depths of their souls, foreseeing this, they looked through the windows of the carriage, each from his own side. Sergei Alexandrovich glanced over the snow-covered crowns of the trees, and Elizaveta Fyodorovna suddenly looked around impulsively, trying to make out the two stone dogs guarding the entrance to the building of the Alexandrinsky Palace. A place where she was very happy...

The beginning of January 1905 turned out to be vain and bitter. In the first days of the year, the sovereign signed the petition of Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich for his resignation from the post of Governor-General of Moscow, but left him in command of the troops of the Moscow Military District. The prince and his family left the governor's mansion on Tverskaya and moved to a residence in Neskuchny Garden in order to relax, gather their thoughts and determine how to live on. But a week later, Bloody Sunday happened - and on the evening of January 9, they, hastily gathered again, went to the Kremlin. Now it was only safe there. And the Alexandrinsky Palace - a witness of happy years - was left behind.

Here the outlines of the snow-white facade with wonderful semicircular balconies on graceful columns, carved arches in front of the windows of the third floor have melted - everyone has long called the palace "little Versailles". Luxurious entrance gates, decorated with sculptures - allegories of abundance, disappeared from sight. From now on, all this was to live only in memory.

Fourteen years ago, in 1891, when Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna crossed the threshold of her new home, she tried to learn more about its history. In general, she was characterized by a desire to comprehend her new homeland, her faith, culture and language as fully as possible. And now she tried to remember the countless Russian names of all those people who built this beautiful mansion or lived here. Trubetskoy and Demidov, Golitsyn and Orlov, Serikov and Vyazemsky...

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She was told that once three aristocratic estates belonging to different families were eventually united into one, under common name“Not boring,” Elizaveta Fedorovna repeated the difficult word over and over again, trying to achieve the correct pronunciation. Proper names were given to her most difficultly - take, for example, Prince Trubetskoy, who gave the estate this outlandish name: he arranged various amusements here in the distant 18th century. And the beautiful Alexandrinsky Palace, it turns out, was first called Demidov, and there, they say, everything was completely lined with cages with songbirds - the owner, breeder Prokofy Akinfievich Demidov, was an eccentric man, famous for his collections of minerals and paintings, herbariums and a rare library, he dressed servants with jesters , what’s there, rabbits, monkeys and cats ran freely around the rooms ...

And the botanical garden he laid out in the estate was considered the best in Russia and one of the first in Europe ... But the name of Count Fyodor Orlov turned out to be easy to remember. He, having acquired the estate, tried to give it respectability - it was with him that the lovely Tea and Bath houses, grottoes, rotundas and bridges appeared. His brother, the legendary Alexei Orlov-Chesmensky, on the contrary, brought here the spirit of unrestrained entertainment - from masquerades and fireworks to boating and fist fights.