Brazil. Brazil (Brazil) unesco world heritage in brazil

The historic center of the beautiful Brazilian city of São Luis was founded by the French in the 17th century. After a while, it was conquered by the Dutch, and then by the Portuguese. But, despite this, the old town managed to preserve its identity.

The architectural composition and rectangular layout emphasize the colonial past of the modern city. Many historical buildings still adorn the ancient streets of San Luis, which in 1997 was named a precious pearl by UNESCO and is included in the list of the great heritage of the planet.

Olinda historic center

The history of the emergence of the colorful settlement, which today is the heart of the beautiful Brazilian city of Olinda, is closely intertwined with the production of sugar from cane. This is evidenced by the architectural composition and layout of the city, founded by the Portuguese in the 16th century. Two centuries after the total plunder by the Dutch conquerors, the appearance of Olinda was significantly changed.

Ancient buildings, lush gardens, small churches, chapels and monasteries cherish the memory of the outstanding past of the Brazilian city, which in 1982 became one of the world's most magnificent heritage sites.

Historic center of Salvador di Bahia, Brazil

From 1549 to 1763, the old center of today's Salvador di Bahia was the capital of the Brazilian state, as well as a place where the cultures of the peoples of Africa, America and Europeans were closely intertwined.

Already in 1558, the picturesque town turned into a market (the first on the territory of the New World). Here, slaves were sold and bought, who worked on huge sugar cane plantations.

The architectural composition of the old city today is represented by many preserved historical buildings made in the Renaissance style. Multicolored constructions decorated with stucco moldings made of plaster give it a special flavor.

The historic area of ​​the beautiful Salvador di Bahia was listed as one of the world's most amazing heritage in 1985.

Church complex of Bom Jesus do Congonhas, Brazil

The beautiful temple complex, erected in the 18th century Minas Gerais, includes seven chapels, each of which is dedicated to the stops of Christ walking to Calvary and a magnificent church, the interior of which is admirable and awe-inspiring. The church is made in the Rococo style, decorated with granite statues of the prophets, and also equipped with an external staircase.
The outstanding Brazilian sculptor Aleijadinho worked on the decoration of the temple complex, which was included in the UNESCO list of treasures in 1987. His multi-colored creations emphasize the pompous baroque expression and give the constructions an original sound.

Brasilia city, Brazil

Founded in 1956 in the very heart of the Brazilian state, its capital, Brasilia, is an interesting urban development site that added in 1987 to the list of the world's great heritage.

The development project was carried out by Oscar Niemeyer and Lucio Costa. As conceived by the masters, each building, from symmetrically located residential buildings to municipal buildings, each element and every detail should overlap with the general idea of ​​the urban planning project. The layout of the amazing city resembles a bird soaring in the sky.

The urban landscapes of the Brazilian capital are represented by colorful buildings, of particular interest among which are the official structures, made using innovative architectural techniques.

Historic Center of Diamantina, Brazil

Surrounded by powerful rocky mountains, the colonial village of Diamantina conveys the atmosphere of the 18th century - the era of desperate diamond miners.

The city included in the list of invaluable heritage (1999) was the personification of the cultural development of a person who lived in extremely unfavorable conditions created by nature.

Protected Area Pantanal, Brazil

Patan is formed by four picturesque natural reserves, the area of ​​which exceeds 187 thousand hectares. An amazing area is located in the western part of the Brazilian state, and also occupies part of the territory of the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso.

The Pantanal is the largest wetland on the planet. Cuiaba and Paraguay, the largest rivers in the region, originate here. The protected area, included in the list of the planet's unique heritage in 2000, is replete with a variety of species of animals and pleases with the color of the local fauna.

Historic city center of Goias, Brazil

The historical center of the modern Brazilian town of Goias is the personification of a colonial settlement that developed during the development of the central part of the state over the 18-19 centuries.
The mining past of the city is evidenced by the specifics of its development, adapted to the conditions created by nature. The architectural composition of the old area is formed by modest buildings, erected using traditional construction techniques and materials for the area.
The historic center of the picturesque Brazilian city of Goias was added to the list of the world's most beautiful heritage in 2001.

Campos Cerrado National Parks: Chapada dos Veadeirus and Emas, Brazil

The picturesque landscapes of Campos Cerrado are formed by two beautiful parks, which represent the area of ​​savannah covered with thickets.
The richest flora and diverse fauna of the region is one of the most ancient since the emergence of biosystems of the tropical climatic zone.

In 2001, the protected area was named a priceless treasure by UNESCO.

James Island and related landmarks, Gambia

The stormy waters of the Gambia River wash the shores of the small islet of James Island, which, together with its surrounding attractions, in 2003 added to the list of amazing heritage of our planet.

The fortified area of ​​land is an eloquent illustration of the development of relations between Africans and Europeans, the formation of which took place over hundreds of years, from the pre-colonial era to the period when Africans gained full independence.

The island keeps the memory of the difficult times of the prosperity of the slave trade and is a witness to its abolition, and the monuments located on its territory clearly confirm the fact of the development of African territory by European peoples.

Rings of megalith stones in Senegambia, Gambia

An amazing object, included in the list of the world's heritage in 2006, is represented by 93 rings of stones that formed four large-scale complexes in several regions of the Gambia, as well as an impressive number of burial mounds. Many burials were excavated, thanks to which archaeologists were able to establish that they correspond to a period starting from the 3rd century BC, ending with the 16th century AD. The formation of a sacred landscape, illustrating the life of a well-organized and prosperous community, took place over 1500 years.

The extraction of stones was carried out using tools made of metal. They were hewn out, turning into cylindrical (or multifaceted) pillars, the weight of which reached seven tons, and the height was two meters. Rings formed by 8-14 stones, as a rule, were located near the mounds. The careful handling of the pillars demonstrates the skill of their creators, who have transformed the Gambian landscape for centuries.

This unique archaeological site is just a small part of a large-scale archaeological zone, on the territory of which there are over a thousand monuments of the megalith.

Skellig Michael Island Monastery, Ireland

Erected in the 7th century, the monastery complex rises on the dizzying slopes of the picturesque Skellig Michael Island, located near the Irish coast. This Christian settlement demonstrates the difficult conditions in which the first Irish monks lived.

The island, included in the list of heritage in 1996, has been preserved in almost pristine condition, due to the fact that it has hardly been visited.

Brazil landmarks

Brazil is a country whose culture has evolved under the influence of Portuguese and African traditions. Latin American roots are also strongly felt in historical development. The diversity of cultures directly affected the formation of the tourist infrastructure, therefore, trips around the country promise a lot of enchanting impressions. These can include attending carnivals and festivals, visiting cultural centers or religious sites. The sights of Brazil are extremely diverse: they are architectural monuments, museums, and famous sambodromes. Excursions are conducted by highly qualified specialists familiar with the history and culture of the country. They will replenish the baggage of tourists' knowledge with fascinating stories and answer any question of interest.

What to see in Brazil first of all

2. Waterfall "Adam and Eve" ("Iguazu")

The complex of waterfalls became a UNESCO heritage site in the 80s of the last century. Adam and Eve is located in Iguazu Park next to Bossetti Falls.

The waterfall "Adam and Eve" is especially beautiful on a sunny day, when millions of splashes reflect rays, shimmering with all the colors of the rainbow. At the same time, the spray cloud itself rises several meters - the force of the falling water flow is so great. There are solid observation platforms for tourists.

3. Bird Park (Foz do Iguacu)

The municipality of Foz do Iguacu is home to the Bird Park. It covers an area of ​​17 hectares. According to the plan of the organizers, the birds live here in their natural habitat. Places where birds gather are surrounded by nets. Tourists have the opportunity to go inside the enclosures and admire the birds in their natural environment.

All the birds that live in Brazil can be seen in the park. Experts have counted about 900 species. The bird park was founded not only for tourists. Research works are constantly carried out here, the purpose of which is to create optimal conditions for the preservation of especially rare breeds. In addition to birds, you can see exotic butterflies in the park, striking in their brightness. In addition, crocodiles and snakes can be found here.

As for flowering and evergreen plants, their freshness and beauty are provided with special care. The air is filled with aromas of freshness. You can enjoy this attraction in Brazil as part of an organized excursion.

4. Wanda Mines (Puerto Iguazu)

The mine is located near the city of Puerto Iguazu. This is an extensive deposit of semi-precious stones. If you are wondering what to visit in Brazil, the Wanda Mine is a good option for replenishing your experience. The mine is named after the Polish princess Wanda. A unique field was discovered in 1976.

The mine is rich in minerals. Here, in particular, agate, topaz, rock crystal, quartz and some others are mined. Most of the semi-precious stones mined in the mine are raw materials for jewelry production. To attract tourists, there are several special shops nearby that sell jewelry with minerals and stones mined here.

The process of extraction of stones will be no less interesting for tourists. During the tour, you can see their variety. The guides tell interestingly how many forms of stones are found here, as well as what colors prevail in them.

5. Pantanal (Mato Grosso do Sul)

In the western part of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, there is a picturesque tectonic depression. Pantanal means "wet lowland". There are very few such large wetlands on the planet. The approximate area is 195,000 square kilometers.

During the flood season, the Pantanal turns into a beautiful lake. However, winter droughts set in, and an overgrown swamp and sandbanks appear in the place of the lake. In addition, during the winter droughts, grassy areas and wandering river beds can be seen here. At the same time, the flora is extremely diverse here, which allows the Pantanal to be attributed to the natural attractions of Brazil.

650 bird species and more than 50 reptile species have been recorded here. The flora is represented by 3,500 plant species. This is a protected natural area that has been declared a UNESCO site. On three sides, the Pantanal is sharply bounded by precipices and gorges of the plateau. The relief here is as contrasting as the weather conditions.

Check out the beautiful places in Brazil in this great video!

6. "The Devil's Throat"

There is a unique complex of waterfalls on the Iguazu River. There are 275 of them here. The most impressive is the 700-meter ledge, which has a horseshoe shape. Devil's Throat Falls is made up of 14 streams of water that continuously descend from 350 feet.

The waterfall is in a huge cloud of spray sparkling in the sun. The "Devil's Throat" was opened for the Western world in 1541 by the famous traveler Eldorado Cabeza de Vaca. The strength and power of the waterfall will be of interest to those who are thinking of what to see in Brazil. The observation platforms here are very solid, there is no danger for tourists. Multi-stage platforms stretch for many kilometers, which makes it possible to admire this Brazilian landmark at any time.

History has kept a rave review E. Roosevelt that was stunned by the majestic picture of the waterfall. Seeing him, Eleanor said in shock: "Pathetic Niagara." It is better to observe the waterfall from a helicopter when all the streams of water are open in one panorama.

7. Mountain "Sugarloaf" (Rio de Janeiro)

The mountain is 396 meters high. It rises majestically over Guanabara Bay and is a natural landmark in Brazil. The unusual shape of the mountain is the reason for the original name. Locals call it Pan-di-Asukar, which means “sugar loaf”. What caused such an unusual shape of the mountain?

It turns out that intrusive igneous rocks have been weathered here for centuries. There is practically no vegetation on the slopes of the mountain. From the outside, she looks stern and ascetic. The first settlement at the foot of the mountain was established in 1565. It was here that Rio de Janeiro was later founded.

In 1817, the British flag appeared on the top of Sugar Mountain. It was hoisted by the English nurse Henrietta Carstairs. This was the first ascent of the mountain. And already in 1912 a cable car appeared here. It is still available to travelers.

Anyone who is thinking about what to see in Brazil will be interested in taking the cable car up to Sugar Mountain with three stops: Praia Vermelha, Urca and the top of Pan di Asucar. At the same time, on Mount Urka, you can admire the amphitheater. The Concha Verde concert complex in Urca often hosts dance shows, which are so popular in Brazil.

8. Amazon rainforest

Brazil's natural attractions include the Amazon forests. They have a second name - Amazon, which is more common in Brazil. These are deciduous forests with high humidity. The Amazon is located in the basin of the river of the same name. Powerful evergreen forests cover an area of ​​5.5 million square kilometers.

This is 50% of the area of ​​all the rainforests on the planet. The Amazon extends over the territory of 9 states, including Brazil. The biological diversity of humid forests invariably attracts travelers and tourists.

Currently, 40,000 plant species and 3,000 fish species have been described, but scientists tend to believe that this is not complete data. The fauna of the Amazon is also rich, and the tropical deciduous forests are home to many predators that pose a serious danger to humans. Among them are the jaguar and the caiman. In addition, there are many poisonous snakes in tropical forests, so independent travel is undesirable here.

Unfortunately, the Amazonian forests are shrinking rapidly. There are statistics according to which from 1991 to 2004 alone, the forest area decreased by more than 400,000 square kilometers. The felling is carried out haphazardly, the state is not always able to control this process.

The reason for the felling is the clearing of the territory for agriculture. However, at present, the situation has somewhat improved, since Greenpeace and many public organizations have actively joined in the conservation of tropical forests.

9. Pedra Pintada (State of Roraima)

The Brazilian state of Roraima is home to an amazing rock formation. Translated, the name Pedra Pintada reads like "painted stone". From the outside, it looks multi-colored, with vertical light stripes prevailing in color on a dark background. The rock extends upwards for 35 m. It is located above sea level at an altitude of 83 meters.

Tourists have a lot to see in Brazil. Inside the "painted stone" there is a cave with rock paintings. Once upon a time, ancient tribes lived here, who left their descendants with stone axes and many ceramic dishes. It should be noted that tourists do not always have the opportunity to get into this cave. The fact is that Pedra Pintada ("painted stone") is located on the territory of the Indian reservation.

The Indians are jealous of this Brazilian attraction, which is located on their lands. For tourist or other purposes, entering the cave is possible only with the permission of the FUNAI National Fund of Indians. Once permission is granted, travelers are guaranteed a thrilling experience. After all, the rock paintings inside the cave are made with bright pink and white paint.

10. Ibirapuera Park (Sao Paulo)

Thinking of what to see in Brazil? Of course, Ibirapuera Park in São Paulo. It covers an area of ​​140 hectares. The park was founded in 1954. It was opened in honor of the 400th anniversary of Sao Paulo. The author of the landscape project was Roberto Burle Marx, and the buildings located in the park were designed by the architect Oscar Niemeyer.

Tourists are always delighted not only by the park vegetation, but also by its very structure. In fact, it is a small kingdom with palaces, lakes and forests. The largest lake is located at the entrance to the park. White and black swans sway on its waters. Well-fed geese and ducks swim nearby. One of the pleasures for visitors to the park was the opportunity to feed them.

Birds are accustomed to treats and swim close to people. The lake has multi-colored fountains with moving streams. The vegetation is very diverse here. For example, the park has Japanese gardens and spreading palm groves. In fact, all the nature of the southeastern part of Brazil is represented here. The structure of the park is thought out in such a way that the buildings fit organically into the landscape.

Therefore, the park as a whole gives the impression of complete harmony. Among the iconic monuments is the monument to Pedro lvarez Cabral, who is the first European to reach the coast of Brazil. The park looks very romantic, so dating is often done here. You cannot assume that the sights of Brazil have been visited if you have not met this beautiful place.

Attractions in Brazil: what else to visit while in Brazil

Continuing to look at interesting places, let's talk about those that attract equally tourists and locals. It is most convenient if you are accompanied by professionals who know the optimal time for visiting attractions and other subtleties of organizing excursions.

11. Botanical Garden in Rio de Janeiro

All the enchanting variety of Brazilian flora and fauna is presented in the Botanical Garden. It covers 54 hectares. 6.5 thousand species of plantations are registered here. At the same time, those that are on the verge of extinction are especially appreciated. In addition to rich vegetation, the Botanical Garden contains monuments and architectural structures.

In addition, a scientific center functions on the territory of the Botanical Garden for the systematization and study of vegetation. It has a rich library. The books in it are selected mainly on botanical topics. The year of foundation of the Botanical Garden is 1808. Initially, it was created so that exotic plants imported from other countries could undergo acclimatization.

For this, special conditions were created for them, greenhouses were built. The garden was laid out at the behest of King João VI. It crowns the sights of Brazil and is a national treasure. The Botanical Garden is located to the right of the famous statue of Christ. Since 1992, the Botanical Park in Rio de Janeiro has been declared a UNESCO site. It is currently considered a biosphere reserve.

12. Copacabana (Rio de Janeiro)

The Copacabana beach area in Rio de Janeiro stretches for 4 kilometers. Previously, there was a fishing village on this site, which bore the same name. Translated, this word means "bright spot". Copacabana is known for hosting representatives of the art world. Brazilian artists, writers or painters often settled here.

Copacabana reached its peak in the 50s of the last century. Later, wealthy citizens and politicians began to settle in this area. This area is connected with Rio de Janeiro by a tram line.

The founding year of Copacabana is considered to be 1750, when a chapel appeared on this place. Over time, the first settlements began to appear here, which have now turned into an independent suburb of Rio de Janeiro.

In our time, the prestige of Copacabana has significantly decreased due to the fact that illegal business began to flourish here. However, it is in Copacabana that the largest concert venue in Rio de Janeiro is located. The concert of Rod Stewart in 1994 brought together more than 4 million people, which is noted in the Guinness Book of Records. Later, in 2006, a concert took place here with the same incredible success. Rolling Stones, which attracted approximately 2,000,000 spectators. Copacabana still carries the spirit of free creativity.

13. Maracanã Stadium (Rio de Janeiro)

Brazil's attractions include sports facilities. These include the Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro. This is the largest football stadium in the country. The famous clubs Flamengo, Fluminense and the Brazilian national team consider it to be their home arena.

The stadium was named after the nearby river. The year of its foundation is 1948. Then Brazil was preparing for the 1950 World Cup. The work was finally completed in 1965. Since then, Maracanã has been considered the main Brazilian stadium.

This is a very spacious site, the stadium holds several attendance records. It is built in the shape of an oval. It is noteworthy that here the playing field is separated from the stands by a moat with water. The purpose of the moat is to drain from the stands. The stadium is located in a tropical rainstorm zone, so the installation of drainage ditches is a functional necessity.

The stadium is open, but along the contour of the stands, a large canopy was also arranged in an oval shape. In 2016, this stadium hosted the grand opening of the Summer Olympic Games. All football matches in the framework of the 2016 Olympics were also held at this stadium.

14. Waterpark Ponta Dunas (Fortaleza)

Fortaleza is home to one of the largest Brazilian water parks. Ponta Dunas is a popular summer attraction for tourists. Countless dizzying attractions attract vacationers here. Slides and extreme descents in streams of water, from which the heart sinks, is a guarantee of the most vivid impressions. Ponta Dunas complements Brazil's attractions . He delights with thoughtful engineering solutions and gushing imagination of the creators.

For example, it is on the territory of this water park that there is a slide, which is included in the Guinness Book of Records. From the outside it is scary to imagine that someone will dare to descend, because the slide reaches the level of a 14-storey building. Nevertheless, the slide is never empty. Dozens of brave daredevils rush from it, who are characterized by the spirit of passion. A fair dose of adrenaline is provided for them!

There is a 40-meter slide nearby, it was built later, so it has not yet been declared for a world record. The descent from it is almost vertical. Surprisingly, it is never empty either. The organizers have provided for a system of restrictions for such attractions. Pregnant women and children below one and a half meters cannot ride them.

The territory of Ponta Dunas is huge. Moreover, the height of local attractions allows you to admire the sea, because the water park is located in the coastal strip. Everything is provided for tourists here: from food to places of quiet rest. Cafes and restaurants offer exquisite menus. Tourists tired of extreme pleasures are offered calm and comfortable rooms in the hotel.

Several artificial rivers flow through the park. It has pools of different depths. Moreover, each pool has its own temperature balance. Ponta Dunas is the first of its kind in South America.

15. Gastronomic Museum (El Salvador)

What to visit in Brazil? For lovers of delicacies, the gastronomic museum in El Salvador is a real find. The exposition here is quite unusual. She is entirely devoted to gastronomic intricacies. Here you can get acquainted with the history of Brazilian cuisine and national customs. The museum was opened in 2006.

In addition to the classic exhibits, you can watch videos. In addition, the guides offer documentary films on the gastronomic peculiarities of Brazil for familiarization. Also among tourists, cutlery dating from different centuries is of constant interest.

There is also a souvenir shop here. And since the exposition tells fascinatingly about food, the local restaurant is never empty. Here you can taste many of the dishes that are described in the museum.

16. Portuguese Royal Library (Rio de Janeiro)

An ancient, very recognizable monumental building can hardly be called simply a library. This is a real temple of science, the grandeur of which is striking both outside and especially inside, when you find yourself in the kingdom of books arranged on amazingly beautiful shelves made of carved wood. In general, absolutely all the interior decoration is made of wood - carved lace from floor to ceiling alternates with thousands of books, and the ceiling space is crowned with a magnificent mosaic, through the colored glass of which light enters the room. The building, decorated in the Manueline style, began to be erected in 1880, and in 1900 the library opened its doors to the general public.

17. Theater Amazonas (Manaus)

In the very center of the Brazilian city of Manaus, there is an opera house - Amazonas, built at the end of the 19th century, during the "rubber fever". The increased demand for rubber once allowed local planters to become rich enough to invite European opera stars. Over time, England was able to establish the production of rubber in its tropical colonies, and with the emergence of a competitor, the Brazilian planters quickly went bankrupt. The theater was abandoned for many years, and only in the 90s of the last century it experienced a new heyday. Today, within its walls, the Amazon Opera Festival is held annually, which attracts thousands of tourists.

18. Museum of Modern Art (Rio de Janeiro)

The sights of the capital of Brazil, which to this day is considered Rio de Janeiro, despite the fact that the city lost this status in 1960, include not only historical, but also modern objects. The building of the Museum of Modern Art, which in its shape resembles a flying saucer, is remembered by one of its kind to all visitors. Both the facade and the interior design of the museum are distinguished by their originality. The museum's exposition itself was created as a result of a large-scale cultural and economic upheaval that Brazil experienced after World War II. The collection displays works of contemporary art collected from different countries. These are objects of painting, sculpture, graphics, metal and plastic structures.

19. Carnival in Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro)

If we talk about the national attractions of Brazil, the carnival in Rio is their most striking example. This event can be called one of the most colorful, enchanting, large-scale events in the whole world. Every year, hundreds of thousands of people from different countries come to the holiday to personally take part in the celebration. Traditionally, the action takes place in February-March, shortly before Lent according to the Catholic calendar. During the event, representatives of 12 best samba schools demonstrate the skill of incendiary dance, and jury groups located at several points along the route of the carnival procession assess the quality of performance, starting from dance technique and ending with the type of costumes.

20. City of Ouro Preto (State of Minas Gerais)

The ancient city in eastern Brazil was once one of the main hotbeds of the "gold rush" in South America, and a number of unique buildings, most of which were erected in the 18th century and decorated in the colonial baroque style, testify to its importance today. Today the town has become a real open-air museum, and in its historical part, traffic is even blocked. Among all the city buildings, the Catholic Church of Ouro Preto stands out, and a huge number of museums are also concentrated here. No less interesting is the Itakolomi suburban park, in the tropical forests of which you can see wildlife in its pristine beauty.

21. Historic Center of Olinda (State of Pernambuco)

On the buildings of the historical center of one of the most beautiful Brazilian cities - Olinda, one can read the history of Brazil, dating back to the time of the first Portuguese colonialists. This authentic city in the north-east of the country was founded in the 16th century. At that time, the colonialists settled here, and the city they built flourished for a century. During the raids of the Dutch invaders, it was seriously destroyed, and a couple of decades later, the Portuguese power was restored, and new beautiful palaces and rich mansions were erected here - they for the most part survived to our times. The graceful stucco molding, rich gilding and other abundant decor of the facades of these structures still impress with their splendor.

22. Church of San Francisco (El Salvador)

Another object of historical value, located in the city of El Salvador, is the Church of San Francisco, also built during the era of Portuguese colonial rule. The external, moderately restrained appearance of the building contrasts strongly with its interior decoration, the richness of which is even difficult to describe. Literally the entire temple is covered with gold from the inside, the extraordinary abundance of gilded carvings, paintings and sculptures is impressive - their golden highlights amaze the most sophisticated imagination. It is thanks to this decoration that the temple received its second name - "the golden church". The building itself is decorated in the best traditions of the Brazilian Baroque.

23. Bridge of Octavio Frias de Oliveira (Sao Paulo)

Visiting Sao Paulo , you can see with your own eyes one of the most unusual and modern structures in the country - the Octavio Frias de Oliveira Bridge. For visitors, it is a unique sight, where you can take original photos, and for local residents it is an important transport artery of the city. The main visual features of the structure are the characteristic X-shaped 138-meter support, the main function of which is to support two levels of the transport highway, as well as 144 powerful cables that hold the transport bed. The construction of the bridge started in 2006, and two years later its grand opening took place.

24. Mount Corcovado (Rio de Janeiro)

Brazil, whose capital today is the city of Brasilia, still stores the bulk of the sights in its former capital, the city of Rio de Janeiro. One of the symbols of Rio and the whole country is the monumental statue of Christ the Redeemer, thanks to which Mount Corcovado became famous throughout the world - it is on its top that a colossal 40-meter sculpture of the Savior rises. The mountain itself is located in the Tijuca National Park. A specially designed railroad leads to its top - it has a gearing, which is necessary for the safe coupling of the train to the rails on a steep incline. Three trains run regularly along this track, which provide visitors to the mountain with a quick ascent to the top in 20 minutes.

25. Lacerda Lift (El Salvador)

One of the most notable sights of the city of El Salvador is its unusual Lacerda lift, which serves as a public transport. The fact is that the city itself, located on the oceanic coast, has a strong elevation difference, starting from the coast in the interior of the mainland. Therefore, for the convenience of movement, a kind of elevator was created, connecting Cairo Square in the Lower City and Souza Square in the Upper City. It consists of two towers - one contains the elevator cabins, the other, located in the rock, has counterweights. Every day about 28 thousand passengers get from one part of the city to another thanks to the lift.

26. Ipanema Beach (Rio de Janeiro)

A paradise place with a hot southern mentality and a vibrant national flavor - all this is a temperamental Brazil. The sights of Rio de Janeiro delight not only with cultural objects, enchanting holidays, but also with unusually beautiful nature, including beautiful sea beaches. Among them is the romantic Ipanema Beach, a place of exclusive relaxation and contemplation of beautiful views of the sunset. If we compare this place with the first most important beach of Copacabana, it can be noted that Ipanema is distinguished by its calmness and serenity. At the same time, amateurs of entertainment will find here activities to their liking - ideal conditions for surfing are created on the beach, you can play football, volleyball and footvolly.

27. Beaches of El Salvador (El Salvador)

Wildlife lovers will certainly love the picturesque, little-known beaches, which can be called some of the most beautiful in Latin America. This is truly a heavenly land - a multi-kilometer stretch of sandy coastline is adjacent to hundreds of palm trees and other abundant vegetation. A small number of campgrounds, a few small restaurants and bars - this is all that can be found from the signs of civilization in these places. But there are excellent opportunities for surfing, other sports, serene swimming in gentle waves, as well as natural pools for a relaxing holiday.

28. Lencois Maranhenses National Park (State of Marjan, Barreirinhas)

For fans of natural attractions in Brazil, there are many opportunities to contemplate the most dizzying landscapes. Many attractions of Argentina and Brazil are located on the border of these two neighboring countries. These include, for example, the large-scale Iguazu Falls, which have become the property of the two states. Most of the natural objects are located on the territory of reserves. Among such places is the beautiful Lencois Maranhensis National Park, which amazes the imagination with its mysterious nature - its entire territory is covered with white sands, but this is by no means a desert. Heavy rains periodically pass here, forming lagoons of incredible blue, turquoise and green colors between the rows of sand dunes.

29. Serra da Capivara National Park (Piauí State)

A unique reserve of archaeological sites located in the north-eastern part of the country is the Serra da Capivara National Park. The rocks located on its territory keep numerous evidences of the cultural development of mankind - in their caves you can see unique samples of ancient rock art depicting scenes from the life of prehistoric people. These lands officially became protected in 1979, when a Brazilian woman-archaeologist organized the first excavations here, as a result of which the dwellings and burials of an ancient man were found, as well as jewelry, objects of labor and works of art. To this day, archaeological research continues in this region and new discoveries are made.

30. Fernando de Noronha (State of Pernambuco)

350 kilometers from the northeastern coast of the country in the Atlantic Ocean is an archipelago of volcanic nature, consisting of 21 islands, and one of them, the largest, gave the name to the entire archipelago. This is the island of Fernando de Noronha, which was once given into the possession of a wealthy Lisbon merchant. The islands of the archipelago have a wonderful, warm tropical climate, with a dry season from August to January. Here you can see several old buildings - for example, a historic church or palace, as well as pusada in the Portuguese colonial style. The island's stunning beaches are ideal for relaxation, diving and sailing.

Introduction

Criteria and conditions for the inclusion of natural sites in the World Heritage List

1 Conditions

2 Natural criteria

South America. Natural World Heritage Sites

1 Argentina

2 Los Glaciares National Park

3 Iguazu National Park

4 Valdes Peninsula

5 Ischigualasto and Talampaya Natural Parks

Bolivia

1 Noel-Kempff-Mercado National Park

Brazil

1 Iguazu National Park

2 Serra da Capivara National Park

3 Forest reserves of the east Atlantic coast

4 Forest reserves of the southeast Atlantic coast

5 Complex of reserves of the Central Amazon

6 Pantanal Protected Area

7 Brazilian islands in the Atlantic: Fernando de Noronha and Rocas Atoll

8 Campos Cerrado National Parks: Chapada dos Veadeiroz and Emas

Venezuela

1 Canaima National Park

Colombia

1 Los Catios National Park

2 Malpelo Island

1 Machu Picchu Historical Reserve

2 Huascaran National Park

3 Manu National Park

4 Rio Abiseo National Park

Suriname

1 Conservation Area of ​​Central Suriname

Ecuador

1 Galapagos Islands

2 Sangay National Park

Conclusion

References and Internet resources

Introduction

UNESCO World Heritage - natural or man-made objects, the priority tasks in relation to which, according to UNESCO, are their preservation and popularization due to their special cultural, historical or ecological significance.

In 1972, UNESCO adopted the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (entered into force in 1975). By September 2012, 190 member states had ratified the convention.

Each year, the World Heritage Committee meets in session at which "World Heritage Site" status is awarded.

As of 2013, there are 981 properties on the World Heritage List, of which 759 are cultural, 193 are natural and 29 are mixed.

There are 67 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in South America.

1. Criteria and conditions for the inclusion of natural sites in the World Heritage List

.1 Conditions

As defined in Article 2 of the World Heritage Convention, natural heritage includes the following properties:

) natural monuments created by physical and biological formations or groups of such formations, which are of outstanding universal value from the point of view of aesthetics or science;

) geological and physiographic formations and strictly limited areas representing the range of endangered animal and plant species of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science or conservation;

) natural sites of interest or strictly limited natural areas of outstanding universal value in terms of science, conservation or natural beauty.

Outstanding Global Value means a cultural and / or natural value that is so exceptional that it transcends national boundaries and is of universal value to present and future generations of all humankind. Therefore, the continued protection of this heritage is a matter of paramount importance for the international community as a whole. A natural heritage property that meets one of the above definitions and is nominated for inclusion on the World Heritage List is considered an outstanding world heritage for the purposes of the Convention if the Committee is able to verify that the property meets one or more of the criteria, as well as the conditions of integrity.

1.2 Natural criteria

The main goal of the World Heritage List is to make known and protect sites that are unique in their kind. For this and because of the desire for objectivity, evaluation criteria were drawn up. Initially (since 1978) there were only criteria for cultural heritage sites - this list consisted of six items. Then, to restore some kind of balance between different continents, natural objects appeared and for them a list of four items. And finally, in 2005, all these criteria were brought together, and now every World Heritage site has at least one of them in its description: - include the greatest natural phenomena or places of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic value; - present an outstanding example reflecting the main stages of the history of the Earth, including traces of ancient life, the continuing geological processes of the development of forms of the earth's surface that are of great importance, or significant geomorphological and physiographic phenomena; - to represent an outstanding example of important and continuing ecological and biological processes of evolution and development of terrestrial, river and lake , coastal and marine ecosystems and communities of plants and animals; - include natural habitats most important and significant in terms of biodiversity conservation, including habitats of endangered species that are of outstanding global value in terms of science and nature conservation.

2. South America. Natural World Heritage Sites

South America is the southern continent in America, located mainly in the Western and Southern Hemispheres of the planet Earth, however, part of the continent is also located in the Northern Hemisphere. It is washed in the west by the Pacific Ocean, in the east - by the Atlantic Ocean, from the north it is limited to North America, the border between the Americas runs along the Isthmus of Panama and the Caribbean Sea.

.1 Argentina

UNESCO monument tourist attraction area

The list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Argentina includes 8 items (for 2011), 4 sites are included according to natural criteria. Los Glaciares and Iguazu are recognized as natural phenomena or spaces of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance. Among them:

· Los Glaciares National Park (1981)

· Iguazu National Park (1984)

· Valdes Peninsula (1999)

· Ischigualasto and Talampaya Natural Parks (2000)

In addition, as of 2010, 8 objects on the territory of the state are among the candidates for inclusion in the World Heritage List, including 5 for cultural, 1 for natural and 2 for mixed criteria.

Argentina ratified the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage on 23 August 1978. The first site in Argentina was listed in 1981 at the 5th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee.

2.2 Los Glaciares National Park

Los Glaciares National Park (Spanish Parque Nacional Los Glaciares, glaciers) is a national park located in Patagonia (South America), in the Argentine province of Santa Cruz. The area of ​​the park is 4459 km ². In 1981 it was declared a World Heritage Site.

Founded in 1937, Los Glaciares is Argentina's second largest national park. The park owes its name to the huge ice cap in the Andes, which feeds 47 large glaciers, of which only 13 drain towards the Atlantic Ocean. This ice massif is the largest after the ice of Antarctica and Greenland. In other parts of the world, glaciation begins at least 2500 m above sea level, but in Los Glaciares Park, due to the size of the ice cap, glaciers begin at an altitude of 1500 m and slide down to 200 m, eroding the slopes of the mountains below them.

The territory of Los Glaciares, which is 30% covered with ice, can be divided into two parts, each of which belongs to its own lake. The largest lake in Argentina Argentino (area 1466 km ²) is located in the southern part of the park, and Lake Viedma (area 1100 km ²) - in the north. Both lakes feed the Santa Cruz River, which flows towards the Atlantic Ocean. Between these two parts is the closed for tourists Central Zone (Zona Centro), in which there are no lakes.

The northern half of the park includes part of Lake Viedma, the Viedma Glacier, small glaciers and several mountain peaks popular with climbers and mountain hikers such as Fitzroy and Cerro Torre.

The southern half of the park, along with small glaciers, includes the main glaciers flowing into Lake Argentino: Perito Moreno, Uppsala and Spegazzini. A regular boat excursion includes a tour of the Uppsala and Spegazzini glaciers inaccessible in any other way. The Perito Moreno Glacier can be reached by land.

Los Glaciares Park is a popular destination in international tourism. Tours begin in the village of El Calafate, located on Lake Argentino, and in the village of El Chalten, located in the northern part of the park at the foot of Mount Fitz Roy.

Climate . The entire natural appearance of the park and its originality are primarily associated with the climatic features of the region. Nowhere on the globe are there such favorable conditions for the development of modern glaciation in such low sprats, the "Roaring Forties" westerly winds meet on their way over the oceanic expanses of the World Ocean of the Southern Hemisphere only a single obstacle in the form of the Patagonian Andes. Winds fall on their western (Chilean) slopes with terrible force and give up almost all the moisture accumulated from the ocean.

Quite different climatic conditions are typical for the eastern (Argentine) slopes and foothills of the Patagonian Andes, where the national park is located. Having lost strength and moisture on the western slopes, the air masses of the "roaring forties" come to the eastern slopes "weakened" and practically dried up. Being in the "rain shadow" of the Andes, the territory of the park receives much less precipitation - up to 900 mm on the slopes of the mountains and 500 mm in the east of the park. The average indicator of the total annual precipitation for the entire park is 809 mm, and the average annual temperatures are within the range of +7.5 ° С, minimum +3.3 ° С, maximum + 12 ° С. Here, unlike the eastern slopes of the Patagonian Andes, the sun shines most of the year. Only from April to May is the sky covered with clouds, it rains in the foothills, and snow falls in the mountains. In winter, and this is June-August in the Southern Hemisphere, snowfalls are common. In early spring and summer, strong hurricane winds blow over the territory of the park from the fuse and from the south - from Antarctica.

Flora. In addition to snow-capped peaks (of undoubted interest for climbers), huge glacial zeros and amazingly beautiful lake surfaces in the Los Glaciares National Park, you can also get acquainted with the peculiar flora of Patagonia.

There are two types of plant communities in the park - subantarctic Patagonian forests (in the west) and Patagonian steppes, characteristic of the length of the flat-plateau part (in the east).

Fauna. The fauna of the vertebrates of the national park, with the exception of the avifauna, is still insufficiently studied. About 100 bird species have been recorded here, of which the most notable are the Andean condor and the long-billed (Darwin's) rhea.

Among the birds, the Andean clawed (brook) duck and chaffinch are very numerous.

There is a small population of Andean deer. The Andean deer is listed in the International Red Book.

In the park, there are some individuals of the mountain veskash from the order of rodents. More often you can find llamas, guanacos.

The ichthyofauna of glacial lakes and small streams is very rich. Many tourists come to Los Glaciares National Park especially for sport fishing. In lakes Viedma and Lago Argentino, two species of salmon have been introduced specially for sport fishing.

.3 Iguazu National Park

Iguazu National Park (Spanish: Parque Nacional Iguaz ú) - a national park in Argentina, located in the Iguazu department, in the northern part of the Misiones province, in the Argentine Mesopotamia.

The park was created in 1934 and partially contains one of the natural monuments of South America - Iguazu Falls, surrounded by subtropical jungle. On the other side of the Iguazu River lies the Brazilian park of the same name (Iguazu National Park). Both parks are declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites (in 1984 and 1986, respectively).

Flora. The flora includes 2 thousand plant species, in particular: one of the endangered species of aspidosperm trees - Aspidosperma polyneuron (English), rarely found outside the park due to cutting down due to edible fruits, one of the types of cabbage palm - Euterpe edulis (English. ), phoebe, holly, footcarp, lately less and less common zest, araucaria, palo-rose. Trees of the burser family grow, many vascular plants. Among the flowers are bromeliads, various types of orchids.

Fauna. The fauna of the park includes 70 species of mammals, 400 species of birds, 40 species of reptiles, several hundred species of butterflies, including endangered species. The most common representatives of the fauna are as follows: jaguar, jaguarundi, mazam deer, lowland tapir, capybara, water possum, ocelot, giant anteater, Brazilian otter, bush dog, puma, monkeys (capuchins and howler monkeys), noses, Paraguayan caiman, wide cord coral snake. Birds such as swifts and large toucans can also be found there. Wine-breasted Amazon, American Swift, Tirica, Brazilian Merganser, Bronze Penelope (English) Russian, South American Harpy, Hummingbird. Among the famous representatives of bats, the most common vampire species is the common vampire.

Geography of the waterfalls. The complex is 2.7 km wide and includes approximately 270 individual waterfalls. The height of the fall of the water reaches 82 meters, but at most waterfalls it is slightly more than 60 meters. The largest waterfall is "Devil's Throat" - a U-shaped cliff 150 meters wide and 700 meters long. This waterfall marks the border between Brazil and Argentina.

There are three cities in the vicinity of the falls - Foz do Iguacu on the Brazilian side, Puerto Iguazu on the Argentine side and Ciudad del Este on the Paraguayan side.

The most famous names of the waterfalls are: "Adam and Eve", "Three Musketeers", "Two Sisters", "Salto Escondido" ("hidden jump"), "Salto Floriano" ("flower jump"), "San Martin" , "Ramirez" and several others.

Tourism. Iguazu Falls is one of the most visited tourist destinations in South America. 1.5-2 million visitors come here annually. Observation platforms are specially equipped for tourists. There are hiking and car routes in the vicinity of the waterfall. Also, tourists are offered waterproof clothing, as the routes go to the very foot of the waterfalls. An international airport is located in the vicinity of the Iguazu Falls, dozens of hotels, campgrounds, access roads, and walking trails have been built. The local population is also employed in this industry; there are specially equipped areas for them, where they show local dances and songs, while dressing in local costumes.

.4 Valdes Peninsula

Valdes is a peninsula on the Atlantic coast of Argentina. Area - 3625 km ². It is connected to the mainland by the Carlos Amegino isthmus. From the north juts out the Gulf of San Jose, from the south - Golfo Nuevo. Most of the peninsula is uninhabited. There are several salt lakes, the largest of which lies 40 meters below sea level. This is the lowest land mark for South America.

In 1999, the Valdes Peninsula was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, primarily for its unique and rich fauna.

Physical and geographical features. The peninsula is located in the northeast of the Chubut province, and is washed by the Atlantic Ocean. From the north and south, its coasts are washed by the bays of San Jose and Nuevo.

The relief of the territory is a typical Patagonian plateau, which drops off into the sea with steep banks. The coast is composed of marine sediments, which are subject to constant erosion. Part of the coastline is represented by beaches, among which rocky ones stand out - a favorite place for elephant seals.

The climate on the territory of the peninsula is transitional between the temperate climate of the central part of the country, with a maximum precipitation in the hot months and a cold climate with winter rains, which is more typical for Patagonia. Summers on the peninsula are hot, but short, and winters are cold.

A variety of flora and fauna. The main vegetation of the sea coast is algae. They cover the rocky shores with colorful blankets: blue-green, green, brown, red or yellow-green, depending on the pigment in the plant cells.

The Valdes Peninsula in Patagonia is of great importance for the protection of marine mammals. This is where the endangered Australian subspecies of south whale breeds. The peninsula is known all over the world precisely for its excellent observation opportunities for these giants. They come ashore in June and stay until December to produce offspring. The right whale reaches a length of about 14 meters and weighs up to 50 tons. Females carry babies for a whole year, and give birth to only one offspring at a time.

Southern elephant seals and southern sea lions also breed here, and the killer whales here use a unique hunting strategy adapted to the conditions of the local coastline.

The peninsula is also home to many species of birds and land animals such as guanacos, foxes, American rhea, American (pampas) partridge, and Patagonian hare.

2.5 Ischigualasto and Talampaya Natural Parks

Ischigualasto and Talampaya Natural Parks - Two contiguous parks spanning over 275,300 hectares in the desert region at the western edge of the Sierra Pampeanas Mountains in Central Argentina. Here you can see the most complete fossil record dating back to the Triassic period (245-208 million years ago). The six geological formations in the parks contain the fossilized remains of numerous living creatures that were mammals, dinosaurs and plants, showing the evolution of vertebrates and the nature of the palaeographic setting during the Triassic period. Included in the UNESCO List in 2000

Flora and fauna of Ischigualasto. The flora and fauna of Ischigualasto is unique. All inhabitants show amazing adaptability to arid desert climates. Some of the most common types of animals that travelers can not only see but also feed are Argentine gray foxes, whiskachi and rabbits. While traveling through the park, guests come across peculiar animals - mara, which are also called Patagonian hares, although they have nothing to do with hares.

Of the predators living in Ischigualasto, one of the most common are the "damage" skunks, since these animals, which defend themselves with the fetid secretions of the anal glands, have a particular preference for open areas.

From the canine family, the Argentine gray fox, or "sorro de la pampa", is widespread here.

In the protected area, there are condors, two species of South American vultures - turkey and urubu, many songbirds. And even representatives of the family of parrots, which, in our opinion, are characteristic exclusively of tropical forests.

Surprisingly enough, even several species of frogs and toads live in these arid lands.

The vegetation is represented mainly by cacti, rare thorny shrubs and trees such as retama, chanyar, algorobo, etc. Many of the plants found here are used in medicine.

Attractions of the Talampaya park

· The dry bed of the Talampaya River, where dinosaurs lived several million years ago - as in Ischigualasto, here you can find fossils from that era.

· Talampaya Canyon - the height of the walls reaches 143 m, the minimum width is 80 m.

· Remains of local settlements such as the petroglyphs at Puerta del Canyon.

· A botanical garden with local flora in a narrow canyon.

· Fauna of the region: guanacos, hares, maras, foxes and condors.

3. Bolivia

Bolivia is home to only 1 World Natural Heritage Site, the Noel-Kempff-Mercado National Park. In addition, as of 2010, 7 objects on the territory of the state are among the candidates for inclusion in the World Heritage List, including 4 for cultural, 1 for natural and 2 for mixed criteria.

.1 Noel-Kempff-Mercado National Park

The Noel Kempff Mercado National Park is located in the province of Jose Miguel de Velasco in the Santa Cruz department in eastern Bolivia, on the border with Brazil. The territory of the park is 15,838 km ² , making it one of the largest parks in the entire Amazon Basin. In 2000, the park was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Climate. The climate is distinctly seasonal, with an average annual rainfall of around 1400-1500mm. There is a dry season of about 4-6 months (May to September) when rainfall decreases. The average annual temperature is 25-26 ° C, but during the dry season, temperatures can drop as low as 10 degrees for several days when the cold dry air masses of Patagonia (surazos) reach the park.

Flora and fauna. The inaccessibility of these places serves as a good natural protection of the virginity of the park, which includes five ecosystems located at altitudes from 200 to 1000 m above sea level: mountain evergreen forests, deciduous forests, dry savannah, humid savannah and tropical rainforests. The diverse flora includes 4,000 plant species, of which 2,700 species have been identified. Among them are several types of palms, cedar, oak, lianas and bromeliads, many types of orchids. Breathtaking colors and scents, exotic passion fruit and mangaba fill these places.

The park is home to more than 630 bird species, 139 species of mammals - this is more than in all of North America, including: jaguar, cougar, river dolphin, giant anteater, maned wolf, tapirs, capybaras, swamp deer. Many species of butterflies and other insects, 62 species of amphibians, including the South American side-necked turtle and black caiman, 127 species of reptiles. There are two types of anacondas at the same time - green common and yellow Paraguayan. There are about 254 species of fish in the rivers.

Some of these species are endangered in other parts of Bolivia.

4. Brazil

There are 8 natural sites on the list of UNESCO World Natural Heritage Sites in Brazil. Among them, 4 sites are recognized as "natural phenomena of exceptional beauty and aesthetic importance" (criterion vii).

· Iguazu National Park (1986)

· Serra da Capivara National Park (1991)

· East Atlantic Coast Forest Reserves (1999)

· Forest reserves of the southeastern Atlantic coast (1999)

· Central Amazonian Reserve Complex (2000)

· Pantanal Protected Area (2000)

· Brazilian Islands in the Atlantic: Fernando de Noronha and Rocas Atoll (2001)

· Campos Cerrado National Parks: Chapada dos Veadeirus and Emas (2001)

.1 Iguazu National Park

Iguazu is a Brazilian National Park and a UNESCO World Heritage Site, located in the state of Parana. It is famous for its waterfall (part of which is located in Argentina in the province of Misiones) and for its picturesque wildlife (especially a wide variety of birds), which includes rare and endangered species. This is the most unique place in the world, as 5 forest species are concentrated on one piece of land.

4.2 Serra da Capivara National Park

Serra da Capivara National Park is a national park in the state of Piauí in northeastern Brazil. The park contains many monuments of prehistoric rock art, which were discovered by the archaeologist Nyede Gidon. On her own initiative, a park was created to preserve images. In 1991 it was listed as a World Heritage Site. The area of ​​the park is 1291.4 km².

As research by archaeologists show, in antiquity, Serra da Capivara was very densely populated, here was the largest concentration of prehistoric peasant farms in ancient America.

Climate, flora and fauna. The climate in these places is very hot and arid, and therefore the vegetation of the park is represented by thorny trees and shrubs, as well as cacti, a variety of bizarre shapes that are more reminiscent of a candelabrum. Despite the dryness of the climate, which, I must say, is not at all typical for Brazil, in these places it is not difficult to meet anteaters, armadillos, snakes, jaguars, cougars, various parrots. An interesting animal also lives in these places - a false vampire. It is a bat with a meter wingspan.

Attractions of the park. In the Brazilian National Park Serra da Capivara there are caves where the distant ancestors of man lived 50 thousand years ago. Most likely this is the most ancient community of people in South America. The national park is located near the town of San Raimondo Nonato (central part of the state of Piauí).

Scientists have counted in this place more than three hundred archaeological sites. The main images are well preserved and have an age of 22-25 thousand years before the birth of Christ. Extinct animals are painted on the rocks, which will never be on planet Earth.

4.3 Forest reserves of the east Atlantic coast

Eight protected natural areas (including three national parks) with a total area of ​​112 thousand hectares are located in the states of Bahia and Espiritu Santo and include Atlantic wet forests and shrubs ("restinga"). In terms of biodiversity, this region is one of the richest on the planet. The reserves are inhabited by a number of endemic species, which allows tracing the evolutionary path of living organisms, and this, in turn, is of great importance both from a scientific and environmental point of view.

Biodiversity. Despite the fact that the ecoregion has suffered greatly from deforestation for agricultural needs and urbanization (about 7% of a million square kilometers of virgin forests remain), the flora and fauna are very rich here, 450 tree species can grow on one hectare. There are many endemics, for example, 92% of local amphibians are not found anywhere else. An example of a primate is the genus Leontopithecus. The collared sloth (Bradypus torquatus) has survived only in the Brazilian Atlantic forest. Birds are represented by species of blue-headed tanager (Tangara cyanocephala), red-billed crax (Crax blumenbachii), blue-bellied parrot (Triclaria malachitacea), three-toed yakamara (Jacamaralcyon tridactyla), etc.

.4 Forest reserves of the southeast Atlantic coast

The forest reserves of the southeastern Atlantic coast include some of the finest and most extensive examples of Atlantic forests in Brazil. The 25 protected zones that make up this monument with a total area of ​​about 470,000 hectares demonstrate the biological richness and evolutionary history of the last remnants of the Atlantic forests. This area is diverse and beautiful and has great scientific value.

Biodiversity. Partially isolated since the Ice Age, the Atlantic Forests have developed into a complex ecosystem with exceptionally high levels of endemism (70% of tree species, 85% of primates and 39% of mammals).

The designated World Heritage Site contains a well-preserved stretch of the very diverse Atlantic Rainforest. More than 450 tree species per hectare can be found in some areas. The forest canopy along the river valleys is higher with isolated trees reaching up to 30 m in height.

There is a very diverse fauna. Mammals comprise 120 species, probably the largest in Brazil. Some notable species are the jaguar, ocelot, bush dog, La Plata otter, 20 species of bats, and various endangered primates, especially the muriqui and brown howler monkey. The avifauna is very diverse with 350 species recorded.

.5 Complex of reserves of the Central Amazon

A huge area (more than 6 million hectares) of unique world natural treasures - this is a delightful complex of reserves in the Central Amazon. This region is distinguished by a large variety of biological objects. For example, the reserves include such valuable protected areas as the Jau National Park, the Anavillianas archipelago and the Amazonian Forest. Diverse ecological systems "warzeya" and "igapo" make the reserves an invaluable world attraction. The peculiar ecology of these places is an excellent habitat for the world's largest electric snakes, Amazonian manatees, black caimans, as well as giant fish - arapaima. In the rivers and lakes that form the bizarre aqua system, you can find 2 types of dolphins here.

Flora. The flora of Igapo is comparatively poor, the most characteristic of which is imbauba-cecropia, which grows quickly, but not very high (usually about 10 m), with wide, clawed, almost white leaves and aerial roots that support it under water. At the surface of the water, in creeks covered with huge leaves of Victoria reggae, there are bushes of nondescript Ivoreiana. During the retreat of floods, thickets of tall, hard grasses develop. These gloomy forests are decorated with climbing vines and epiphytes, among which there are many orchids. The Amazon forests are the kingdom of the vines. They spread like garlands on the ground, scrambled onto the trunks, are thrown from branch to branch, from one tree to another, hanging from the trees.

Fauna. Numerous lakes and streams form a mosaic aqua system on the site, which is in a state of constant development and is home to the world's largest population of electric eel.

Rare and endangered species include the Amazonian manatee, the black caiman (the largest South American alligator with a length of 5 m), two species of river dolphins, and the giant arapaima fish.

There are many herbivores on the territory of the object, forest deer and antelopes are especially widespread; there are anteaters, sloth, tapir, bakers, armadillo, and many rodents. Monkeys can be seen everywhere, they are very numerous and varied: capuchins, durukula, uakari, howler monkeys. There are a lot of bats in the forests.

.6 Pantanal Protected Area

The Pantanal is a vast swampy tectonic depression in Brazil, small parts of it are also located in Bolivia and Paraguay, in the Paraguay River basin. It is located in the west of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul and in the south of the state of Mato Grosso. The total area is approximately between 150-195 thousand km ², it is one of the largest wetlands on the planet.

Geography and Geology. The prevailing heights are 50–70 m above sea level. From the north, east and southeast, the territory is sharply limited by the cliffs of the Brazilian plateau. The natural conditions of this region are very contrasting. Floods during the wet summer season turn the Pantanal into a huge swamp lake and alternate with winter droughts that form a patchy landscape of non-drying semi-overgrown bogs, lakes, barely distinguishable wandering river beds, salt marshes, sandbanks and grassy areas.

Biodiversity. There is a huge variety of flora and fauna. More than 3,500 plant species grow throughout the Pantanal. Inhabited by 650 species of birds, 230 species of fish and 50 species of reptiles, more than 80 species of mammals. There are about 20 million crocodiles alone. On the territory of the Pantanal there is a specially protected natural reserve - "Pantanal", which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Reserve "Pantanal" is a unique and at the same time a wonderful landmark in Brazil. Its borders are in contact with Paraguay and Bolivia. The prevailing heights are within 50-70 meters. This amazing savannah is separated from the north by the Amazon jungle, and from the south by dense coastal Atlantic forests. The Paraguay River flows through the Pantanal, which creates numerous swamps, lakes and flooded meadows.

Among this richest fauna on the planet are such well-known species as hyacinth macaw, toucans, capybaras, wolf guara, many species of monkeys, deer, coati, armadillos, anteater, sloth, more than 1000 species of butterflies, etc. Many of the animals threatened extinction in other parts of South America, live precisely in the Pantanal. Not far from the reserve is the small and wonderful town of Bonito, which is surrounded by greenery. The Brazilians christened it - the gateway to the Pantanal. Thousands of tourists from all over the world visit this protected natural park of amazing beauty and diversity all year round.

.7 Brazilian Islands in the Atlantic: Fernando de Noronha and Rocas Atoll

The Fernando de Noronha Archipelago and Rocas Atoll, the ocean-facing peaks of the underwater South Atlantic Ridge, lie off the eastern shores of Brazil. These islands are one of the largest in the Atlantic region, and their coastal waters are highly bio-productive and play an exceptional role as habitats and breeding grounds for tuna, sharks, sea turtles and marine mammals. The islands have the largest concentrations of tropical seabirds in the Western Atlantic; there is also a large local dolphin population. At low tide, Rokas Atoll offers an impressive sight: shallow lagoons teeming with fish.

Flora and fauna of Fernando de Noronha. The island was covered with forest until the nineteenth century, after a prison was opened on the island, the forest began to be cleared from the construction of escape rafts. Currently, the islands are predominantly shrubbery, and new forest has recently been planted in some areas.

The islands are home to 2 species of endemic birds - Noronha Elaenia (Elaenia ridleyana) and Noronha Vireo (Vireo gracilirostris). Both are on the main island; Noronya Vireo is also present at Ilya Rata. In addition, there is the Eared Dove Noronha auriculata Zinaida, the rodents, Noronhomys vespuccii mentioned by Amerigo Vespucci, have now disappeared.

Geography of Rokas Atoll . It is of volcanic origin, formed by corals. The only atoll in the South Atlantic, one of the smallest atolls in the world.

The atoll has an oval shape, its length is about 3.7 km, width - 2.5 km. The depth of the lagoon is 6 m, the area is 7.1 km ². The area of ​​the two islets of the atoll (Cemit ério in the southwest, Farol Cay in the northwest) is 0.36 km ², of these, Farol Cay accounts for about two-thirds of the territory. The highest point is the sand dune in the south of Farol Cay, its height is 6 m. The atoll consists mainly of coral and red algae. The Coral Ring is practically closed, with the exception of a strait 200 meters wide on the north side and a much narrower strait on the west side.

Both islets are overgrown with grass, shrubs, and several palms. The islets are inhabited by crabs, spiders, scorpions, sand fleas, beetles, as well as many species of birds. Turtles, sharks, dolphins live near the atoll.

.8 Campos Cerrado National Parks: Chapada dos Veadeyrus and Emas

"Campos Cerrado" is one of the ecoregions of the tropical Brazilian savannah, which occupies about 20% of the country. This zone contains two Brazilian national parks (Emas and Chapada dos Veadeirus), which are not just protected areas, but also UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Their flora and fauna is distinguished for its biodiversity and at the same time is one of the oldest ecosystems in the tropical belt, which impresses with its amazing contrasts. These places have been pleasing to the eye for thousands of years, and also serve as a safe haven for a wide variety of animals and plants.

Emas. Emas National Park is located in the central part of the Brazilian Highland savanna. The country's authorities, or rather President Juscelino, made this territory a reserve back in 1961, but Emas was included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 2001. The park is rich in flora of wooded savannahs. It is here that you can find amazing palm trees, typical of wooded savannahs. In the park, tourists can see the round crowns of huge babasu palms, reaching 75 meters in height.

Savannah Emasa has helped preserve many species of living organisms in the face of climate change. Among the most interesting representatives of the fauna are the large anteater, the armadillo and the maned wolf. As for the climate, winters are cold and summers are hot. For curious tourists, it offers activities such as fishing, horseback riding or boat trips.

Chapada dos Veadeyrus. No less interesting object is the Chapada dos Veadeirus park. Which also became a conservation area in 1961. The park is located in the state of Goias on an ancient plateau. If Emas is very rich in fauna, then nature has endowed Chapada dos Veadeyrus with a wide variety of flora. There are more than 25 tree species on the territory of the reserve. The fauna of the region is also quite bright and colorful (swamp deer, armadillos, tapirs). On hot summer days, temperatures up to 40 degrees can be observed here, but in winter there is sometimes a slight frost.

5. Venezuela

In the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Venezuela there are 3 names (for 2010), this is 0.3% of the total (981 for 2013). 2 sites are listed by cultural criteria, 1 site by natural (Canaima National Park).

In addition, as of 2010, 3 objects on the territory of the state are among the candidates for inclusion in the World Heritage List. The first site in Venezuela was listed in 1993 at the 17th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee.

.1 Canaima National Park

Canaima National Park is a park in the southeast of Venezuela, bordering Brazil and Guyana. The area of ​​the park is about 30,000 km ². It is located in the state of Bolivar and occupies approximately the same territory as the Gran Sabana Natural Park.

The park was opened on June 12, 1962 and is the second largest in the country, second only to the Parima-Tapirapeko Park. In 1994, Canaima was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The main attraction and value of the park are the tepuis (flat-topped mountains) located there.

Flora and fauna. The territory of Canaima is inhabited by such representatives of the animal world as: tapir - a large herbivorous mammal (somewhat similar in shape to a pig, but has a short trunk adapted for grasping), bakers - a large artiodactyl, similar to a pig, agouti - rodents, relatives of guinea pigs, moving on long limbs, anteater, puma, jaguar, as well as wide-faced caiman, etc. In the hamlet Indians - pemons live a lot of rabbits, which are chased by children. The local jungle is famous for its special abundance of various types of orchids, of which there are about 500 species.

Sights. The Table Mountains, a unique plateau of Gran Sabana, a part of the Guiana Plateau, two-kilometer steep walls of which, absolutely flat at the top, rest against the clouds, stand here like fragments of another world. These mountains, called tepui, are some of the oldest formations on Earth, dating back countless years, when Africa and South America were one continent. Arthur Conan Doyle, inspired by the surreal landscape, settled tyrannosaurus and pterodactyls on the tops of the plateau. Of course, there are no ancient lizards on Gran Saban, but the microcosm that lives at an altitude of two thousand meters above the rest of the surrounding world is truly unique.

Another attraction of Canaim is the waterfalls, the highest on the planet. Falling from the sheer cliffs of the mesas, these falls are an impressive sight. The most famous of them - Angel Falls, is overthrown from the top of one of the highest tepuis - Auyantepui, which deservedly means "Devil's Mountain".

6. Colombia

The list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Colombia includes 2 sites:

· Los Catios National Park (1994)

· Malpelo Island (2006)

.1 Los Catios National Park

It was created in the north of Colombia, in the border area with the state of Panama. On the other side of the border, another conservation area has been created - the Darien National Park. On the territory of Colombia, the Los Catios National Park appeared in 1976, today its area has grown to 72 thousand hectares. The nature of the park is represented by the following natural zones: tropical forests and floodplain swamps. The territory of Los Catios Park lies around the Atrato River. A total of about 600 plant species have been found on its shores and among the nearby complexes of humid forests. The cotton tree is considered a rather remarkable local species. It is a typical tropical species that belongs to the Malvaceae family. The homeland of this species is Mexico, some countries of Central America, the Caribbean Islands, and the tropical region of West Africa.

.2 Malpelo Island

Malpelo is an island in the eastern part of the Pacific Ocean, 500 km from the shores of Buenaventura Bay in South America. Belongs to Colombia, part of the Valle del Cauca department. Area 0.35 km².

On July 12, 2006, Malpelo, together with the adjacent water area of ​​857,150 hectares, was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. It is the largest banned fishing zone in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.

Geography. The island is a rock without abundant vegetation, the maximum height is 376 m (Mount Mona, Spanish Cerro de la Mona). The length is about 1850 m, the width is up to 600 m. It is surrounded by small rocks. The Malpelo Protected Area covers a 9.656 km radius circle around 3 ° 58? 30? with. NS. 81 ° 34? 48? h. d. (G) (O).

Populations of silk sharks, frilled sharks, whale sharks and hammerhead sharks live around Malpelo, as well as sand shark, which makes the island a popular destination for divers.

The island is composed of effusive rocks, volcanogenic breccias and Tertiary basalt dikes. Vegetation - algae, lichens, mosses, some types of shrubs, ferns.

Biodiversity. Malpelo Island is home to a number of rare marine life. Many sharks, giant groupers, marlin gather here. This is one of the few places on Earth where reliable sightings with a deep-sea sand shark have been recorded. In these depths, stable populations of large marine predators and pelagic species are maintained, in particular, these are aggregations of more than 200 hammerhead fish, over 1,000 frilled sharks, as well as whale sharks and tuna. 17 species of marine mammals, including humpback and blue whales, 5 terrestrial and 7 marine reptiles, 61 bird species, 394 fish species and 340 mollusc species have been recorded in Malpelo .

7. Peru

For 2012, the list includes 11 objects, 2 of which are natural and 2 are mixed:

Machu Picchu (1983)

· Huascaran National Park (1985)

Manu (1987)

· Rio Abiseo National Park (1992)

.1 Machu Picchu Historical Reserve

The city of ancient America, located in the territory of modern Peru, on top of a mountain range at an altitude of 2450 meters above sea level, dominating the valley of the Urubamba River. In 2007 he was awarded the title of New Wonder of the World.

In 2011, it was decided to limit the number of visitors.According to the new rules, only 2500 tourists per day can visit Machu Picchu, of which no more than 400 people can climb Mount Vaina Picchu, which is part of the archaeological complex. In order to preserve the monument, UNESCO demands to reduce the number of tourists per day to 800.

Flora and fauna. On the territory of Machu Picchu, you are constantly surrounded by landscapes of dazzling beauty. The splendor of the archaeological ruins is harmoniously combined with a huge variety of flora and fauna. On the entire area of ​​the lost city, which is about 32,520 hectares, you will see exotic pisonai and cunyual trees, thyroid palms, alders - they amaze with their grandeur. About 400 species of begonias and orchids grow here, of which only 260 species are classified.

The animals that live in Machu Picchu are also striking in their diversity. The city is home to approximately 375 species of birds, of which 200 species can always be seen during the excursion. One of the brightest representatives of birds is the Rocky Cockerel, it is he who is the symbol of Peru. The bird is easy to recognize by its colorful plumage, it is easy to find it on the banks of rivers.

In terms of animals, the endangered Andean bear is of particular interest. In these parts, he is known as the "Spectacled Bear". The animal is absolutely safe, it eats only plant foods. Due to his shy disposition, it is rarely possible to photograph him. In Machu Picchu you can also see vicunas, white-tailed deer, wild llamas and other representatives of exotic fauna.

State of the art. Machu Picchu, especially after receiving the status of a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, has become a center of mass tourism. In 2011, it was decided to limit the number of visitors.According to the new rules, only 2500 tourists per day can visit Machu Picchu, of which no more than 400 people can climb Mount Vaina Picchu, which is part of the archaeological complex. In order to preserve the monument, UNESCO demands to reduce the number of tourists per day to 800. Machu Picchu is located in a remote region. To support tourism, a railway was built to the neighboring town of Aguas Calientes from Cusco via Ollantaytambo, more than ten trains a day run from Ollantaytambo. From the Aguas Calientes railway station to Machu Picchu, there is a bus that overcomes eight kilometers of a steep rise along the serpentine. UNESCO has opposed the construction of the cable car to restrict the flow of tourists. As a result of the 2004 earthquake, a section of the railway was badly damaged, but was rebuilt.

At the 35th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, it was decided that the ancient city from February 1, 2012 will be excluded from the list of World Heritage sites in danger.

7.2 Huascaran National Park

National Park located in the Peruvian region of Ancash, in the Cordillera Blanca.

The area of ​​the park is 3400 km ². It was declared a nature reserve on July 1, 1975. UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1985. The name of the park comes from the name of the highest peak in Peru - Huascaran, with a height of 6768 m. The park is home to many rare and endemic plants and animals. For example, Puya raimondi is a plant of the bromeliad family up to 10 meters high, which can be up to 100 years old.

Climate. The climate in the national park, in addition to being characterized by the altitudinal zoning typical of the mountains, is divided into two seasons a year. One of them is wet, caused by strong warm winds blowing from the Amazon jungle, and lasts from December to March. Another, lasting from May to October, is dry, characterized by a large number of sunny days. The temperature at this time can rise to 25 degrees Celsius, but the nights are very cold, and often the thermometer drops below 0 degrees.

Flora and fauna. The fauna of the White and Black Cordilleras is represented mainly by birds and mammals. Some species have not yet been described or our knowledge about them is extremely scarce. Scientists estimate that there are 112 bird species in the Huascaran National Park, representing 33 different families. These include the Andean condor, the Andean clawed duck, and the Andean tinamou. There are only ten species of mammals in the park. However, among them there are such amazing, rare and beautiful animals as the Pampas cat, the Andean cat, spectacled bear, vicuña and Peruvian deer.

The flora of Huascaran National Park is more diverse in terms of species growing here. There are seven climatic zones and a huge number of microclimates in the park. All this contributes to the development of unique plants, literally capturing every area of ​​the mountain surface suitable for life and growth. In total, in Huascaran, scientists have described 779 plant species belonging to 340 genera and 104 families.

.3 Manu National Park

The park was organized in 1977 in the regions of Madre de Dios and Cusco, and in 1987 it was recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Manu Square - 19,098 km ², of which the national park is 15 328 km ², the rest is a reserve area. The main part of the territory is Amazonian forests, but some part is located in the Andes at an altitude of 4200 m. A large number of species of flora and fauna live in Manu. More than 15 thousand plant species and about a thousand bird species were found on its territory (more than a tenth of all bird species and about 1.5 times more than in Russia). On the territory of the park, the population of the Inca toad, endemic to Peru, is protected.

.4 Rio Abiseo National Park

Rio Abiseo National Park is a national park located in the San Martin region of Peru. Since 1990 it has been included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. The park is home to many species of flora and fauna, as well as more than 30 archaeological sites of the pre-Columbian period. Since 1986, certain parts of the park have been closed to tourists due to the fragility of both the natural and archaeological environment. The largest and most famous archaeological site in the park is Gran Pahaten, located on a hilltop near the border of the region. Nearby are the ruins of Los Pinchudos (discovered in 1965), which are a series of stone graves. Most of the archeological research in the park is carried out by staff at the University of Colorado.

Geography and climate. Rio Abiseo National Park is located on the eastern slope of the Peruvian Andes between the Marañon and Huallaga rivers, covering an area of ​​2,745.2 km ². In particular, the park covers about 70% of the Abiseo river basin. The heights in the park are from 350 m to 4200 m above sea level.

The park has seven climatic zones, ranging from alpine meadows and mountain forests to dry forests and tropical rainforests. Precipitation varies from 500 to 2000 mm per year. The wet mountain forest, which occupies most of the park, is made up of low trees, mosses and lichens. This ecosystem exists at altitudes of about 2300 m. The humidity is constant here, and it rains throughout the year, especially at high altitudes. The soils are acidic.

8. Suriname

In the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Suriname there are 2 names (for 2010), this is 0.2% of the total (981 for 2013). 1 site is listed by cultural criteria, 1 site by natural (Conservation Area of ​​Central Suriname).

.1 Conservation Area of ​​Central Suriname

Conservation Area of ​​Central Suriname is a conservation area in Suriname. The territory of the reserve occupies 16 thousand km ², consists mainly of the tropical forests of the Guiana Highlands. The reserve is home to many species of animals, which are also under state protection.

On the territory of the reserve there is a unique granite monolith - Voltzberg, whose age is 1.8 - 2 billion years. It has two peaks separated by a crack: one of them is 245 meters above sea level, the other is 209 meters. The monolith itself is located 150 meters above the surrounding area. This monolith is 1.1 km long in the north-south direction and up to 700 meters wide in the east-west direction. Only at the top of the monolith there is rare vegetation.

9. Ecuador

In the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Ecuador there are 4 names (for 2010), this is 0.4% of the total (981 for 2013). 2 objects are included in the list according to cultural criteria, 2 objects - according to natural ones:

· Galapagos Islands (1978)

· Sangay National Park (1983)

In addition, as of 2010, 7 objects on the territory of the state are among the candidates for inclusion in the World Heritage List. The first site in Ecuador was listed in 1978 at the 2nd session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee.

.1 Galapagos Islands

The Galapagos Islands are an archipelago in the Pacific Ocean, 972 km west of Ecuador, consisting of 13 main volcanic islands, 6 small islands and 107 rocks and alluvial territories.

Climate . Despite the latitude, due to the cold current, the climate in the Galapagos is much cooler than other areas on the equator. The water temperature sometimes drops to 20 ° C, and the average annual is 23- 24 ° C.

Flora and fauna. The inability of large carnivores to thrive on the islands has allowed many species of animal life to thrive on these islands. Therefore, the Galapagos are home to a large number of endemic and unique animals such as sea lions, native penguins, Galapagos turtles, dolphins, Vampire finch, sea iguanas, lava lizards, whales, sharks, etc. There are also a wide variety of seabirds such as frigates, flamingos and albatrosses. Plants of the Galapagos are also surprising with their diversity; a wide variety of endemic trees, tree ferns, other types of shrubs and flowers grow on the islands. The archipelago has some rare types of cotton, tomato, pepper, guava and orchids. The underwater life in the Galapagos Islands is also very beautiful. The surrounding waters are home to many species of fish, animals and aquatic plants, which is why the Galapagos Islands are considered one of the wonders of the underwater world.

Fortunately, thanks to the remoteness of the islands from the continent and active sea communications, the wildlife here has hardly been affected and remains the same as it was when Charles Darwin found it. Tourists arrive in the Galapagos Islands mainly by plane. The Galapagos is probably the only place on Earth where you can dive with a penguin or swim among sea lions. The Galapagos Islands are one of the planet's most precious treasures and one of the last wildlife sanctuaries in the world.

.2 Sangay National Park

Sangay National Park is located in the highlands of Ecuador. The territory of the Andes, included in the national park, is full of volcanoes. The most important volcano in the park is named Sangay. The approaches to it in Ecuador have been protected since 1975, when the Sangay National Park was formed. Until today, the territory of the park has grown to 500 thousand hectares. Basically, in the vastness of the park, there are areas of tropical rainforest, as well as foggy mountain forests.

Flora and fauna. As for the tracts of tropical rainforest, among them the following types of vegetation dominate in number: mulberry trees, palms, laurel trees, lianas. And in the alpine zone of foggy forests, the following species prevail: various orchids and ferns, thickets of bamboo and shrubs. The variety of plant species in the park is quite a natural phenomenon, because there is a very wide range of heights, which ranges from 1000 to 5230 m above sea level. In total, as many as 8 altitudinal zones of vegetation can be observed in Sangay Park; in general, about 1,000 species have been recorded in the region's fine art.

The fauna of the Sangay volcano is represented by the following species: mountain tapir, vicuna, pygmy deer, the avifauna is dominated by the red bird, condor and other birds. As for the mountain dwellers, such as the mountain tapir, we have enough information about them.

The Red Bird is one of the most amazing birds in Sangay Park. The red bird is also often called the paradise bird, it belongs to the order of passerines. The bird is medium in size, about 30 cm long, with a wing length of about 16 cm, and a tail 12 cm. It has golden-green plumage, a small crest on the back of the head. The bird has a bright red chest and wings, as well as legs. The back has a gray-yellowish tint, the throat is dark green.

In rather limited areas of the park, animals such as the cougar, the Andean fox, spectacled bear, pudu deer, ocelots and jaguars, and guinea pigs live. Among the birds, such unique species as cubillin and quilimas, vultures, giant hummingbirds, etc., have been ignored.

Conclusion

Thus, using the example of the South American region, one could get acquainted with the UNESCO World Heritage Program, which began its existence in 1975. Since 1977, the World Heritage Committee has held sessions annually, at which the objects of the program are determined - natural or man-made objects, the priority tasks in relation to which are preservation and popularization due to their special cultural, historical or ecological significance.

The main goal of the World Heritage List is to make known and protect sites that are unique in their kind. For this and because of the desire for objectivity, evaluation criteria were drawn up. The six first criteria have been in effect since 1978 and define cultural sites; natural sites have been included in the list since 2002, when four additional natural criteria for inclusion were added.

Also, in the course of the work done, it was possible to make sure that the "Status of a World Heritage Site" gives the following advantages (for natural heritage sites): it is an additional guarantee of the safety and integrity of unique natural complexes; increases the prestige of the territories and the institutions that govern them; promotes the popularization of the objects included in the List and the development of alternative types of nature management (primarily, ecological tourism); provides priority in attracting financial resources to support objects of the world cultural and natural heritage, primarily from the World Heritage Fund; contributes to the organization of monitoring and control over the state of conservation of natural objects.

The states on the territory of which the World Heritage sites are located undertake obligations for their preservation.

References and Internet resources

Drobot V.I. The concept of the World Natural Heritage: study guide / Mar. state un-t; IN AND. Drobot. - Yoshkar-Ola, 2008 .-- 122 p.

2.Gebel P. Natural heritage of mankind: landscapes and treasures of nature under the protection of UNESCO. M .: Publishing house BMN AO. 1999 .-- 256 p.

Maksakovsky N.V. World Natural Heritage. - M .: Education, 2005 .-- 396 p.

Cattaneo M. Treasures of Humanity. UNESCO World Heritage Site. - AST; Astrel, 2005 .-- S. 512.

Official information site "UNESCO: World Heritage Sites" http://unesco.heritage.ru

Http: // world heritage.rf

Http://ru.wikipedia.org/

Http://umeda.ru

Http://7-chudes-sveta.ru

Http://whc.unesco.org/

Http://www.vokrugsveta.ru/encyclopedia/

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At the end of 2008, 120 sites in Latin America were added to the UNESCO List, located in 30 countries of the region. Most of them are in Mexico (28), Brazil (16) and Peru (10).
The overwhelming majority (82) of the total number of objects belongs to the category of cultural heritage objects. Chronologically, they cover the period from the second millennium BC to the present day. But for the most part, they represent the periods of the Middle Ages and modern times. Accordingly, they can be subdivided into objects of the pre-Columbian and post-Columbian eras.
The objects of the pre-Columbian era include mainly the heritage of the three already mentioned Latin American civilizations. In Meso-America, these are such world-famous monuments of the Maya Indians as the ruins of the cities of Palenque, Chichen Itza, Uxmal in Mexico, on the Yucatan Peninsula, Copan in Honduras, as well as the monuments of the time of the Aztecs in Central Mexico (Teotihuacan). They are characterized by such monumental structures as stepped pyramids-teocalli, palaces of rulers, steles, ball courts. Most of them were opened in the 19th century. and now attract numerous tourists. In the Andean region, many objects in Peru belong to the pre-Columbian era (including the famous mysterious geoglyphs of the Nazca desert, fragments of the ancient capital of the Incas of the city of Cuzco), in Colombia (the archaeological parks of San Agustin and Tierradentro), in Bolivia (the archaeological region of Tiwanaku by the lake. Titicaca). With a certain degree of conventionality, another world-famous heritage site can be attributed to the Andean region - the stone statues of Fr. Easter in the Pacific Ocean, described by Thor Heyerdahl and many other travelers and researchers.


The post-Columbian era, associated mainly with the Spanish and Portuguese colonization of Central and South America after the start of the Great Geographical Discoveries, was also widely reflected in the cultural heritage of Latin America (Fig. 243). The objects of this era include mainly cities with a rectangular layout characteristic of Spanish architecture of that time, a central square ("plaza major"), numerous Catholic cathedrals and monasteries, and palaces of the nobility. In the West Indies, for example, the city of Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic, associated with the name of Columbus, the old part of Havana with its fortifications in Cuba, in Central America, the historical centers of the cities of Mexico City, Puebla and some others in Mexico, as well as cities and fortresses in Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama. Of the Spanish heritage of this era in South America, the most famous are the monuments of Cartagena in Venezuela, Quito in Ecuador, Cuzco in Peru, and the mining town of Potosi in Bolivia. The legacy of the colonial empire of Portugal is widely represented in Brazil (the cities of Salvador, Olinda, Ouro Preto, etc.).
The already mentioned new capital of Brazil - Brasilia, designed and built by Brazilian architects Luis Costa and Oscar Niemeyer, has a symbolic shape of an airplane with a "fuselage" and "wings" among the objects of modern times in the region. This is one of the most ambitious and organic urban planning projects of the 20th century in terms of design and execution.
There are 35 Natural World Heritage Sites in Latin America. These are mainly national parks and reserves. Among them are such famous ones as Iguazu in Brazil and Argentina, Los Glaciares in Argentina, Manu in Peru, Galapagos Islands in Ecuador. The ruins of the Mayan city of Tikal in Guatemala, the Inca mountain fortresses of Machu Picchu and Rio Abisseo in Peru are classified as mixed cultural and natural sites.

Brazil is one of the largest countries in the world and most of the country is located in the tropics.Thus, it contains a huge number of very interesting geological and biological attractions, including the largest rainforest in the world - the Amazon rainforest.

Brazil is full of unexpected discoveries. It is the birthplace of football, coffee, TV series and capoeira. Among Brazilians, there are many personalities known throughout the world: athletes, writers, top models, inventors, architects and religious leaders. Sao Paulo attracts travelers from all over the world. The unique Cathedral of this city is decorated with the use of coffee beans. The Karakol National Park will delight you not only with marvelous views, but also with heady smells, because it is buried in blooming hydrangeas. Tourists rush to these parts
to see the amazingly beautiful waterfall.

10 top tourist attractions in Brazil

1. Statue of Christ the Redeemer(Christ the Redeemer)

Christ the Redeemer in Rio de Janeiro is the most famous statue of Jesus in the world and a symbol of Rio, as well as the main attraction of Brazil.

The idea of ​​placing a large Christian monument atop Mount Corcovado in Rio dates back to 1850when a local Catholic priest asked Princess Isabella for money to build a monument, but she refused. Construction began only in 1926 and ended in 1931.

Christ the Redeemer considered the largest art deco statue in the world. It is the 5th largest statue of Jesus in the world with a height of 30 meters not including the 8 meter pedestal. The arms of the statue are spread 28 meters wide. Christ the Redeemer located at the top of the 700-meter Corcovado mountain.

2. Iguaçu Falls

One of the most impressive sights in Brazil, the Iguazu Falls are simply amazing, with about 275 waterfalls located on a stretch of 3 kilometers. This is a real miracle of nature. The impressive natural power and noise from the cascades of the waterfalls will remain in your memory for a long time, not to mention the jungle that surrounds the waterfalls. In the area of ​​the Iguazu Falls, the borders of 3 states, Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay converge.

The Iguazu Falls are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

3. Amazon River

The Amazon has the world's largest water basin, which covers almost half of South America. The Amazon is the second longest river in the world. formed by the confluence of rivers Marañon and Ucayali. Amazon river basin is home to a variety of Native American cultures, as well as a huge number of wildlife and impenetrable jungle.

4. Rio Carnival

Brazil and carnival are synonymous words, it is difficult to imagine Brazil without a carnival. Carnivals in Brazil are held in every corner,the largest and most famous carnival is undoubtedly the Carnival inRio de Janeiro. Rio Carnival attracts two million people a day to the streets of the city and almost half of them are tourists. Carnival in Rio lasts 4 days.Carnival in Rio these days is everywhere, in the streets and squares, in bars and clubs and in all other corners of Rio.

5. Pantanal

A large tectonic depression in Brazil, which is almost completely swampy, is the Pantanal. The Pantanal is located in the Paraguay River Basin and is one of the world's largest and most diversified freshwater wetland ecosystems.The Pantanal is also one of the main tourist attractions in Brazil. It is believed that the Pantanal in Brazil is the best place to see wildlife.

6. Salvador Beaches

The colorful city of El Salvador is a jewel of cultural identity Brazil ... While Rio in the south became a cosmopolitan center, El Salvador retained a strong cultural identity. Founded in 1549, El Salvador was the capital during the heyday of the slave trade.

One of the central beaches of El Salvador, Porto de Barra is perfect for a relaxing break, splashing in the sea and sunbathing. Farol da Barra beach has a wonderful view, especially during sunset, and is also very popular with surfers due to its high waves. Beach Plakaford nature created for family holidays, herecalm waters and soft sandy beaches. TO south of the city, there are many beautiful beaches that include Tinhare and Boipeba beaches.

The historic city center is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

7. Historic Center of Olinda

After being founded in 1535 by the Portuguese navigator Duarte Coelho, Olinda quickly became a thriving city thanks to the sugar trade. Sugar at that time was in great demand on the international market and when the city was at the peak of its participation in the sugar market, several religious orders, including the Jesuit order, settled in Olinda, thanks to which the city has many monasteries and churches, as well as a beautiful historical the center of the city, which is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

8. Fernando de Noronha

Fernando de Noronha is archipelago out of 21 islands and islets vAtlantic Ocean. Its pristine beaches, landscapes and wilderness attract tourists from all over the world. The island is also home to one of the largest seabird nesting colonies in the South Atlantic. a unique ecological clean place included in the UNESCO World Heritage List and most of the archipelago is located in the Brazilian National Marine Park.

The archipelago was discovered by Amerigo Vespucci (1454-1512), an Italian merchant and cartographer in 1503.

9. Teatro Amazonas

Teatro Amazonas or opera house, located in the city Manaus , in the heart of the lush Amazon rainforest. The construction of the theater has begunduring the heyday of the rubber trade using materials from all over the world, with furniture from Paris, marble from Italy and steel from England. TOThe upol of the theater was covered with 36,000 small ceramic tiles painted in the colors of the Brazilian flag.

The world famous Italian tenor Enrico Caruso was the first to perform on the stage of the theater on January 7, 1897.

10. Ouro Preto

Founded in the late 17th century, Ouro Preto (Black Gold) was the center of Brazil's gold rush and golden age in the 18th century.With the depletion of gold mines in the 19th century, the city's influence declined, but churches, bridges and fountains remain as a testament to the past prosperity and exceptional talent of the Baroque sculptor. Aleijadinho, who worked in Ouro Preto