What the beach should be equipped with. Learning portal for students

It is estimated that thirteen million people will go to the resorts of the Krasnodar Territory this year. The same amount of rest abroad. This means that one hundred million Russians will spend the summer at home. Good or bad is another question. The main thing is that they are all potential participants in a beach holiday on local rivers and lakes.

“If five to ten years ago, citizens did not pay attention to the discomfort on the beaches, they say, there would be a river, but now people come in expensive cars and want a civilized vacation in any provincial town,” sums up Artur Kalashnikov, an expert on beach recreation.

The beach, if well organized, can become a popular place among the townspeople. “I remember Soviet times,” writes Maria Ivanovna Krivchenko. - It was in Grozny. What a beautiful beach was on a pond in the Stalin district (now Zavodskoy). In the summer, this pond was attended by townspeople from all over Grozny to have plenty of rest and swim. The beaches were equipped with changing rooms, buffets, the shore was equipped with a comfortable wooden sidewalk, with wooden ladders descending into the water. People spent all day there. "

Certainly to attract people to the beach, it is necessary to equip it with high quality. Of course, this will require significant funds, with no guarantees of return. However, as the experience of some businessmen shows, the risks are justified a hundredfold. Even free admission provides high indirect income. We will tell you how to extract it below.

First step

A review of the forums revealed an entrepreneurial interest in beach development. This is due to the fact that over the past years, many niches in serving the townspeople have been mastered, and the beaches have practically not developed. The issues that concern businessmen are conventionally divided into three groups. The first is a general approach to business. The second is the sublease of plots on the beach. Third, original ideas. “The beach business is multifaceted,” writes the forum member Gorny_orel. - You need large sums if you start from scratch and far from the city. But, as a rule, city beaches are a Soviet legacy. That is, it is more or less clear what to do: remove the trash, clean the bottom, and there should not be a lot of trouble with the documents. "

The way it is. In principle, the idea of a beach business does not require particularly complex solutions for its implementation. Here is what a member of the forum Bugalter writes: “I am 20 years old, today we talked with a friend about what kind of business to do, because in three years we will graduate from the university, and what next? There is no particular desire to go to work for a “stranger's uncle”. I would like to have my own business by that time, and not depend on my parents. So, in the course of the conversation, one IDEA was born: there is a beach in the city, but no one has been going there for ten years, since it is neglected (dirty water in the lake, garbage in the sand). We thought it would be nice to bring sand there, clean the lake and trim the bottom, open a summer cafe, a barbecue, bring sun beds, hire lifeguards. Then periodically clean the lake, hang signs about the fine for garbage everywhere. Naturally, the entrance is paid. In the future, bring catamarans, jet skis ”.

Everything is logical, but there are some questions you should know. Before starting a beach business, you need to find previously approved documents, although they have lost legal force. We are, of course, talking about the passports of abandoned beaches, mostly abandoned. “In Soviet times, the choice of the beach was approached thoroughly and competently,” the forum member Gorny_orel comments on the problem. “For example, the bottom should evenly deepen up to 2 meters without holes and ledges.” In addition, the beach needs to be equipped rescue station and first-aid post, with an area of at least 12 meters. Moreover, travel must be provided to the first-aid post. It will not be difficult to convert an old Soviet passport to the beach into a modern standard passport of an investment site. This is the first step.

Admission is free, the rest is for money

When equipping the beach, you must be guided by the formula "admission is free, everything else is for money." Entrepreneur Vasily Karpov from the Tambov Region explained this approach to the high cost of preparing a recreation area for swimming season... According to him, he paid three hundred thousand rubles for the rent of fifty acres of land allocated for the beach, at the rate of six thousand per one hundred square meters. I delivered sand for the same amount. Diving work to clean the bottom cost another two hundred thousand rubles. “I got income from subletting part of the beach,” he said, “the biggest income I got from parking cars. Three cafes, paid sun loungers under a canopy, water attractions, shooting range, small children's park- they brought me about two million rubles. And yet it did not come without indirect costs. The profitability was forty percent. True, the summer was hot. "

The fact that the arrangement of the beach can bring a decent income was also reported by Marina Vereshchagina from the Moscow region. Here is what she wrote: “I am an economist. And, while relaxing on an ordinary city beach, I visually started counting the profits of beach businessmen. Small cafe, at least ten visitors. The beer is very expensive, but they drink. Ice cream is snapped up, although the markup is two hundred percent. Catamarans cost 200 rubles for 15 minutes, but they also take it all the time. In short, the income is very high. "

In addition to the standard rules for arranging beaches, original ideas can also be implemented. “At the cafe, we organized a luggage room: drawers with combination locks,” said Kristina Kagolnitskaya. "Theft immediately disappeared on the beach." Forum member BOEZ1991 reported about another original idea: “They had Wi-Fi at a cafe on the beach for a dollar per hour. There were no vacancies. " Cafes on the water are also quite popular: this is how the song “float restaurant” comes to mind.

Summer has not been canceled

The civilized arrangement of the beach is unthinkable without electricity, sewerage and water supply. Ideally - to receive communications as a "legacy" from the previous owners. If not, you will have to spend money on dry closets and mobile power generators. “Seriously, there is no point in investing, that is, building stationary communications,” advises Vasily Karpov. - At best, they will pay off in three years. And for our business, this period is like an eternity. "

Entrepreneurs who have already worked in this field advise to divide the beach area into three zones: children's, family, youth. The children's area must be fenced off and placed in the shade of trees so that the smallest visitors do not have sun and heat strokes. For swimming, it is best to use collapsible pools with tap water heated in the sun.

“This is a paid zone. An hour is one hundred rubles, - explains the forum member Gorny_orel. - Parents sit in the shade and watch the children splash. The sand is cleaner there, there are no cigarette butts and bottles. " The youth area houses beach soccer and volleyball courts. There are also barbecues. In the family area, it is a good idea to place small sheds with sun loungers for three to four people. Of course, they are paid.

The beaches will have to be cleaned often. Cleaning up beach sand or pebbles from cigarette butts is especially time consuming. Therefore, it is advised not to skimp on garbage bins and the inscription "do not litter." And entrepreneurs also recommend installing web cameras. “They are not expensive, but they will help to solve a number of problems,” Vasily Karpov shares his secret. - In particular, to sort out various unpleasant situations. Do not forget that the beach is not only a vacation spot, but also a high-risk one. "

***
Summer has not been canceled, as has the desire to swim in cool water on a hot day. And it is not necessary for this to go to distant lands. That's why, equipping local beaches , businessmen not only make good money, but also solve social problems for their hometown.

Alexander Sitnikov
Photos from the sites xakac.info, kp.ru, vk.com, aqua-loo.ru, liveinternet.ru

Beach season 2016 is just around the corner, it's high time to start beautifying beaches. In the new season, 183 beach areas will function, of which only 81 are municipal. It turns out that the number of municipal beaches has decreased this summer (in 2014 there were 108 municipal beaches).

Vacationers from year to year on the beaches are promised a civilized vacation: changing cabins, showers, bright umbrellas and sun loungers (albeit for an additional fee). Beach equipment for the new season has already been ordered in China, but the whole picture on the beaches is still spoiled by dilapidated breakwaters with groins, which, alas, can not be hidden anywhere.

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Beautification of the beach is not only about arranging beach furniture and choosing a color scheme. Beach tenants need to think through everything: organize a paid and free zone, install changing cabins and trash bins, create walkways along the beach area and complete approaches for people with disabilities, equip with stands with information, if necessary, bring communications underground, take care of safety and cleanliness, but first of all - it must be created by pouring a large amount of river pebbles. Moreover, all this must be done quickly, before the onset of the summer season, otherwise the lease rights will be revoked. In a word, there are a lot of problems, but there is always not enough time, like money.

The beach near the Mandarin shopping center in the Adler district can be cited as a positive example of the improvement of a municipal beach. Here, a wide enough beach strip has made it possible to create conditions for a comfortable stay.

In August 2014, a wooden podium was mounted around and a recreation area with a bar under a tent-like canopy was arranged, some of the sun loungers were placed on the sand. In addition, organized beach vacation near the swimming pool.

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The construction of beach furniture is made of artificial rattan and looks attractive, and the material is not afraid of moisture and heat. You can only sit on the sun loungers for a fee, but everything looked stylish and worthy of a world-class resort.

There are no high fences here, everything is in plain sight. The beach is accessible to everyone. If you have money - pay for extra comfort, no - sunbathe on your towel by the water. Even being nearby, it is always pleasant to look at the beautiful and well-groomed embankment.

And here, for comparison, what the sports and playgrounds of the municipal beach "Mermaid" on Mamaika look like.

Beautifying the beach around the pool is a demanding process because the convenience of rest at the summer cottage, as well as the complexity of taking care of the pool, will depend on this in the future. Next, we will consider the most suitable materials and ideas for decorating a beach in the country. We will also provide you with several popular materials that should not be used to improve the area around the pool.

Materials for decorating the beach in the country

In order to use the pool conveniently, and at the same time, the whole composition adorned the landscape design of the territory, it is necessary to use the following elements of decorating the beach in the country:

Pave the shore with suitable material
Supplement the pool with ornamental plants
Set up on the beach

So, everything is in order.

Paving the beach

For paving the beach in the country, it is necessary to select durable, non-slip and at the same time decorative materials.

The classic version of the coast - sand and gravel is practically not used at the summer cottage, because sand dries out for a long time after rain, and it is uncomfortable to walk on gravel. In addition, the gravel heats up too much in the sun, which makes walking on the beach in the country not very comfortable.

It is recommended to give preference to paving slabs, it can decoratively complement the entire composition, besides, there is practically no need to care for it. It is necessary to choose tiles with a rough surface, because while swimming in the pool, water will flow onto the shore and make the tiles slippery, which endangers movement on the beach.

It is also recommended to pay attention to such paving material as wood. If you choose a moisture-resistant, durable variety of wood and additionally treat the material with an antiseptic agent, the beach in the country will take on a decorative look. The advantage of wood is the softness of the coating and the durability of the material (if it has all the necessary properties).

Another fairly popular modern paving material is decking or the so-called decking. This material is made of polypropylene and sawdust modules, which have a decorative appearance and long term service. Lack of decking - high price, the advantage is the ease of installation of the coating.

And finally, it's worth saying a little about. Many summer residents decorate the beach in the country with a lawn covering. Although it requires constant care, the decorative appearance of the lawn grass will make the beach in the country as unusual as possible. In order for the lawn covering to last a long time and to decorate the beach with its appearance, it is necessary to choose wear-resistant lawn grasses or sports ones.

Shore decoration

We draw your attention to the fact that it is strictly forbidden to plant decorative in the pool or on the shore: the chloride water will kill them, moreover, the attractive pool will look like a pond and there can be no question of the convenience of bathing.

To decorate the beach in the country with ornamental plants, you must use container planting of flowers. In this case, the plants will not directly interact with water, moreover, they can always be brought indoors (in bad weather or in winter), as well as interchanged by changing the type of recreation area.

Creation of a recreation area

Well, the main element of the summer cottage pool is the recreation area. After swimming, you will also want to sunbathe or drink a soft drink.

To do this, it is necessary to equip a recreation area on the shore of the pool. It can be a small gazebo, sun loungers, garden furniture under a beach umbrella, and even. It is also recommended to equip a playground near the pool so that the children can relax next to you.

Materials and elements of landscape design that are not suitable for arranging a beach in the country.

So, first, let's talk about the materials of the pool side paving.

As we said earlier, the shore should not be slippery, so flat tiles should be eliminated right away.

Well, low grade wood will not be suitable for creating a beach: it will quickly begin to rot and the coating will have to be restored every season.

As for the plants, here we have already said that they should be planted in containers.

Additional activities to create a functional pool

Finally, we draw your attention to the fact that the beach at the dacha needs to be made horizontal. Any inclination towards the pool will lead to the fact that all melt and rain water will drain into the bowl, which is not good. If, nevertheless, the site cannot be leveled (for example, the site is on a slope), it is necessary to create a protective barrier for the pool in the form of 15 - centimeter border.

Also, to create a functional beach in the country, it is recommended to mount the illumination of the recreation area, so that you can enjoy swimming and relaxing near the pool even at night.

That's all you need to know about creating a beach in the country. Use all your imagination to make your stay near the pool as comfortable as possible!

The choice of the territory for the organization of the beach on the shore of the reservoir is made taking into account the allocation of three zones different in their functional purpose. The beach itself is recommended to be located 30-40 m wide along the water's edge. This area is the most visited, it is an open space with changing rooms and the necessary equipment for sunbathing. An active recreation area is located next to it. It is a strip 15 to 40 m wide parallel to the coast, on which are located fields and areas for playing volleyball, badminton, tennis, etc. This zone, in comparison with the previous one, has a lower filling density. The sports area is designed in close proximity to the beach and is its logical continuation.

Sports grounds must meet increased requirements during operation, since significant loads arise during play and training. The surface of the sites should be flat, well planned and have a certain slope so that there is no stagnation of rainwater.

The clothes of the platforms are arranged in multi-layer (Fig. 1). As materials for clothes, stone or brick crushed stone of various fractions, coarse-grained sand, fibrous peat, ordinary plant soil, stone dust or crushed stone sowing, ground clay are used.

Rice. 1

Playground clothing consists of a crushed stone base, an intermediate layer and a cover. The intermediate layer is created from peat, moss and sawdust and is intended for waterproofing in case of excessive soil moisture, as well as for giving the surface of the court elasticity and elasticity, which is very important when playing. The base is the main bearing element that can withstand loads during operation; usually the base is made of crushed stone (grain size 2-3 cm) or slag boiler. The surface of the site has the same meaning as the surface of the tracks, it is made from special mixtures or hard materials.

You can arrange the simplest sports ground on a planned and rammed earth base.

Sports grounds are arranged in compliance with certain technical requirements. The device is carried out in several stages. First, on a cleaned and leveled area intended for the site, a trough is arranged for laying layers of clothing with a depth of 20-30 cm and with dimensions corresponding to the size of the site. The bottom of the trough is carefully aligned with the design marks. Slopes from the ridge of the site are taken equal to 0.005.

After leveling, the bottom of the trough is compacted - rolled with a roller. Along the borders of the site, a special board or formwork made of edged boards measuring 20 120 and 4 m thick is installed. The formwork allows you to maintain clear boundaries of the site and "holds" all the clothes, preventing them from creeping to the sides. After installing the formwork, rubble is poured onto the compacted bottom as a base and compacted. Then an intermediate layer of elastic-moisture-absorbing materials is poured, this layer is leveled, then rolled. Then a special mixture is lined on the surface of this layer, used as a coating. The mixture is also flattened and rolled. When rolling all layers, they should be moistened with water, pouring from a hose (5-8 liters per 1 sq. M).

Equipment for sports grounds:

· Tennis court. A tennis court with a size of 18 to 36 meters is provided. The net is suspended on a steel cable with a diameter of no more than 8.5 mm. The ends of the cable are fixed at a height of 1.06 m from the ground. The mesh is made from hemp cord. Mesh posts are most often made of steel pipes inserted into concreted nozzles. Protective fence: height - 4m, mesh size of the wire mesh 40 mm, wire thickness 2.5 mm. Steel pipe poles are installed at a distance of 2-3 m from each other.

Surface water (rainwater or from melting snow) must be removed from the court immediately, regardless of the permeability of the soil. This water must drain into the grooves dug along the court and into a drainage channel.

The court surface must not be harder or smoother than normal hard courts. The court should be non-slip, resilient, free from dust and glare. In addition, it must meet requirements such as uniform rebound of the ball from all points, good visibility of the ball, the ability to play immediately after rain, and not require large maintenance costs.

· Volleyball court. Boundary lines 5 cm wide are included in the size of the site. The safety zone is taken at least 3 m. The mesh is attached across the site to the posts (see figure), spaced no more than 1.5 m from the side lines. The normal height of the net for men is 2.43 m, for women it is 2.24 m, and for girls and boys of different ages, respectively, 2.10 - 2.20 and 2.35 m. A tower for the judge is installed on the continuation of the grid line.

Finally, the least congested area quiet rest and walks, placed among picturesque green spaces, equipped with landscaped paths, playgrounds, gazebos, awnings, etc.

The plots for organizing the beach should be within convenient transport accessibility, in places that exclude possible water pollution, downstream of the water intake that provides the city drinking water... The river speed should not exceed 1 m / s.

The size of the territory of the beaches located in resort areas and recreation areas for 1 visitor, should be taken, mІ, not less: sea - 5, river and lake - 8, sea, river and lake (for children) - 4.

The dimensions of river and lake beaches located on lands suitable for agricultural use and in urban areas should be taken at the rate of 5 m2 per 1 visitor and 5-6 m2 of water surface.

The minimum length of the coastal strip of the beach for 1 visitor should be taken, m, not less: for sea beaches - 0.2, river and lake beaches - 0.25. The bottom should be as sandy and gentle as possible with a slope of no more than 0.03. With a shallower bottom (0.015), the width of the water strip intended for swimming will be about 200 m, and with steep slopes it will decrease. A place for swimming should be chosen where the depth of the reservoir does not exceed 2 m, and the most optimal is the area where the water area has two zones: with a depth of up to 1.2 m for those who cannot swim and with a depth of up to 2 m for those who can. The recommended cross-section of the beach is shown in Fig. 2.

Rice. 2 Cross-section of a river beach. 1 - distribution (pedestrian) alley; 2 - a protective strip of greenery (at least 6 m); 3 - beach; 4 - immersion zone; 5 - swimming area

The beach can be sandy - gravel-sandy, gravel-pebble or grassy. The area chosen for organizing the beach should have a flat surface with a slight (0.01-0.03) slope to the water. In the case when on this site there are unfavorable soils (peat, silt, clay), it is necessary to provide for the creation of an artificial covering from imported material (sand, pebbles) (Fig. 3). To prevent erosion of the beach, it is necessary to create a special surcharge. The size of the material used for loading (gravel or pebbles) should change as the depth decreases and the slope of the underwater part of the beach increases.

Rice. 3 Artificial beach. 1 - natural soil; 2 - imported or alluvial sand; 3 - gravel and pebble surcharge

Depending on the attendance of the beach, it is equipped with awnings, wardrobes, changing cabins, first-aid posts and rescue stations, catering establishments and equipment rental, showers. They are equipped with jumping towers, solariums, aeraria, shady umbrellas and awnings, as well as playgrounds and recreation areas. Beaches should have toilets and garbage collection points. Contaminated runoff water should not enter the beach area. To do this, a drainage system is arranged in front of the beach, intercepting surface water, which flows to the beach from higher territories.

Due to the erosion of the coast due to the flow of water and wave action, the beach is often destroyed. Therefore, in the plan, it should have a slightly concave shape along the curve, which ensures the circulation of water and excludes erosion and removal of particles outside of it. If it is impossible to locate a beach with a bay-like outline, in order to reduce the carry-over of beach particles and retain sediments, engineering structures in the form of stream-guide dams, buns and breakwaters are used.

Breakwaters and groins protect the beach from erosion and increase its area towards the reservoir. Breakwaters are mainly used on sea beaches... They are located parallel to the coast, and they can be unsubmerged and submerged, i.e. above or below the water level. Depending on the material of the bottom, they are located from the coast at a distance of 20 to 100 m. The groins are placed perpendicularly or at an angle to the coast and connected to it. They are quite effective for the beach accumulation process for both sea and river beaches.

In front of the beach, it is necessary to provide for the creation of a distribution alley with a bandwidth (width), taking into account the capacity of the beach and its attendance. The alley is separated from the beach by a strip of green spaces at least 6 m wide and with a sufficient number of exits to it. In order to exclude the ingress of surface water onto the beach, a drainage collector is laid along the edge of the inner edge of the alley, and the slope of the cover towards it prevents the ingress of dirty water onto the beach and ensures its quick drainage through the collector outside the territory.

When designing the beach, it is necessary to provide for a special area for bathing children. It can be a closed reservoir connected to the main channel or pipe for water exchange, or a specially fenced shallow section of the main reservoir. Much attention is paid to the installation of a variety of water devices (firecrackers, slides for rolling into the water, etc.) and the equipment of nearby playgrounds (swings, awnings, etc.).

The beaches should be located on the southern, southwestern and southeastern slopes with the greatest insolation.

The number of tourists is determined in accordance with SNiP 2.07.01-89 *. The size of the territory of the beach recreation area is taken per visitor from the following standards: in the area S` not less than 8 m2, along the length of the coastal strip L` - not less than 0.25 m.

Accordingly, the number of vacationers N will be determined as the smallest of the expressions:

NS = S / S` and NL = L / L`

where S and L are the beach area and the length of its coastal strip, respectively.

The total number of one-time visitors is determined taking into account the coefficient of simultaneous beach loading (kz = 0.2 for the local population).

According to their functional purpose, the beaches are divided:

· Medical, intended for workers undergoing treatment in sanatoriums (separate and combined in complexes);
· General resort - for all contingents of tourists at the resort;
· Citywide - for the resident population of the resort.

For the organization of climatotherapy, as a rule, the existing natural beaches are used. In some cases, with insufficient areas of natural beaches, special open areas are created.

For all types of beaches, the area per person is normalized, and functional areas are predefined. City-wide beaches have less developed forms of equipment for functional zones and are designed mainly for recreation and health procedures - baths of total solar radiation and air baths (in the shade).

To establish the optimal conditions for carrying out climatotherapy, as well as to determine the size of the equipment used, it is necessary to know some data on the meteorological state of the atmosphere and their effect on the human body.

Different combinations of temperature, humidity and air velocity can give not only different thermal sensations, but also different physiological reactions in humans. According to the Sochi Research Institute of Balneology and Physiotherapy, the optimal conditions for a person are: air temperature - 18-21 ° C;

relative humidity - 60 - 80%;

air speed - up to 3 m / sec.

The most favorable for taking heliotherapy baths is the sun standing over the horizon of 40 -50 C; in this case, an optimal voltage of ultraviolet radiation is created, and infrared radiation has not yet reached its maximum.

In accordance with SNiP 2.07.01-89 *, the coastal strips of ponds should be landscaped. To do this, you need to do:

· Creation of convenient and safe descents to the water;
· Creation of a rescue and medical center on the beach;
· Lining of driveways and pedestrian paths;
· Planting green spaces;
· The device of a safe relief.

Rescue station. The building of the rescue station should be located so that it is possible to conveniently observe and control the water area. A tower is installed for observation. The premises include the rooms of the duty personnel (15 - 20 sq. M.) And the head of the rescue service (9 sq. M.). In addition, a first-aid post with a bathroom (15 sq.m.) may be provided in the building. Rescue station more often located in the same building as other beach service establishments. Near the station, there should be a dock for rescue boats, as well as a special room for storing boats on the shore.

Along the water area in the bathing areas, every 25 m at a distance of 4-5 m from the water, pillars with a shield for attaching life-saving equipment should be installed: lifebuoys, Suslov's balls and the ends of the Alexandrov system, shields - wooden, racks - wooden, metal or reinforced concrete.

Alleys, paths, paths. The constructions of alleys, paths, paths on the beaches and in the adjacent green zone should be dust-free, not very hot from the sun's rays. Must be weatherproof and walkable.

In fig. 4 shows various types of coverings of alleys, paths. The best coverings are prefabricated concrete slabs or natural stone. They are easy to install and use, they can be given any shape, any texture and color.

Concrete slabs can be produced in various sizes and configurations: square - 37.5 37.5 4; 50 50 5 cm and hexagonal with sides of 33 and 50 cm, thickness 4 and 6 cm.

In areas with less foot traffic, concrete slabs or natural stone slabs can be laid out with 3 cm wide joints. A vegetable pound is poured into the joints and lawn grass seeds are sown. The level of the ground in the seams should be 1.5-2 cm below the level of the slabs, and the paths themselves should be made 3-4 cm above ground level.

The width and coverage of the paths, as well as their location in the plan, are determined depending on their purpose and the intensity of pedestrian traffic. With one-way traffic, the width of the track is 0.75 m, with two-way traffic, -1.5.

Rice. 4 Types of paving paths, alleys, paths on the beach and in the green area. 1,2 - paths, paths made of concrete slabs in the green zone; 3, 5, 6 - paths, paths made of natural flagstone; 4 - alleys made of concrete slabs in the green zone; 7 - alleys made of concrete slabs and concrete filled with pebbles and gravel; 8 - walkways made of concrete with exposed pebble and gravel aggregate; 9 - paths mainly on pebble and sandy beaches- boardwalk on logs; 10 - paths made of wooden stubs - end paving

Beach equipment. The design of furniture for the beach must be carried out taking into account the following basic provisions:

· Equipment of functional areas of beaches, providing a comfortable rest;
· Optimal dimensions of equipment due to the rational use of products and anthropometric data;
· Possibilities of variant use of equipment items;
· The use of resistant materials and coatings that improve the performance of products and increase their service life;
· Unification of elements for groups of furniture with a similar design scheme and size ranges;
· Creation of a wide range of products due to a variety of colors and the use of various finishing materials.
· Changing cabins can be designed for one, two, three and four people. It is advisable to consider a series of cabins of various capacities based on unified elements. The composition of the plan must be decided during the design process.

The design of the cab includes a metal frame and for the enclosing surfaces, polymer sheet materials, wooden slats, etc. The surface of the cabs must be resistant to atmospheric precipitation and exposure to sunlight. For a stationary installation of cabins, it is necessary to provide for a reliable fastening with embedding it in the ground, as well as the possibility of dismantling for the winter. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure storage during conservation.

· Benches. Types of benches designed for equipping unshaded areas and green areas, their varieties, providing for different operating conditions (stationary, mobile, etc.), as well as the features of the material used.

Depending on the operating conditions, you can precisely select the appropriate type of product.

The base of the bench must ensure its stability; options with stationary supports (reinforced concrete and other materials rigidly fixed in pounds) may be envisaged. The surface of the seat must have a resistant coating against external influences - sun, rain, etc.

· Individual sun protection devices. The main types of sun-protection devices designed for individual use are: umbrellas, awnings, shaded oval, rectangular and trapezoidal shapes in the plan, creating shading of one lounger.

Installation of umbrellas and screens should be carried out in metal glasses embedded in concrete, or have heavy metal bases that ensure the stability of the entire device. The main material for the frame is metal. On the frame, it is necessary to provide devices for towels and dresses. A special colored canvas should be used to cover the umbrellas and screens. In the device of umbrellas there should be a mechanism for giving it an inclined position, which allows creating the necessary area of shade at different positions of the sun.

· Waste bins should be provided both free-standing and hinged. The shape of free-standing urns in the plan can be square or round. The arrangement of the urn should provide for easy extraction of the contents and cleaning of the surface of the internal volume. The construction material must be resistant to aggressive environmental influences.
· The beach cleaning trolley must have a trash can, scoop, broom area and holder, and reliable wheels for moving on sandy and rocky ground. The garbage container can be made of waterproof fabric. The material of construction and finish must be resistant to light disinfection.
· Furniture color scheme. It is advisable to paint furniture for beach equipment in light colors. However, white should be avoided as it tends to generate unnecessary radiation (reflectance 80%). I took into account that the most successful combination is a contrast one, several colors can be recommended: blue, blue - green, orange, which have reflection coefficients of 30, 20 - 30 and 25 - 30%, respectively. These colors contrast well with the color of the beach cover - yellow sand, gray-yellow and gray-blue pebbles. The selection of the color of the equipment must be made in contrast to the existing color of the beach cover,

In the same landscape, the brightness ratio does not exceed 50: 1. Subjects in the shade are 10 times weaker than objects not protected from the sun.

Green and cyan enhance their color in partial shade, while red and yellow dominate in color in illuminated areas. Given these properties of colors, it can be recommended for coloring furniture used in the shade, blue, blue - green, light blue, and for furniture located on illuminated areas - red, orange, yellow.

Beach areas:

1. The choice of the territory for the organization of the beach on the shore of the reservoir is made taking into account the allocation of three zones different in their functional purpose. The beach itself is recommended to be located 30-40 m wide along the water's edge. This area is the most visited, it is an open space with changing rooms and the necessary equipment for sunbathing.

2. There is an active recreation area next to it. It is a strip 15 to 40 m wide parallel to the coast, on which are located fields and areas for playing volleyball, badminton, tennis, etc. This zone, in comparison with the previous one, has a lower filling density. The sports area is designed in close proximity to the beach and is its logical continuation.

Sports grounds

The clothes of the platforms are arranged in multi-layer (Fig. 7). As materials for clothes, stone or brick crushed stone of various fractions, coarse-grained sand, fibrous peat, ordinary plant soil, stone dust or crushed stone sowing, ground clay are used.

Rice. 7 Construction of the covering of the sports ground.

You can arrange the simplest sports ground on a planned and rammed earth base.

Equipment for sports grounds:

Tennis court. A tennis court with a size of 18 to 36 meters is provided. The net is suspended on a steel cable with a diameter of no more than 8.5 mm. The ends of the cable are fixed at a height of 1.06 m from the ground. The mesh is made from hemp cord. Mesh posts are most often made of steel pipes inserted into concreted nozzles. Protective fence: height - 4m, mesh size of the wire mesh 40 mm, wire thickness 2.5 mm. Steel pipe poles are installed at a distance of 2-3 m from each other.

Volleyball court. Boundary lines 5 cm wide are included in the size of the site. The safety zone is taken at least 3 m. The mesh is attached across the site to the posts (see figure), spaced no more than 1.5 m from the side lines. The normal height of the net for men is 2.43 m, for women it is 2.24 m, and for girls and boys of different ages, respectively, 2.10 - 2.20 and 2.35 m. A tower for the judge is installed on the continuation of the grid line.

3. Tracks

And, finally, the least busy area of quiet recreation and walking, located among picturesque green spaces, is equipped with landscaped paths, platforms, gazebos, awnings, etc.

The plots for organizing the beach should be within convenient transport accessibility, in places that exclude possible water pollution, downstream of the water intake that provides the city with drinking water. The river speed should not exceed 1 m / s.

The size of the beaches, the layout of the bottom

The size of the territory of beaches located in resort areas and recreation areas for 1 visitor should be taken, m 2, not less: sea - 5, river and lake - 8, sea, river and lake (for children) - 4.

The dimensions of river and lake beaches located on lands suitable for agricultural use and in urban areas should be taken at the rate of 5 m 2 per visitor and 5-6 m 2 of the water surface.

A place for swimming should be chosen where the depth of the reservoir does not exceed 2 m, and the most optimal is the area where the water area has two zones: with a depth of up to 1.2 m for those who cannot swim and with a depth of up to 2 m for those who can. The recommended cross-section of the beach is shown in Fig. eight.

Rice. 8. Cross-section of a river beach.

1 - distribution (pedestrian) alley; 2 - a protective strip of greenery (at least 6 m);

3 - beach; 4 - immersion zone; 5 - swimming area.

The beach can be sandy - gravel-sandy, gravel-pebble or grassy. The territory chosen for the organization of the beach should have a flat surface with a slight (0.01-0.03) slope to the water. In the case when there are unfavorable soils in this area (peat, silt, clay), it is necessary to provide for the creation of an artificial covering from imported material (sand, pebbles) (Fig. 9). To prevent erosion of the beach, it is necessary to create a special surcharge. The size of the material used for loading (gravel or pebbles) should change as the depth decreases and the slope of the underwater part of the beach increases.

Rice. 9. Artificial beach.

1 - natural soil; 2 - imported or alluvial sand; 3 - gravel and pebble surcharge.

Breakwaters and groins protect the beach from erosion and increase its area towards the reservoir. Breakwaters are mainly used on sea beaches. They are located parallel to the coast, and they can be unsubmerged and submerged, i.e. above or below the water level. Depending on the material of the bottom, they are located from the coast at a distance of 20 to 100 m. The groins are placed perpendicularly or at an angle to the coast and connected to it. They are quite effective for the beach accumulation process for both sea and river beaches.

The beaches should be located on the southern, southwestern and southeastern slopes with the greatest insolation.

The number of tourists is determined in accordance with SNiP 2.07.01-89 *. The size of the territory of the beach recreation area is taken per visitor from the following standards: for the area S` not less than 8 m2, along the length of the coastal strip L` - not less than 0.25 m.

Accordingly, the number of vacationers N will be determined as the smallest of the expressions:

NS = S / S` and NL = L / L`

where S and L are the beach area and the length of its coastal strip, respectively.

The total number of one-time visitors is determined taking into account the coefficient of simultaneous beach loading (kz = 0.2 for the local population).

According to their functional purpose, the beaches are divided:

· Medical, intended for workers undergoing treatment in sanatoriums (separate and combined in complexes);

general resort - for all contingents of vacationers at the resort;
citywide - for the resident population of the resort.

For the organization of climatotherapy, as a rule, the existing natural beaches are used. In some cases, with insufficient areas of natural beaches, special open areas are created.

In accordance with SNiP 2.07.01-89 *, the coastal strips of ponds should be landscaped. To do this, you need to do:

creation of convenient and safe exits to the water;
the creation of a rescue and medical center on the beach;
lining of driveways and pedestrian paths;
planting green spaces;
safe terrain device.

Rescue station. The building of the rescue station should be located so that it is possible to conveniently observe and control the water area. A tower is installed for observation. The premises include rooms for the duty personnel (15 - 20 m2) and the head of the rescue service (9 m2). In addition, a first-aid post with a bathroom (15 m2) may be provided in the building. The rescue station is more often located in the same building as other beach service establishments. Near the station, there should be a dock for rescue boats, as well as a special room for storing boats on the shore.

Beautification of beaches

Alleys, paths, paths. The constructions of alleys, paths, paths on the beaches and in the adjacent green zone should be dust-free, not very hot from the sun's rays. Must be weatherproof and walkable. In fig. 10 shows various types of coverings of alleys, paths. The best coverings are prefabricated concrete slabs or natural stone. They are easy to install and use, they can be given any shape, any texture and color.

Concrete slabs can be produced in various sizes and configurations: square - 37.5 37.5 4; 50 50 5 cm and hexagonal with sides of 33 and 50 cm, thickness 4 and 6 cm.

Rice. 10. Types of paving paths, alleys, paths on the beach and in the green area.

1,2 - paths, paths made of concrete slabs in the green zone; 3, 5, 6 - paths, paths made of natural flagstone; 4 - alleys made of concrete slabs in the green zone; 7 - alleys made of concrete slabs and concrete filled with pebbles and gravel; 8 - walkways made of concrete with exposed pebble and gravel aggregate; 9 - paths mainly on pebble and sandy beaches - boardwalk on logs; 10 - paths made of wooden short ones - end paving.

Beach equipment. The design of furniture for the beach must be carried out taking into account the following basic provisions:

equipping the functional zones of the beaches, providing a comfortable rest;
optimal dimensions of equipment, due to the rational use of products and anthropometric data;
the possibility of a variant use of equipment items;
the use of resistant materials and coatings to improve the performance of products and increase their service life;
unification of elements for groups of furniture with a similar design scheme and size ranges;
creating a wide range of products due to a variety of colors and the use of various finishing materials.
Changing cabins can be designed for one, two, three and four people. It is advisable to consider a series of cabins of various capacities based on unified elements. The composition of the plan must be decided during the design process.

Benches. Types of benches designed for equipping unshaded areas and green areas, their varieties, providing for different operating conditions (stationary, mobile, etc.), as well as the features of the material used.

Depending on the operating conditions, you can precisely select the appropriate type of product.

Individual sun protection devices. The main types of sun-protection devices designed for individual use are: umbrellas, awnings, shaded oval, rectangular and trapezoidal shapes in the plan, creating shading of one lounger.

Garbage bins should be provided both free-standing and hinged. The shape of free-standing urns in the plan can be square or round. The arrangement of the urn should provide for easy extraction of the contents and cleaning of the surface of the internal volume. The construction material must be resistant to aggressive environmental influences.

The beach cleaning trolley should have a trash bin, scoop, broom area and holder, and sturdy wheels for moving on sandy and rocky ground. The garbage container can be made of waterproof fabric. The material of construction and finish must be resistant to light disinfection.

Furniture color scheme. It is advisable to paint furniture for beach equipment in light colors. However, white should be avoided as it tends to generate unnecessary radiation (reflectance 80%). I took into account that the most successful combination is a contrast one, several colors can be recommended: blue, blue - green, orange, which have reflection coefficients of 30, 20 - 30 and 25 - 30%, respectively. These colors contrast well with the color of the beach cover - yellow sand, gray-yellow and gray-blue pebbles. The selection of the color of the equipment must be made in contrast to the existing color of the beach cover,

In the same landscape, the brightness ratio does not exceed 50: 1. Subjects in the shade are 10 times weaker than objects not protected from the sun.

Types of urban water bodies and features that must be taken into account in their design and construction.

Artificial and natural reservoirs are one of the most important elements of the improvement of urban areas, since they are of great cultural and economic importance.

The main types of reservoirs that can be built within gardens and parks of urban areas: reservoir on a river or channel; single or cascades of ponds; digging pond; artificial or bulk pool; decorative pool, etc.

Urban ponds are often used to regulate the flow of open channels and closed storm water collectors. Ornamental ponds are usually included in residential, industrial and park ensembles. The main purpose of the city reservoir is to satisfy the cultural, sports and other needs of the townspeople. They can also be used for breeding fish and waterfowl, irrigating gardens located in the surrounding area, arranging fountains, etc.

On the territory near the city reservoir, beaches for adults and children are often arranged, which may have special fences.

Water bodies formed in ravines are filled with thawed and storm water formed in the catchment area. Basically, urban water bodies are built using dams. In some cases, they arrange bunded water bodies; sometimes, due to the conditions of the terrain, it is not possible to build dam or embanked reservoirs, then digging ponds are created. In some cases, such bodies of water may be fully or partially supplied with groundwater.

In some cases, a complex (cascade) of ponds in a city park can be created, located in the same beam at different elevations. Usually a cascade of ponds is tripled in city parks.

Much attention is paid to the architectural design of reservoirs: plants are planted on the shore, walking paths are arranged, etc. When using a pond (reservoir) for bathing and swimming, the norm of the area of the mirror of the water surface per person is determined, which should be 10 m 2.

Digging ponds are built in the form of pits about 2 m deep. They are also filled with water flowing from the catchment area or from the city water supply system. Such ponds are equipped with overflow and drainage devices connected to the storm sewer. In summer they are used for boat trips, and in winter they are used for ice rinks. Ponds of this type include the reservoir on Chistoprudny Boulevard (Moscow).

Artificial outdoor bulk pools are often designed for water sports and mass bathing, they are also equipped with devices for emptying.

Ornamental reservoirs suit small areas and depths of 0.5 ... 1.0 m, which are used for cultivated aquatic plants. They are often combined with fountains.

Urban water bodies can become silted up with sediments, and thickets of reeds and other plants can also form in them. For the day of cleaning small reservoirs, earthmoving and other machines are used, and in some cases, they are cleaned by flushing during a flood or by supplying an additional flow of water. Dredgers of significant productivity are used to clean large reservoirs, and special mowers are used to mow vegetation off the coast.

During the construction of urban reservoirs (ponds), a number of sanitary and technical issues arise that must be taken into account and resolved with the sanitary inspection authorities. These include flooding, city flooding, and water quality and malaria control.

To ensure good water quality of the constructed reservoir, the following are carried out: forecasting the water quality of the future reservoir, assessing the technical measures that ensure it, developing a sanitary protection zone, improving surface runoff, measures to combat blooming, overgrowing and siltation of the reservoir. Moreover, due attention must be paid to the preparation of the reservoir bed for the formation of the composition and quality of water.

The quality of water can be significantly influenced by: the correct organization of the banks, the device for diverting surface polluted waters to other basins.

To regulate and improve the surface runoff entering the reservoir from the drainage basin, measures should be taken to combat erosion processes. Therefore, coastal areas are allotted mainly for meadow and tree plantations. When creating an urban reservoir, it is necessary to carefully examine the area of flooding and flooding, as well as the catchment area in order to identify all factors that may affect the sanitary state of the reservoir. If the reservoir is for drinking purposes, then sanitary measures also cover the coastal protective sanitary zone. The flood zone is thoroughly cleaned, contaminated soil is removed down to clean soil, and these areas are disinfected. In the flooded area, special sanitization is carried out. The area of the reservoir is freed from the forest, stumps are uprooted, pits near the banks are filled up, etc. The territories of cemeteries and cattle burial grounds are sanitized. During the construction of reservoirs, antimalarial measures are provided. So, the coastline should be preferably straight, with rather steep slopes, the depth of the reservoir in shallow places should be at least 1.5 ... 2 m. It is necessary to provide a good wave breaker, which does not allow overgrowing of the bottom, and the speed of water flow must be at least 0.2 m / s (especially near the coast).

For the extermination of mosquito larvae, special species of fish are bred in reservoirs (mosquitoes, minnow).

Anti-erosion structures

Hydraulic structures of urban water bodies practically do not differ from the structures of any hydroelectric complex, they include: a dam, culverts, limiting embankments and bank protection devices.

When choosing a dam site, it is possible to arrange a spillway (preferably without gates), as well as a water outlet for emptying and flushing the reservoir. Flood discharges are passed through overflow over the crest of the dam.

In ponds (reservoirs) formed by embankments and in digging ponds, a tubular bottom drainage is located in the coastal massif and attached to the drainpipes of the city storm sewer. On the entrance head of the drainage gates, gratings are installed to retain floating and other objects. A viewing well is arranged at the point of joining the drainage to the watercourse. Within the city limits, ponds can be nestled in ravines, the landscape of which usually fits well with buildings. The complex of anti-seepage measures of the basin of the reservoir includes: filling of karst funnels with clay or clay-cement mortar, artificial soil compaction, cementation, bitumization or clay formation of fractured or strongly filtering soils.

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