Urban planning - planning and construction of the city. The architecture of the historic city: description and history

Architecture historic city Art, grade 9 Orlova M.E. MKOU "Mishutinskaya secondary school"

Architecture (lat. Architectura) is the art of designing and constructing buildings, structures that organize the spatial environment, the art of forming this environment for the life and activities of people, giving aesthetic pleasure. Orlova M.E. MKOU "Mishutinskaya secondary school"

The word "city" means "fortified place" and comes from the word "fence", that is, to enclose with a fortress wall. Orlova M.E. MKOU "Mishutinskaya secondary school"

Urban planning - city planning and construction. Orlova M.E. MKOU "Mishutinskaya secondary school"

Athens, Greece In Antiquity, a fortified hill was built temple complex... An example is the Athenian Acropolis, political, religious, Cultural Center cities. Orlova M.E. MKOU "Mishutinskaya secondary school"

Medieval Western Europe Each medieval city was fenced off with mighty stone walls with battlements and towers, surrounded by a deep moat, making it a powerful, reliable fortress. Orlova M.E. MKOU "Mishutinskaya secondary school"

Medieval Western Europe The center of the Western European city was Cathedral... The administrative building of the town hall and the market square were located nearby. Orlova M.E. MKOU "Mishutinskaya secondary school"

Eastern medieval city Economic and strategic center of the eastern medieval town there was a square on which a madrasah was built for a higher school, which trained clergymen, teachers, etc. Orlova M.Ye. MKOU "Mishutinskaya secondary school"

Registan. Samarkand. Uzbekistan Eastern medieval city Orlova M.E. MKOU "Mishutinskaya secondary school"

Minarets of the tower, from which Muslims were called to prayer, towered next to the mosque. An important role in the architectural composition of the city was played by the ruler's palace and the trading part of the caravanserai and bazaar. Eastern medieval town Orlova M.E. MKOU "Mishutinskaya secondary school"

Cities of medieval Russia The Russian city and its defensive fortifications were built taking into account the conditions of the natural landscape. The aesthetic sense of people played an important role in choosing a place for the future city. Orlova M.E. MKOU "Mishutinskaya secondary school"

Novgorod Detinets. Modern aerial photography Cities of medieval Russia The Kremlin (“kremnikon”) called the central fortified part of the Russian city, but the more ancient name “detinets”, or outer city, from the word “bottom” is inner. Orlova M.E. MKOU "Mishutinskaya secondary school"

Vezha - watchtower Moat Bridge Posad (podol) - originally populated area outside the Kremlin or Detinets. Cathedral of the City of Medieval Russia Orlov M.E. MKOU "Mishutinskaya secondary school"

Each city has a certain planning structure: radial radial radial-circular linear rectangular rectangular-diagonal free Orlova M.E. MKOU "Mishutinskaya secondary school"

St. Petersburg Moscow Radial-ring layout scheme Radial and rectangular layout Orlova M.E. MKOU "Mishutinskaya secondary school"

How Moscow began Detinets Orlova M.E. MKOU "Mishutinskaya secondary school"

How did Moscow begin? The Moscow Kremlin under Ivan Kalita Orlova M.E. MKOU "Mishutinskaya secondary school"

Moscow Kremlin under Dmitry Donskoy (Probable view of the Kremlin of Dmitry Donskoy before the invasion of Tokhtamysh in 1382) How did Moscow begin with M.E. Orlova? MKOU "Mishutinskaya secondary school"

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Slide 1

The architecture of the historic city

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16th century Moscow map

Architecture (Latin architectura) is the art of designing and constructing buildings, structures that organize the spatial environment, the art of forming this environment for the life and activities of people, giving aesthetic pleasure.

Architecture is one of the most useful arts for human life.

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F. Schelling called architecture "frozen music"; "A melody that has died away" - I.-V. Goethe. Many composers were keen connoisseurs of architecture. Since ancient times, man has learned to build a dwelling for himself. For this, natural materials were used, which the surrounding area was rich in. A large number of houses formed settlements. For defense against enemies, the settlements were surrounded by walls, fenced off with a backyard or palisade, fence or wooden wall. Therefore, the Russian word “city” originally meant “fortification” and came from the expressions “to enclose”, “to enclose”, “to fence”.

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The planning and construction of cities is one of the areas of architecture, it is called "urban planning". The layout of the cities of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, ancient Russian cities differed in many ways. In Antiquity, a temple complex was built on a fortified hill. An example is the Athenian Acropolis - the political, religious, cultural center of the city. It was a landmark among the rectangular grid of streets below.

Acrocorinth. Greece

Acropolis of Athens. Greece

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Each medieval city was fenced off with mighty stone walls with battlements and towers, surrounded by a deep moat, making it a powerful, reliable fortress. The fortress city had a defensive meaning, to capture its gates meant to capture the entire city. The center of the Western European city was the cathedral. The administrative building of the town hall and the market square were located nearby.

The square and the building of the city hall. Prague

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in Medieval Russia - the city usually grew up on an elevated place. The central place in his composition and silhouette was occupied by the Detinets (from the 14th century - the Kremlin). It was the inner core of the city's fortifications; people went under its protection after the fall of the outer defense belt. The largest, monumental structures - the cathedral and the palace - were concentrated in the Kremlin. A typical example is the plan of ancient Moscow.

Novgorod Detinets. Modern aerial photography

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The economic and strategic center of the eastern medieval city was the square on which the madrasah was built - a higher school that trained clergy, teachers, etc.

Registan. Samarkand. Uzbekistan

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During the Renaissance, architects again turned to the ancient tradition of urban planning: at the end of wide straight streets there was always some architectural ensemble defining the majesty of the perspective. St. Petersburg is built on the same principle. It was erected according to a plan drawn up in advance and carefully verified by Peter I. Streets and avenues in the central part of the city converge like a trident to squares.

Map of St. Petersburg at the beginning of the XX century.

Saint Petersburg. History Center

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Homework:

Find poems about the two capitals of Russia - Moscow and St. Petersburg, dedicated to the architectural sights of these cities. Read them to your classmates. How do you understand the meaning of the expressions: "Architecture is a frozen music" and "Architecture is a sounding melody"? What do music and architecture have in common?

The architecture of the historic cities Verification work.

Art. Grade 9

1. Architecture (lat. Architectura) - art ………. and to build buildings, ……, organizing the spatial environment, the art of forming this environment for… .. and ……… people, giving …… .. pleasure. Insert the missing words.

2.What does the word mean “City” and why our ancestors “fenced”.

4 every medieval city had a must protective structures... Name at least 4 - 5 such structures.

Medieval Western Europe

5. Which building was always located in the center of a medieval city? Why?

6 what was it like eastern city? What did it look like and how did it differ from the Western one in the Middle Ages?

Eastern medieval town

7. What is the name of the building in the photo. Give its description.

The cities of medieval Russia

Modern aerial photography

8. N Name the city and describe its layout.

9.Cities of medieval Russia

4…….

2………………

1………

5……….

9. Sign the names on the city map.

Saint Petersburg

Moscow

10. How are these city planning schemes different?

How Moscow began

11. Describe the Moscow Kremlin under Ivan Kalita.

How Moscow began

12.What has changed in the Kremlin under Dmitry Donskoy?

How Moscow began

13. How Ivan III decorated and expanded the capital.

14.Name from 5 to 10 objects of modern Moscow known to you.

• 1……………
• 2……………
• 3……………
• 4……………
• 5……………
• 6……………

The arts is architecture.

If we compare architecture with other arts, then music is the closest to it as conventionally. After all, music, like architecture and mathematics, has no analogues in the surrounding world - its form is abstract. Was this not the basis for the constant comparison of architecture with music? F. Schelling called architecture "frozen music"; "A melody that has died away" - I.-V. Goethe. Many composers were keen connoisseurs of architecture.

Each medieval city was fenced off with mighty stone walls with battlements and towers, surrounded by a deep moat, making it a powerful, reliable fortress. The fortress city had a defensive meaning, to capture its gates meant to capture the entire city.

Unlike the Western European city, enclosed in high stone walls that once and for all defined its borders, the city of medieval Russia was merged with nature and rural surroundings. The Russian city and its defensive fortifications were built taking into account the conditions of the natural landscape. The aesthetic sense of people played an important role in choosing a place for the future city.

The chronicles have preserved many stories containing the following messages: “and the sight of a place is red and forest on the mountain. ... ... And having loved the place and then thought, let the little town burn up on it ”(Ipatiev Chronicle).

The city usually grew up in an elevated place. The central place in his composition and silhouette was occupied by the Detinets (from the 14th century - the Kremlin). It was the inner core of the city's fortifications; people went under its protection after the fall of the outer defense belt. The largest, monumental structures - the cathedral and the palace - were concentrated in the Kremlin. A typical example is the plan of ancient Moscow.

The center of the Western European city was the cathedral. The administrative building of the town hall and the market square were located nearby. Streets flowed to them tangentially from the city gates. The feudal castle was located outside the city limits.

The economic and strategic center of the eastern medieval city was the square on which the madrasah was built - a higher school that trained clergy, teachers, etc.

Minarets - towers from which Muslims were called to prayer - towered next to the mosque. An important role in the architectural composition of the city was played by the ruler's palace and the trading part - the caravanserai, the bazaar (trading domes). Roads ran from the square to the city gates. In peacetime, caravans from all over the world went along them to the city, in wartime soldiers moved.

In the Renaissance, architects again turned to the ancient tradition of urban planning: at the end of the wide straight streets, there was always some architectural ensemble that determined the majesty of the perspective.

St. Petersburg is built on the same principle. It was erected according to a plan drawn up in advance and carefully verified by Peter I. Streets and avenues in the central part of the city converge like a trident to squares.

Find in the textterms that are related to architecture and urban planning.
Explain their meaning using art dictionaries.

View vintage engravings. Find on them images of fortresses, defensive structures, residential areas, retail space, cult buildings. Describe them orally.

Find poems about the two capitals of Russia - Moscow and St. Petersburg, dedicated to the architectural sights of these cities. Read them to your classmates.

How do you understand the meaning of the expressions: "Architecture is a frozen music" and "Architecture is a sounding melody"? What do music and architecture have in common?

Artistic and creative task
Using pen and ink, draw a blueprint for a medieval city. Convey the characteristic features of a Russian, European and Eastern medieval city (optional).

Sergeeva G.P., Art. 8-9 grades: textbook. for general education. institutions / G.P.Sergeeva, I.E. Kashekova, E.D. Crete. - M .: Education, 2009 .-- 190 p .: ill.

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