Taman Bay is the confluence of two seas. Kalamitsky - the most ideal bay of Crimea for recreation

Black Sea located in the middle latitudes, approximately between 41 and 47 degrees north latitude and 28 and 42 degrees east longitude. The northern shores belong to Ukraine, the eastern - to Russia, Georgia and Abkhazia, the southern - to Turkey, the western - to Romania and Bulgaria. For almost 400 km, the Black Sea washes Krasnodar region, beneficially influencing its climate. Through the straits Bosphorus, Dardanelles and through Sea of Marmara Black Sea waters merge with the Mediterranean, and through Kerch Strait With Sea of Azov.

Black Sea known to mankind since ancient times! Over the course of millennia and centuries, it has changed several names. The first Greek navigators called it Pont Aksinsky i.e. inhospitable. However, later the ancient Greeks changed their mind and began to call it Pont Aksinsky, that is hospitable sea. In Russia in the old days Black Sea called Pontic, as well as Russian by sea.

Scientists explain the modern name in different ways. Some - the Turks called Karadeniz, that is, the inhospitable "Black" Sea, because all the conquerors who came to its shores received a decisive rebuff from the tribes that inhabited it. According to another hypothesis, the name is associated with storms and the fact that the water darkens during a storm. And there is a third version, which is connected with the fact that metal objects lowered to the great depths of the Black Sea turn black under the influence of hydrogen sulfide.

The ancient Greeks, sailing along the Black Sea coast, saw here the settlements of the Scythians, Taurians, and in the east - the Colchians. The Greeks named after these tribes Black Sea coast Kavakaza Colchis, Crimea - Tauris, and the Northern Sea - Scythia.

Bays of the Black Sea

There are few bays in the Black Sea, the largest of them Odessa, Karkinitsky, Kalamitsky, Feodosia, Tamansky and Sinopsky. Of the bays for receiving ships, the most convenient Tsemesskaya and Gelendzhikskaya.

The Black Sea is poor in islands, the largest - Serpentine(0.17 sq. km). Of the peninsulas, the most significant - Crimean, Kerch and Taman.

Characteristics of the Black Sea

The total area of the Black Sea is 413,488 sq km. The volume of water is 537,000 cubic meters. km. The sea represents deep depression oblong shape with a fairly flat bottom and steep slopes (from 6 to 20 degrees). The greatest depth is 2245 m, the average is 1271 m.

They flow into the Black Sea Danube, Dniester, Southern Bug, Dnieper, Rioni, Chorokh, and within Krasnodar Territory- over 80 small rivers. Half of the river flow falls on the Danube. The annual flow from land to the Black Sea is 400 cubic meters. km, the same amount evaporates from the surface of the sea. The Black Sea receives 175 cubic meters per year. km of salty Mediterranean water and 66 ku. km of Azov water of low salinity.

Most of all, the Black Sea water contains sodium chloride (77.8% of the total salt content), magnesium chloride (10.9%), calcium sulfate (3.6%). In addition, the Black Sea water contains about 60 more chemical elements: iodine, bromine, silver, radium etc.

The Black Sea is the warmest in our country. The temperature in winter in the open part is + 6..7 degrees of heat, in the south + 8..10, in the north-western part it often drops to -1 and ice fast ice forms there. In summer, the water temperature averages +24 degrees, near Sochi it can warm up to +28 degrees. At a depth of 50-70 meters the temperature is stable +6-7 degrees.

Surface currents in the Black Sea are weak, their speed usually does not exceed 0.5 m/s. The main causes of surface currents are river runoff and wind.

Ebb and flow in Black and Seas of Azov very weakly expressed. Their amplitude is 3-10 cm. Secular changes in sea level - an increase of 20-50 cm in a hundred years.

During storms in the Black Sea, waves up to 10 m high and 150 m long develop. Waves are usually much smaller.

The force of the waves hitting the shore is enormous. In the Sochi region, it reaches 20 tons per 1 sq. km. m.

Flora of the Black Sea quite rich and varied. In coastal waters there are thickets of brown algae - cystoriasis. On sandy and mudflats there are whole underwater fields of sea grass - zosters. Deeper there are extensive thickets of red algae - phyllophora.

The fauna of the Black Sea is very diverse, but due to the presence of hydrogen sulfide, it is concentrated mainly in the upper 200-meter layer of water.

Based on the materials of the books: Korovin V.I. Nature of the Krasnodar Territory. Krasnodar: Book of Publishing House, 1979

The length of the Black Sea from west to east is 1130 km, the maximum width is 613 km. From the south, the coast of Anatolia (the Asian part of Turkey) protrudes into it in a wide arc, and from the north, the Crimean peninsula cuts deep. Almost everywhere the coast is mountainous, there are few large bays and bays. The largest bays, such as Odessa, Karkinitsky, Tendrovsky, are inscribed in the low steppe shores of the northwestern part of the sea. Some of the bays are fenced off from the sea by wide sandy spits - embankments. Convenient bays of Sevastopol and Balaklava are hidden among the rocks of the Crimean mountains, and on Taman Peninsula shallow bays are overgrown with reeds and reeds (floods). Ridges approach the sea from the east Greater Caucasus, and even such large Perths as Tuapse, Novorossiysk, Batumi, have only small bays. A large bay once existed where the Rion, the largest of the rivers of the Caucasian coast, flows into the sea. Later, on the site of the bay, a wide Colchis lowland was formed. And from the south, the Pontic mountains approach the sea. On the wide ledge of Anatolia there are three small peninsulas: the low-lying Bafra and Charshamba, and the mountainous Inje-burun with the Sinop Bay. The name of this bay recalls the victory of the Russian fleet under the command of PS Nakhimov in 1853, during the Crimean War. Less familiar are the names of major ports in Turkey - Zanguldak, Samsun, Trabzon. Giresun, Orda and the rivers Eshil-Irmak, Chorokh, Kyzyl-Irmak flowing from its territory into the Black Sea. The Thracian Peninsula (the European part of Turkey) has recently been connected to Anatollia by a huge bridge, under which large ocean-going vessels pass freely along the Bosporus. To the west of this strait, the spurs of the Balkans approach the Black Sea - and here the mountains. Bulgarian sea roads start from the large ports of Burgas and Varna. Romania is crossed by the Lower Danube lowland going to the sea, along the low coast of which a chain of salt lakes stretches. A convenient bay went only to the port of Constanta. At the northern border of Romania, the Danube Delta is widely spread. That's the entire coastline of the Black Sea, 4090 km. Surrounded on all sides by land, it is one of the inland seas. At the same time, the Black Sea is "assigned" to the basin Atlantic Ocean: it connects with it through the Marmara and Mediterranean Seas. Two Great Britain can be placed on the area occupied by the Black Sea (423 thousand sq. Km). The water surface is interrupted only in some places near the coast by small islands, for example, Berezan, located 13 km from Ochakov. Of the few Black Sea islands, Fr. Serpentine (Fndonisi), located 40 km from the Danube Delta.

Length of the Black Sea from west to east - 1167 km, from north to south - 624 km. The greatest depth is 2,212 m, and the average is 1,271 m. The length of the coast along the perimeter is 4,090 km, the length coastline reaches 4,340 km. The area of the Black Sea is 423,000 sq. km.

Due to the excess of the fresh water inflow of the Danube, Dniester, Dnieper, Southern Bug, Mzymta, Bzyb, Kodor, Inguri and others. (more than 300 rivers) above evaporation, it has a lower salinity than the Mediterranean Sea. Rivers bring 346 cubic meters to the sea. km of fresh water and 340 cubic meters. km of salt water flows out of the Black Sea through the Bosporus.

Depth of the Black Sea

Black Sea is one of the deepest sedimentary basins in the world. The thickness of sedimentary deposits at the bottom of the sea is 14 km. The relief of the bottom is a deep basin with steep slopes, its maximum depth- up to 2211 m. The area of the Black Sea - 413,488 sq. km. The maximum length is 1148 km, the maximum width is 615 km, the length of the Black Sea coastline is 4077 km.

The Black Sea washes the shores of Russia, Abkhazia, Georgia, Turkey, Bulgaria, Ukraine.

There are few bays, bays and peninsulas in the Black Sea and almost no islands. This is due to the constant rise in sea level.

The composition of the Black Sea water

salty taste sea water is given by sodium chloride, and a bitter taste is given by magnesium chloride and magnesium sulfate. Water contains 60 different elements. But they assume that it contains all the elements that are on Earth. Sea water has a number of healing properties. The salinity of the water is about 18%.

About 87% of the Black Sea waters are deprived of oxygen and contaminated with hydrogen sulfide. At a depth of more than 150 m, the water contains hydrogen sulfide, in connection with this, the sea is devoid of living organisms on great depths. The source of hydrogen sulfide is the decomposition of the remains of aquatic organisms; at a depth of 150-200 m, the content of hydrogen sulfide reaches 7.5 cubic meters. cm per liter of water, and its total amount is a billion tons. The uniqueness of the Black Sea lies in the fact that in the deep layers of its water there are no algae, invertebrates and fish, there are no living creatures, except for sulfur bacteria.

Determined that age of the Black Sea about 8 thousand years.

Echinoderms of the Black Sea

The mirror of the Black Sea has an area 422 thousand square kilometers.

Max Depth - 2210 m.

bowl of the sea holds 527 cubic kilometers of water.

The shape of the Black Sea resembles an oval with the largest axis of 1150 kilometers. The largest length from north to south is 580 kilometers, and the smallest is 265 kilometers.

Average depth of the Black Sea - 1240 m.

The Black Sea is located o in middle latitudes: 41 - 46 degrees north latitude.

In the Black Sea water salinity on average - 18, in the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov - 4, in the Mediterranean Sea - oceanic salinity of water - 37 grams per 1 liter of water.

It is connected by the Bosphorus and Dardanelles with the Sea of Marmara and the Mediterranean, the Kerch Strait with the Sea of Azov.

The only large peninsula in the Black Sea - Crimean.

Major bays: Yagorlytsky, Tendrovsky, Dzharylgachsky, Karkinitsky, Kalamitsky, Feodosia, Varna, Burgassky, Sinopsky, Samsunsky.

Total length of coastline - 3400 kilometers.

Islands in the Black Sea: most large island- Dzharylgach - area 62 square kilometers. Other islands are smaller, the most significant: Berezan and Serpentine - both less than 1 square kilometer in area.

Feature of the Black Sea consists in the fact that at a depth of more than 150-200 meters, the habitat of anaerobic bacteria begins, the result of which is the release of hydrogen sulfide. Organisms that need oxygen cannot live there. Life develops only in the upper layer of the sea. This layer makes up 12 - 13 percent of the total volume of the sea, while containing 80 percent of the entire fauna of the Black Sea. This sea views, which penetrated here through the Bosphorus and brackish-water organisms, common in similar reservoirs throughout the planet. And fresh species appear from the rivers flowing into the Black Sea.

The Black Sea is poorer in species than the Mediterranean. But this is due to the special conditions of this reservoir.
Inhabit:
1. species that tolerate a wide range of water salinity.
2. types of this temperature regime - the water is moderately cold.
3. species that do not need great depths at any period of development.

All types of living beings can be divided into two large groups:
permanent and temporary.

2.5 thousand species of animals live in the Black Sea:
- 500 species - unicellular.
- 160 species - vertebrates (fish and mammals).
- 500 species - crustaceans.
- 200 species - molluscs.
- other invertebrates of different groups.

In the Mediterranean Sea, for comparison, there are about 9 thousand species of animals, and in the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov - about 600 species.
Large mobile animals enter the Black Sea from the Mediterranean of their own accord. But a large number of species are constantly brought here, regardless of their desire, through the straits.

There are always two currents in the Bosphorus Strait:
1. Upper- carries desalinated water from the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara and further to the Mediterranean Sea.
2. lower- delivers more salty and warm water to the Black Sea. With it (stream thickness 2-8 meters) planktonic organisms are brought into the sea. Live starfish, brittle stars, sea urchins have been found here.

The flora of the Black Sea includes:
- 270 species of green, brown, red bottom algae.
- 350 species of microscopic plankton.
- a variety of bacteria.

Most planktonic algae solar energy builds itself from simple compounds. Some algae, like animals, can only feed on ready-made organic substances. Algae noctiluca (night light) is a predator.

Material used for the article:
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
Agbunov M. V. Antique pilot of the Black Sea. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Nauka, Moscow, 1987.
Kuzminskaya G. Black Sea. Krasnodar 1977.
Animals of the Black Sea. Simferopol: Tavria, 1996.
Wikipedia

straits, the Bosporus and the Dardanelles, located in the Marmara region of northwestern Turkey. The Sea of Marmara with its surroundings, located between them, is often referred to as the Straits zone.

Description

Black Sea Straits consistently connect the Black Sea with the Marmara, and the Marmara with the Aegean, which is part of the Mediterranean. They separate Europe (Thrace) from Asia Minor (Anatolia). Straits provide access to mediterranean sea and world oceans of a large part of Russia, Ukraine, Transcaucasia and the countries of southeastern Europe. In addition to agricultural and industrial goods, a significant share of exports through the Straits is oil from Russia and other countries of the Caspian Sea.

Bosphorus

The shores of the strait are connected by two bridges: the Bosphorus Bridge 1074 meters long (completed in 1973) and the Sultan Mehmed Fatih Bridge 1090 meters long (built in 1988) 5 km north of the first bridge. A third road bridge is planned, but the Turkish government is keeping the construction site a secret for now to avoid rising land prices. In 2013, the Marmaray railway tunnel was also opened, which combined the transport systems of Istanbul, located in the European and Asian parts of the city.

Dardanelles

At the time of sunset Ottoman Empire at the London Conference in 1841, it was decided to close the Straits for the passage of anyone's warships in peacetime. Under a secret agreement in 1915, the straits were transferred to the Russian Empire. From the point of view of modern international law, the Straits area is the "high seas" and since 1936 has been governed in accordance with the provisions of the Montreux Convention on the Status of the Straits, while maintaining the sovereignty of the Republic of Turkey over the latter.

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Notes

Literature

Black Sea Straits- article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
in the Geographic Encyclopedia.
in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Economics and Law.
Evmenenko, S. Black Sea straits: myths and reality. - seanews.ru, July 13, 2006.
Shemyakin A. Black Sea straits: history and modern problems. //Transport law. - 2003, No. 4.
Rozakis, Christos L.. - Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1987.
Luneva Yu.V.. - M .: Quadriga, 2010. - 256 p.

An excerpt characterizing the Black Sea Straits

“I’m not kidding,” Bilibin continued, “there is nothing fairer and sadder. These gentlemen come to the bridge alone and raise their white handkerchiefs; they assure us that there is a truce, and that they, the marshals, are going to negotiate with Prince Auersperg. The duty officer lets them into the tete de pont. [bridge fortification.] They tell him a thousand Gascon fools: they say that the war is over, that the Emperor Franz has appointed a meeting with Bonaparte, that they want to see Prince Auersperg, and a thousand Gasconades, and so on. The officer sends for Auersperg; these gentlemen embrace the officers, joke, sit on their guns, and meanwhile the French battalion enters the bridge unnoticed, dumps bags of combustible substances into the water and approaches the tete de pont. Finally, the Lieutenant General himself, our dear Prince Auersperg von Mautern, appears. "Dear enemy! The color of the Austrian army, the hero of the Turkish wars! The enmity is over, we can give each other a hand ... Emperor Napoleon burns with the desire to know Prince Auersperg. In a word, these gentlemen, not for nothing, the Gascons, so bombard Auersperg with beautiful words, he is so seduced by his so quickly established intimacy with the French marshals, so blinded by the sight of Murat's mantle and ostrich feathers, qu "il n" y voit que du feu, et oubl celui qu "il devait faire faire sur l" ennemi. [That he sees only their fire and forgets about his own, about the one that he was obliged to open against the enemy.] (Despite the liveliness of his speech, Bilibin did not forget to stop after this mot to give him time to evaluate it.) The French battalion runs into tete de pont, the cannons are hammered in, and the bridge is taken. No, but the best thing,” he continued, calming down in his excitement at the charm of his own story, “is that the sergeant assigned to that cannon, at the signal of which it was supposed to light the mines and blow up the bridge, this sergeant, seeing that the French troops they were running to the bridge, they were about to shoot, but Lann took his hand away. The sergeant, who apparently was smarter than his general, approaches Auersperg and says: “Prince, you are being deceived, here are the French!” Murat sees that the case is lost if the sergeant is allowed to speak. He turns to Auersperg with surprise (a real Gascon): “I don’t recognize the Austrian discipline so praised in the world,” he says, “and you allow the lowest rank to speak to you like that!” C "est genial. Le prince d" Auersperg se pique d "honneur et fait mettre le sergent aux arrets. Non, mais avouez que c" est charmant toute cette histoire du pont de Thabor. Ce n "est ni betise, ni lachete ... [This is brilliant. Prince Auersperg is offended and orders the arrest of the sergeant. No, admit it, it's lovely, this whole story with the bridge. It’s not that stupid, it’s not that mean…]
- With "est trahison peut etre, [Perhaps treason] - said Prince Andrei, vividly imagining gray overcoats, wounds, gunpowder smoke, the sounds of firing and the glory that awaits him.
– Nonplus. Cela met la cour dans de trop mauvais draps,” continued Bilibin. - Ce n "est ni trahison, ni lachete, ni betise; c" est comme a Ulm ... - He seemed to be thinking, looking for the expression: - c "est ... c" est du Mack. Nous sommes mackes, [Also no. This puts the court in the most ridiculous position; it is neither treason, nor meanness, nor stupidity; it's like at Ulm, it's... it's Makovshchina. We got dunked. ] he concluded, feeling that he had said un mot, and fresh mot, such a mot that would be repeated.
The folds on his forehead that had been gathered up to that time quickly unfolded in a sign of pleasure, and he, smiling slightly, began to examine his nails.
- Where are you going? - he said suddenly, turning to Prince Andrei, who got up and went to his room.
- I'm going.
- Where?
- To Army.
“Did you want to stay two more days?”
- And now I'm going now.
And Prince Andrei, having made an order to leave, went to his room.
“You know what, my dear,” Bilibin said, going into his room. “I thought about you. Why are you going?
And to prove the irrefutability of this argument, the folds all fled from the face.
Prince Andrei looked inquiringly at his interlocutor and did not answer.
- Why are you going? I know you think it's your duty to jump into the army now that the army is in danger. I understand this, mon cher, c "est de l" heroisme. [my dear, this is heroism.]
“Not at all,” said Prince Andrei.
- But you are un philoSophiee, [philosopher,] be it completely, look at things from the other side, and you will see that your duty, on the contrary, is to take care of yourself. Leave it to others who are no longer good for anything ... You were not ordered to come back, and from here you were not released; therefore, you can stay and go with us wherever our unfortunate fate leads us. They say they are going to Olmutz. And Olmutz is a very nice city. And you and I will calmly ride together in my stroller.
“Stop joking, Bilibin,” said Bolkonsky.
“I tell you sincerely and in a friendly way. Judge. Where and for what will you go now that you can stay here? One of two things awaits you (he collected the skin over his left temple): either you don’t reach the army and peace will be concluded, or defeat and shame with the entire Kutuzov army.
And Bilibin loosened his skin, feeling that his dilemma was irrefutable.
“I can’t judge this,” Prince Andrei said coldly, but thought: “I’m going to save the army.”
- Mon cher, vous etes un heros, [My dear, you are a hero,] - said Bilibin.

That same night, bowing to the Minister of War, Bolkonsky went to the army, not knowing where he would find her, and fearing to be intercepted by the French on the way to Krems.
In Brunn, the entire court population packed up, and heavy loads were already sent to Olmutz. Near Etzelsdorf, Prince Andrei rode onto the road along which the Russian army was moving with the greatest haste and in the greatest disorder. The road was so crowded with wagons that it was impossible to ride in a carriage. Taking a horse and a Cossack from the Cossack chief, Prince Andrey, hungry and tired, overtaking the carts, went to look for the commander-in-chief and his wagon. The most ominous rumors about the state of the army reached him along the way, and the sight of the army running in disorder confirmed these rumors.
"Cette armee russe que l" or de l "Angleterre a transportee, des extremites de l" univers, nous allons lui faire eprouver le meme sort (le sort de l "armee d" Ulm)", ["This Russian army, which English gold brought here from the end of the world, will experience the same fate (the fate of the Ulm army). ”] He recalled the words of Bonaparte’s order to his army before the start of the campaign, and these words equally aroused in him surprise at the hero of genius, a feeling of offended pride and the hope of glory. "And if there is nothing left but to die? he thought. Well, if necessary! I will do it no worse than others."
Prince Andrei looked with disdain at these endless, interfering teams, wagons, parks, artillery, and again wagons, wagons and wagons of all possible types, overtaking one another and blocking the muddy road in three, four rows. From all sides, behind and in front, as long as hearing was enough, the sounds of wheels, the rumble of bodies, carts and gun carriages, the clatter of horses, blows with a whip, shouts of prodding, curses of soldiers, batmen and officers were heard. Along the edges of the road, one could see incessantly fallen horses, skinned and not skinned, now broken wagons, in which, waiting for something, lone soldiers were sitting, then soldiers separated from the teams, who were heading in crowds to neighboring villages or dragging chickens, rams, hay or hay from the villages. bags filled with something.
On the descents and ascents, the crowds became thicker, and there was an uninterrupted groan of cries. The soldiers, drowning knee-deep in mud, picked up guns and wagons in their arms; whips beat, hooves slipped, traces burst and chests burst with screams. The officers in charge of the movement, either forward or backward, passed between the convoys. Their voices were faintly audible in the midst of the general rumble, and it was evident from their faces that they despaired of the possibility of stopping this disorder. “Voila le cher [‘Here is an expensive] Orthodox army,’ Bolkonsky thought, recalling Bilibin’s words.