Managed forced landings of passenger airliners on the water. Emergency water landings

Airplanes are getting smarter every day. If earlier the autopilot was considered the pinnacle of excellence in aviation, in relatively calm weather conditions it safely and reliably guided the plane from point A to point B, then modern liners boast systems that allow them to take off and land in automatic mode. Sometimes there is even an opinion among passengers that the profession of a pilot is not as complicated as it is shown, say, in the movies - you sit, drink coffee and press buttons. And if something suddenly happens, then the automation will always help out and help even an ordinary passenger to land the plane. But is it really so?

Imagine. You are flying on vacation to sunny Cyprus or to the New York Film Festival. On the screen of the multimedia system in the passenger seat, a colorful map with the route and flight parameters is displayed in front of you. Height 11 thousand meters, speed 890 kilometers per hour. Engines whistle rhythmically, fluffy clouds float smoothly behind the window below, and bottomless blue and dazzling sun above. But then suddenly a pale stewardess runs out into the cabin and loudly announces (although in fact this will never happen, because the instruction prohibits it) that all the pilots (yes, both of them at once!) Have lost consciousness and do not come into it.

Not a single pilot, like you, flying on vacation, is in the cabin. There is no one to lead and land the plane. And then you get up from the chair and walk with the gait of a true brave to the cockpit door. You have to get inside somehow, but how? The door is armored, and pilots control its opening. A stewardess comes to the rescue: on a small digital panel next to the door, she dials a secret code. But the door does not open, because the electronic door lock provides for a delay: the pilots must make sure through the camera that the stewardess has dialed the code alone, and not under the supervision of terrorists (in this case, they will block the lock until the end of the flight). After a delay, the door opens.

Before you: wind windows with clouds and bottomless blue, many buttons, verniers, screens and screens, handles and grips, pilots' bodies and two steering wheels (if you are flying on a Boeing or Tupolev liner, or two joysticks if you are on an Airbus or SSJ). Chances are, when you enter the cockpit, the plane will fly under autopilot control (because the weather is clear and nothing is in the way). It is best to take a seat on the left. It is commanding, from there there are more opportunities to control the plane. First of all, on the steering wheel or joystick, you need to find the radio communication switch (just do not press the red button, otherwise turn off the autopilot).

After the radio communication switch is found, put on a headset (headphones with a microphone) on your head, press the found switch and say loudly and clearly several times “Mayday” (this is a distress signal, the dispatcher will definitely respond to it). If you cannot find the switch on the steering wheel or joystick, then a walkie-talkie will be found to the left of your seat. Feel free to take it, turn it on, tune it to 121.5 megahertz and shout "Mayday" into it. Rescue services are listening to this frequency, so soon you will be switched to the dispatcher or the duty pilot, and he will already explain what to do next.

In fact, in this whole process, the most important step is precisely the communication with the control tower. After the dispatcher answers your call for help, he will ask you to give your flight number and tell you where you can find this information (for example, at the helm, these numbers are on the "horn" on the left). And then the most interesting thing will begin - under the guidance of the dispatcher and the pilot on duty, you will proceed directly to the landing of the aircraft. If you have previously "flown" at home on a computer flight simulator, it will be easier for you, but this is still not a guarantee of a successful landing.

Depending on the type of aircraft, the actions that the officer on duty will prompt you will differ, but the general landing pattern is the same for everyone. To begin with, you will be asked to make sure that the autopilot is working properly and that the flight parameters that it adheres to are correct. At some distance from the airport, you will be prompted to switch the autopilot to approach mode, and then you will be prompted with which handles to set the speed, altitude, and turn. In parallel, you will be prompted to set up the aircraft's automation to receive signals from the beacon of the landing instrumental system located at the airport. The plane will go to its signal when landing.

Then the moment will surely come when the pilot on duty asks you to extend the flaps (a handle on the central panel with the FLAP inscription and several divisions) and the landing gear (a large handle with arrows and UP and DOWN inscriptions). After touching the landing strip, you will be ordered to reverse the engines (levers on the engine control handles between the seats) and engage all the wing mechanics to help decelerate. Finally, you will be asked to apply the brakes (usually located on top of the steering pedals under your feet). Everything. You sat down, the plane stopped. You can faint or wipe the sweat from your forehead heroically.

In fact, this has been described as the ideal landing. In it, you are a very lucky person. After all, the weather is good, there is no wind, the aircraft is equipped with an automatic landing system, and an instrumental landing system is installed at the receiving airport (a system of beacons that allows the aircraft to orient itself, find the landing strip and even align in its center). Depending on the accuracy category, the instrumental landing system allows the aircraft to land in automatic mode from an altitude of 790 to 49 meters. But so far, only major airports, which means that in the regional port you will have to land manually.

The fact is that the on-board automatic landing system on an aircraft without an instrumental landing system at the airport will not work; the plane simply "won't see" where to land, and everything will end very sadly. And if you thought that landing in automatic mode - it was pressing two buttons and waiting for the plane to do everything by itself, then you were cruelly mistaken. The assault rifle only has access to rudders, elevators and motors. You will still have to turn on the flaps, spoilers, spoilers, deflectable socks, chassis brakes and other mechanization.

If the airport of arrival does not have an instrument landing system, or there is a strong crosswind, it is raining, or fog is spreading, then you will most likely have to land the plane completely manually. And then your chances of success are reduced by an order of magnitude. The pilot on duty, of course, will prompt until the very last moment where and what to pull, which pedal to press and which numbers to dial, but this is unlikely to help. The fact is that pilots learn long and hard to fly in bad weather conditions. A person who is called "from the cold" has no chances.

And, yes, bad news. If you have never been specifically interested in the arrangement of the cockpit of the very aircraft on which you are flying, then both automatic and manual landing will end in the same way for you - a disaster in which everyone on board will die. Of course, there is always a small chance of survival, but it is negligible. In automatic landing mode, you will have at least a few seconds to find the desired handle or button, and the computer will insure you against serious mistakes. In the manual landing mode, there will be no time to look for the necessary buttons, and delay is death.

So no matter what modern aircraft you fly, you most likely cannot land it without at least minimal training. But the good news is that until you land (or fall), you don't really even know that anything happened to the pilots. The flight attendants, most likely, will simply not tell you this, because such information can cause panic on board, and this is already guaranteed death - it is impossible to control a panicking crowd. The flight attendants will try to undertake all actions for automatic or manual landing on their own until a victorious or failed end.

In 2009, a Boeing 737 passenger plane of the airline crashed near Amsterdam in the Netherlands Turkish Airlines... The disaster killed nine people and injured another 120. The plane was landing under the control of a professional pilot in automatic mode, and the cause of the crash was the incorrect data output from the radio altimeter. But do not panic: in the case when the plane is controlled by the pilot, the probability of a catastrophic landing in automatic mode is estimated at one in two billion.

And remember. There are always two pilots in the cockpit: the commander aircraft and a co-pilot. In history passenger aviation so far there has not been a single case of both pilots out of action at once. In November 2012 passenger liner A Lufthansa Boeing 747 made an emergency landing at Dublin Airport (the plane was flying from New York to Frankfurt) after the aircraft commander suffered a severe migraine attack. The co-pilot was helped to land the plane by one of the passengers, who happened to have little experience in piloting turboprop aircraft.

At the same time, there were only five or six cases in the history of aviation when a passenger or flight attendant would be involved in operating an aircraft as an assistant pilot. In all cases, the assistants had, albeit small, but still some kind of experience in aircraft control.

But progress does not stand still. At the end of last year, the Federal Office civil aviation USA new approach rules passenger aircraft equipped with blind landing systems. Such aircraft can now land at airports closed to other aircraft due to poor visibility. These systems include several heading sensors, including infrared cameras, and technical information exchange equipment. During the landing approach, the system displays on the screen in the cockpit combined images from directional sensors and various instrumental data in real time.

The presence of "blind" and automatic landing systems on board the aircraft (the development of an automatic taxiing system for the airport is also underway) in the next ten to twenty years will make flights really safe. Taking into account the development of automatic systems and the shortage of pilots, NASA at the beginning of last year created the position of "super-controller" at airports, and cut the crews by half, that is, leave one pilot in the cockpits. Agency experts believe that one pilot can fly the plane under normal conditions, especially since most of the flight, as a rule, is under the control of the autopilot.

The "Superdispatcher" will become a virtual co-pilot at the airport. He will be located in a special control room and will escort several flights at once. In the event of an emergency or the loss of the aircraft captain, he will take over control. Remote control of the aircraft and data exchange will be carried out via a broadband communication channel in real time. Curiously, in response to NASA's proposal, some airlines decided to go even further and announced that planes could be left without pilots altogether.

The fact is that the existing control and navigation systems of modern aircraft are already accurate enough to completely entrust the takeoff, flight and landing of aircraft to automation. For example, some aircraft are already equipped with RNP-1 navigation equipment. This means that in automatic mode the liner with a probability of 0.95 will deviate from the axis of the given route by no more than one nautical mile (1.852 kilometers) throughout the entire flight. Knowing about the high accuracy of navigation systems, the Israelis, for example, even intercept areas of air and missile defense systems close to the borders of air corridors.

Major manufacturers of onboard equipment for aircraft, including the French company Thales and the American company Honeywell, are already developing truly automatic systems. Such systems will not depend on airport instrumentation systems and will be able to land aircraft on any runways suitable for them. The equipment of these systems will independently recognize the runways, assess the surrounding conditions and fly the aircraft. However, the integration of such systems into passenger airliners is still very, very far away. After all, they still need to be tested, checked for reliability, duplicated. And that takes years of research.

navigationparameters.wordpress.com

Vasily Sychev

Have you ever wondered what to do if you find yourself in a situation when you are flying on board an airplane, and the airline pilot fainted, was injured, or for other reasons? And, most likely, you will be engaged in the landing of the flying car. And you will have a question how to land the plane so that no one gets hurt and survives.

First of all, go to the cockpit, where you need to take the place of the captain. It can be recognized immediately, there are many elements located near it, intended for control. It is usually on the left and it will be easier for you to access many of the aircraft's functions. Sit in the navigator's seat, wearing a seat belt or shoulder belt, when he is present.

Many models also have dual controls, making it easy to board and control from any seat. No need to touch the control panel yourself.

Learn the lesson that in such a complex machine there are no unnecessary and non-functional buttons, and pressing any of them can lead to bad or unpredictable results. Make sure that the body parts of the unconscious employee do not rest on the control parts or overlap the buttons. What if, when landing on a chair, you accidentally touched or moved the lever, and this led to turning off the autopilot, then this mode will need to be turned on by pressing the desired key.

When you are under stress, you must concentrate and take a deep breath. You should control your emotions and movements.... Try to level the airplane, if necessary, pull the steering wheel towards you, lowering the front air board, i.e. nose. It's like playing a computer console, the control wheel is moving away from you - the plane goes down, and towards itself - up. If the plane has increased or, conversely, decreased, begin to level the horizon line with the assistance of air traffic controllers.

It is necessary to find the artificial horizon, consisting of the wings and the image of the horizon. The sky is the top fragment in the image and it of blue color, and the lower part, the ground, is indicated in brown. Depending on the type of aircraft, it may be on the display in the center of the upper row where the instruments are. There is displayed important information and the work of the autopilot.

It is necessary to correct the rotation of the height, if necessary, by turning the steering wheel to the left, to the right.

The wings on the device must match the level of the artificial horizon, then everything is in position and it is not worth touching anything. You can also change the rotation. And the main thing is not to lose height.

If there were attempts to correct the flight by a winged vessel or there are deviations, the autopilot was definitely not turned on. Press the auto-pilot button. Its use is to keep the flight level normal.

Airbus is unable to circle all the time in airspace and you will have to land a passenger plane.

Seeking help and boarding

The first step is to ask for help. Communication with the workers of the aircraft tower is on the control panel, where the helm is. And it's better not to use it. By means of radio transmission, which is located to the left of the pilot's seat, there is a hand-held microphone. Take the microphone or headset that belongs to the pilot. It is easy to use. Press the key to talk about the current situation that the pilot is in this moment unconscious. And let go to hear the answer.

The operator will assist with driving and landing, listen carefully.

Try to contact the dispatcher at the frequency at which you are tuned at the moment, and if this is not possible, then tune the receiver to 121.5 MHz. It is used by the rescue services. When there is no connection, you can use the transponder by dialing the combination 7700. If you are flying in the clouds and see nothing, use the attitude indicator.

Flying over foreign country, please contact in the international language, because the operator must understand and speak it. The dispatcher who contacted you will clarify if the system is turned on automatic control... And they will tell you how to land the plane on autopilot and maintain the parameters for a comfortable flight. Use the call sign of the aircraft, when speaking, it should be located on the panel. It must start with the letter "H" on English language... If you have a bad connection, say some noun with this letter, for example, mink.

Maintain the safest speed. Look at the device and watch it, which is located in the upper left of the control panel. Adjust the airspeed as needed.

The dispatch service will advise on the landing procedure and set the direction of the landing site. Most likely, you will have a designated take-off and landing lane at the airport, but on different occasions you have to land your car elsewhere, such as in a field. In the event of an emergency landing, when you cannot reach the airfield, try to avoid tall structures and other various obstacles.

Many of today's airliners are fully automated, landing on their own or moving to the center line of the runway. You are required to land from a height of thirty meters. If you stick to counseling, then you will find not the most comfortable, but favorable landing.

To start landing lower the throttle until you hear that there has been a change in the sound of the motors, and then they completely stop working. It is necessary to keep the airspeed within the yellow or green zone. The bow should lower itself without pressure on the steering wheel.

The trim tab is used to keep the aircraft steady. The steering wheel is a 150-200 mm diameter wheel that rotates in the same direction as the chassis wheels and is often located on either side of the knees.

You will work with various drag factors to reduce the speed of the aircraft without losing balance. The chassis must be lowered down if retractable. If the mechanism is in working order, then you can do nothing. If there is a need to land on the surface of the water, leave the landing gear in the upper position.

Planting stages

Before landing, you should raise the nose of the aircraft, landing on the pillow, while touching the ground with the main wheels. Remove the traction - moving the lever to the rear position.

Press gently on the brake pedal from above. They are located under your feet and are used to guide the aircraft towards the ground. So it is not worth using them if it does not deviate from the runway.

The most important thing to understand is that adjustments are made slowly and with anticipation of changes. Try to follow these rules:

• Control yourself.
• Operate the steering wheel carefully and slowly.
• Before takeoff, ask staff to provide information on where the main controls are.

Unbelievable but true! Emergency aircraft landings

The media often trumpets about forced and emergency landings of aircraft caused by abnormal situations on board. Such cases occur all over the world, from the North to the South Pole, no one and nothing is immune from them. So what are the reasons that force the aircraft crew to make the decision to make an emergency landing? What emergencies can arise in the air, and will the continuation of the emergency follow up on the ground? The invaluable experience and skill of the pilot, control over the situation and calmness of both the crew and passengers - these are the "human factors" that are most important in the event of an emergency on board the aircraft.

So, we present to your attention the most incredible cases of aircraft crash landings under extremely difficult circumstances, which, nevertheless, ended well!

Statistics are stubborn things

In fact, it is not so uncommon for various emergency situations to arise on board aircraft, and according to statistics, this happens especially often during landing and landing. Nevertheless, the device of modern airliners provides for all possible problems, and is equipped with a number of protection systems thanks to which, in the event of an emergency or emergency, it is always possible to safely (without casualties!) Land the plane.

In total, experts name several types of landings. The first of them is a regular landing, when the conditions for landing and the operation of the equipment correspond to the norms. The next type of landing is a freelance or emergency landing that occurs with a deviation from the norms, for example, with an insufficiently qualified crew, when the flight support system is not fully operational, or in adverse weather conditions. And finally last view landing - emergency landing. An emergency landing of an aircraft in distress is considered, or when there is a real threat to the crew and passengers. Also, an emergency landing occurs when there is a lack of fuel or in bad weather conditions.

Water flooding on the Hudson

In New York, in January 2009, a US Airwais passenger airliner, Airbus A320, on flight 1549 from New York to Charlotte with 150 passengers on board, was forced to make an emergency landing in the Hudson River due to engine problems.

As it turned out, just a few seconds after taking off from the airport, the airliner collided with a flock of birds, then a series of pops followed in the left engine, after which a flame flared up in it, and the plane began to lose altitude. The 57-year-old commander of the ship, Chesley Sullenberger, immediately made the decision to make an emergency landing. But, since the plane was not able to reach any of the nearest airports, the crew directed it to the Hudson River, and warned passengers about the imminent splashdown.

Due to the fact that the liner did not have time to develop high speed and rise high into the air, it was possible to prevent the destruction of the fuselage at the moment of contact with the water surface. Thus, during the landing, the plane lost only one engine. After the plane landed on the water, the passengers climbed onto the wings of the plane, from where they were immediately removed by the rescuers of the boats that urgently arrived at the place and who were nearby river trams who brought them to the shore.

Thanks to the experience and skill of the crew commander, out of 150 passengers and 5 crew members, no one died, only a few people were injured and hypothermic, since in New York that day the air temperature was -6 ° C, and the water temperature in which passengers I had to stand knee-deep, waiting for rescuers, did not exceed + 2 ° С. A few minutes after the completion of the rescue operation, the plane went under water.

After this incredible incident, talk about the pilot who safely landed a huge liner did not subside for a long time.

And the information that Chesley Sullenberger has been a pilot for US Airways since 1980, previously served in the Air Force for seven years, where he was a fighter pilot, received widespread publicity. He also took part in investigations into the causes of plane crashes and worked as a flight instructor. In addition, Sullenberger is the owner of Safety Reliability Methods, a consulting firm that assists clients in flight safety.

Although the landing of huge liners on the water rarely ends well, there are many such cases. Among them, one can single out a splashdown on the Neva of a passenger Tu-124 in 1963, when all crew members and passengers, without exception, survived.

In the former USSR, there were two more cases of emergency splashdowns

One of them occurred in the Moscow Sea in the summer of 1972. During the test of the emergency power supply of the Tu-134, the crew deliberately turned off the generators, not taking into account the fact that when switching to emergency power supply, the fuel is not supplied automatically, and must be pumped in manually using a pump. In the plane, both engines left without fuel stalled, and the pilots had to land on the water. The flooding was successful, and the aircraft, thanks to its sealed design, remained afloat. No harm done.

The next story of an emergency landing on water occurred in 1976 near Kiev, when the Yak-40 liner had to be landed directly on a swamp. Apparently, the cause of the emergency was the accidental transfer of the aircraft engine control sticks to the "STOP" position. This crash landing also came with no casualties. It was after this incident that a special blocking bar began to be installed in airplanes, which did not allow stopping the engines during flight.

Safe landing at Warsaw airfield

After the incredible landing of a Polish airliner on Warsaw airfield On November 2, 2011, this topic did not leave the television screens and the front pages of print media for a long time.

A passenger plane of the airline LOT - Boeing 767, flying from the USA to the capital of Poland, made an emergency landing at international airport named after Chopin. The situation was caused by a power failure resulting in the chassis not extending.

The plane circled over the airport for a long time, the emergency landing procedure was planned in the air and thoroughly prepared. Thanks to the well-coordinated and effective actions of the pilots, the Boeing was successfully put on its belly, and none of the 231 passengers on board the liner was injured. Despite the fact that experts did not rule out a tragic ending of an emergency landing, fortunately, the disaster was avoided. The passengers of the plane did not even fully realize how dangerous and emergency the situation was, and practically did not feel that the landing gear was missing. They only felt an unusual crackle, and noted that the landing was soft. For reinsurance, the firemen filled the liner with foam, thus excluding the possibility of fire.

Following an emergency landing, upcoming flights were canceled and the airport was closed to receive a malfunctioning airliner.

The landing, which saved the lives of 10 crew members and 221 passengers, ended well thanks to the professionalism and discipline of 53-year-old pilot Tadeusz Wron, who has worked in civil aviation for over 30 years.

Emergency landing on an abandoned lane

In the fall of 2010, the aircraft of the airline AK "Alrosa" TU-154M, en route from Yakutia to Moscow, made an emergency landing in Komi. Due to the failure of navigation and electrical equipment, the aircraft crew was forced to land the aircraft almost blindly - the pilots could not even determine the exact location of the aircraft, and there was only thirty minutes of fuel left for the flight. After the plane left the low cloud zone, the crew noticed a swamp, which it was impossible to land in, the crew continued to search for the site. After the next turn of the ship, the commander noticed an abandoned strip, where he directed the steering wheel.

The landing was made on the airport's old runway, which has recently been used only for helicopters. The planting was slightly softened by young trees that grew on an abandoned strip, but due to a failure of electrical equipment, the aircraft could not slow down on a strip of 1,200 meters, and was carried out into the forest at 150-200 meters. There were 72 passengers on board, none of them was seriously injured. (Perhaps this very case was taken as a basis in the movie "Yolki-2", they are too similar).

When the fate of the plane that fell into the forest was decided, locals jokingly offered to convert the abandoned ship into a bar-restaurant.

Other incidents and causes of crash landings

An emergency landing of an Airbus A380 passenger airliner, owned by the Australian Qantas Airlines... The crew was forced to make an emergency landing due to engine problems. According to the instructions, the pilots of the airliner decided to turn off the problem engine and make an emergency landing. Of the 283 people on board, not a single one was injured.

A month earlier, a Turkish Airlines liner flying from Istanbul, when landing at the airport in India, slipped off the runway due to heavy rainfall. There were 104 people on the Airbus 340, all of them were urgently evacuated, there were no casualties.

After doing a little analysis, we note that the most common cause of an emergency landing is the ingress of birds into the aircraft engine.

Chassis problems are not uncommon. And the main dangers are depressurization and fire in the cockpit in the air. Nevertheless, all these troubles can be dealt with. And most importantly - often without casualties.

History remembers cases when smoke in the cockpit led to an emergency landing with a happy ending. And malfunctions with ventilation and air conditioning systems or partial depressurization of the aircraft cabin were eliminated even in the air.

In addition to the causes of crash landings due to technical reasons, such as a power failure or a low oil level in the engine, there were also not quite standard cases. One of these was an emergency landing due to a specific smell coming from the kitchen compartment at the rear of the aircraft.

Forced or emergency landing

A forced landing, as opposed to an emergency landing, is a fairly common occurrence. An emergency landing is the landing of an aircraft without any flight accidents, outside the destination, due to a malfunction of the on-board systems or other factors. For example, such as the closure of the destination aerodrome due to unfavorable weather conditions... Cases of controlled forced landings are often presented as emergency, which can lead to the development of aerophobia in impressionable natures. But, despite the fears, hardly anyone will give up transport, which can cover vast distances between continents in just a few hours.

The passenger plane took off, climbed, collided with birds, which set the engines on fire, and then what happened was what the experts dubbed a miracle. The pilot skillfully landed the liner on the river.

Report by Anton Voitsekhovsky.

What journalists later called the "Hudson miracle" at first looked more like a nightmare. When passengers on Flight 1549 saw the rapidly approaching water through their windows, many thought it was the end.

Victim: "It was a hard landing. In my opinion there was no one who did not hit his head. I saw how the passengers in the neighboring seats were bleeding. It later became clear that everyone got off with bruises and cuts. And then it was very scary." ...

It was regular flight medium-distal aircraft. Taking off from New York's LaGuardia airport, he was supposed to land in the city of Charlotte. But a few minutes after takeoff, the captain reported that birds had hit both engines and could not be restarted.

In the dry language of pilots, such a landing is called "emergency landing on water".

Safe landing, professional actions of the crew ... But, above all, it was a rare success. After all, emergency, and most importantly, without harm to passengers, boarding the water, this in the history of aviation has rarely been possible for anyone. After splashdown, flight 1549 remained afloat for another hour and a half before the arrival of the rescuers. This means that the fuselage was not damaged by the impact. And the passengers had enough time to leave the plane.

Michael Bloomberg, Mayor of New York: “I spoke to the pilot personally. He had a difficult task and he coped with it brilliantly. Mr. Chelsea Selenberger walked the cabin twice after the passengers were evacuated and the real captain was the last to leave the ship. on behalf of all New Yorkers, I express my gratitude to him. "

The worst thing in an emergency landing on water is a shock. After all, the plane actually lands on an uneven surface.

There are few examples of successful landings. For example, this is the splashdown of a Japanese airplane in 1968 near San Francisco and the accident in 1972, when a Tu-134 plane landed in gliding mode in the Moscow Sea. But the most unique case happened in 1963.

This was the landing that was included in aviation textbooks. The engines of the Tu-124 failed over the city. Having glided over three bridges, the crew commander Viktor Mostovoy was able to land the plane directly on the Neva. Not far from Finland railway bridge... Not a single passenger was injured.

By analogy with America, it was the Nevsky miracle. This case was kept silent for a long time, but all the pilots of all passenger planes know about it.

So the captain of Flight 1549, Chelsea Sellinburg, while flying the plane to the Hudson, confirmed the main law of aviation: the human factor affects the death of an aircraft or its rescue.

Aircraft landing and takeoff speed - parameters calculated individually for each airliner. There is no standard value that all pilots must adhere to, because aircraft have different weights, dimensions, aerodynamic characteristics. However, the value of the speed at is important, and non-compliance with the speed limit can turn into a tragedy for the crew and passengers.

How is takeoff carried out?

The aerodynamics of any liner is provided by the configuration of the wing or wings. This configuration is the same for almost all aircraft with the exception of small parts... The lower part of the wing is always flat, the upper part is convex. Moreover, it does not depend on this.

The air that passes under the wing while gaining speed does not change its properties. However, the air that passes through the top of the wing at the same time is constricted. Consequently, less air flows through the top. This creates a pressure difference under and over the wings of the aircraft. As a result, the pressure above the wing decreases, and under the wing increases. And it is precisely due to the pressure difference that the lift force is formed, which pushes the wing upward, and together with the wing, the aircraft itself. The moment the lift exceeds the weight of the liner, the plane is lifted off the ground. This happens with an increase in the speed of the liner (with an increase in speed, the lifting force also increases). The pilot also has the ability to control the flaps on the wing. If the flaps are lowered, the lift under the wing changes the vector, and the plane climbs sharply.

It is interesting that a smooth horizontal flight of the liner will be ensured if the lift is equal to the weight of the aircraft.

So, the lift determines at what speed the plane will lift off the ground and start flying. The weight of the liner, its aerodynamic characteristics, and the thrust of the engines also play a role.

during takeoff and landing

In order for a passenger plane to take off, the pilot needs to develop a speed that will provide the required lift. The higher the acceleration speed, the higher the lift will be. Consequently, at a high acceleration speed, the plane will take off faster than if it was moving at a low speed. However, a specific speed value is calculated for each liner individually, taking into account its actual weight, degree of loading, weather conditions, length runway etc.

Generally speaking, the famous Boeing 737 passenger airliner takes off from the ground when its speed increases to 220 km / h. Another famous and huge "Boeing-747" with great weight is lifted off the ground at a speed of 270 kilometers per hour. But the smaller airliner Yak-40 is capable of taking off at a speed of 180 kilometers per hour due to its low weight.

Takeoff types

There are various factors that determine the takeoff speed of an aircraft:

1. Weather conditions (wind speed and direction, rain, snow).
2. Runway length.
3. Strip coverage.

Depending on the conditions, takeoff can be carried out in different ways:

1. Classic set of speed.
2. From the brakes.
3. Takeoff with the help of special means.
4. Vertical climb.

The first method (classic) is used most often. When the runway is of sufficient length, the aircraft can confidently pick up the required speed required to provide high lift. However, in the case where the length of the runway is limited, then the plane may not have enough distance to gain the required speed. Therefore, it stays on the brakes for some time, and the engines gradually gain traction. When the thrust is high, the brakes are released, and the plane suddenly takes off, quickly picking up speed. Thus, it is possible to shorten the takeoff distance of the liner.

There is no need to talk about vertical takeoff. It is possible with special motors. And takeoff with the help of special means is practiced on military aircraft carriers.

What is the aircraft landing speed?

The liner does not land on the runway immediately. First of all, there is a decrease in the speed of the liner, a decrease in height. First, the plane touches the runway with the wheels of the landing gear, then moves at high speed on the ground, and only then slows down. The moment of contact with the GDP is almost always accompanied by shaking in the cabin, which can cause anxiety among passengers. But there is nothing wrong with that.

The landing speed of the aircraft is practically only slightly lower than when taking off. A large Boeing 747, when approaching the runway, has an average speed of 260 kilometers per hour. This is the speed the liner should have in the air. But, again, a specific speed value is calculated individually for all liners, taking into account their weight, workload, weather conditions. If the plane is very large and heavy, then the landing speed should also be higher, because during landing it is also necessary to "maintain" the required lift. Already after contact with the runway and while moving on the ground, the pilot can brake by means of the landing gear and flaps on the wings of the aircraft.

Flight speed

The landing and takeoff speeds are very different from the speed at which the airplane moves at an altitude of 10 km. Most often, planes fly at a speed that is 80% of their maximum speed. So the maximum speed of the popular Airbus A380 is 1020 km / h. In fact, the flight to cruising speed is 850-900 km / h. The popular Boeing 747 can fly at 988 km / h, but in fact its speed is also 850-900 km / h. As you can see, the flight speed is fundamentally different from the speed when the plane lands.

Note that today the Boeing company is developing an airliner that will be able to pick up flight speed at high altitudes up to 5000 kilometers per hour.

Finally

Of course, landing speed is an extremely important parameter that is calculated strictly for each liner. But it is impossible to name a specific value at which all planes take off. Even identical models (for example, Boeing 747s) will take off and land at different speeds due to various circumstances: load, fuel volume, runway length, runway coverage, presence or absence of wind, etc.

Now you know what the speed of the aircraft is during landing and during takeoff. The average values ​​are known to everyone.