“Hot lake. Thermal springs, lakes boiling and hot kunashir island Hot lake
Many people associate lakes with summer vacation, light coolness of the water, the opportunity to sunbathe on the shore. However, not all lakes are ready to give coolness - some of them have quite even warm, and even hot water. This article is devoted not only to warm, but literally hot water bodies on the planet, and not that a sane person would want to swim in at least one of them.
Which lake is the hottest? It is impossible to answer this question with accuracy, because small reservoirs are very dynamic when heated and cooled. If you take a small and shallow body of water located somewhere on the equator, its temperature during a hot day can rise almost to a boil, and then cool down during a cold night or due to dilution with cool rain streams, or completely evaporate during the summer season.
But in any case, the hottest are volcanic lakes, at the bottom of which there is a volcanic crater or crevice that provides heating of the water. Also famous for their high temperatures are the lakes that arise at the place where hot springs and geysers emerge. Thousands of small lakes and streams of similar origin are found in any rift zone, not excluding the American Yellowstone, a valley that is a crater of a megavolcano. There are hot lakes, lakes and springs in the Caucasus, they can be found all over the world. This article will present only the largest and most interesting hot lakes..
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Fifth place - Lake Wanda
The temperature of this lake is not so remarkable, there are hundreds of hotter lakes. However, it is worth emphasizing the fact that there is a huge difference between the temperature of its waters and the environment. After all, Lake Wanda is located in one of the coldest places on the planet, in Antarctica, right among the ice. And above it there is also an ice shell, reaching a thickness of 4 meters. However, at the bottom of this fresh, salty body of water there is water with a temperature of thirty degrees... And scientists cannot yet say for sure what is the reason for the formation of this heat center, because there are no hot springs or volcanoes here. The water is clean, but no one lives in it. It is very mysterious lake, the temperature of which scientists explain by the effect of a thermos.
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Fourth place - coastal lakes of the Sinai Peninsula
Lakes Sinai Peninsula separated from the Red Sea by a very insignificant barrier, this is just a shell rock cofferdam. There are animals in this lake, but all of them live only in the surface layers of water, no one wants to live at the bottom. And this is not surprising, because at a depth, closer to the bottom, the temperature can rise to 60 degrees and above and it really isn't the best place for life.
Third place - Fumarole lake
There is also a system of hot lakes in Kamchatka, and in particular, this is Lake Fumarolnoe, where water has an average temperature of 50, and in some places even above 60 degrees... There are no big mysteries associated with this place, everything is natural here - the lake is located near the Uzon volcano, which heats the water.
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Second place - Boiling Lake
Lake with the characteristic name Boiling is located on Kuril Islands, on the island of Kunashir. This lake is located in the crater of a volcano with a diameter of about 7 km, it looks like a pool not even with water, but with mud. In the crater there are two lakes at once - Hot and Boiling, and in the center of this system water reaches 80 degrees, although average temperature this mud-water mixture is 60 degrees.
Thermal springs, Kipyashchee and Goryachee lakes are located in the caldera of Golovnin volcano, in the southern part of Kunashir Island, 14 km north of the village of Golovnino in the South Kuril urban district of the Sakhalin region.
The lake is called Boiling, as the waters are heated by volcanic gases. On the shores of Lake Kipyashchego and in the lake itself, numerous hydro and simple solfatars, as well as fumaroles, are active sources of gases and steam emanating from the bowels of the earth on the slopes and at the foot of the volcano.
Volley emissions of hot water and gases occur. Swimming in the lake is prohibited, because it is not known when the next release will occur, and there have been cases when people received burns of varying severity.
Near the shore, in some places, the water boils, swirls in pairs. On the shore, columns of vapors and gases, saturated with sulfur, erupt from holes of various diameters with hiss and whistles.
Solfatars are located not only along the shores of the lake, but also under water, in its coastal part. The water temperature in the lake ranges from several degrees (where cold surface streams flow into it) to 90 ° C and more - in the places where the solfatar emerges. The temperature of the water in the channel outflowing from the lake is 36 ° C. Black sulfuric foam floats on the surface of the lake; the shore of the lake is covered with black sulfur sand, and the bottom is covered with sulfur silt.
Most of the outlets of gases and bubbling springs are in the northwestern corner of the depression. The water along the lake "boils" due to the release of gases from the bottom of the lake. Many streams of gases make their way to the surface through modern lake sand.
The water from the Boiling Lake flows through the channel into the Hot Lake. The Japanese at one time, when they mined sulfur here, dug the overflow and lowered the level of the Boiling Lake.
Lake Boiling is not particularly hot and some swim gently. Lake Hot is very cold. You can also swim in the channel between the lakes.
Apparently, the forces of the explosion of volcanic gases inscribed a large crater with a diameter of about 350 m into the southern slope of the dome and the adjacent territory. The bottom of the crater is occupied by a hot lake with a diameter of 236 m and a depth of 22 m (Fig. 22).
As of September 1973 cited short description twenty hot springs of the Central solfatara field, made by Yu.A. Anikiev:
Source 1 (First). A spring at the very shore of the lake. Dimensions 2x1 m, dark color. In the middle there is a violent evolution of gas bubbles. The water temperature in the spring is 93 ° С, pH = 5.
Source 2 (Small). A small puddle up to 50 cm in size, from the bottom of which there are several outlets of hot water and gases. The source has a runoff in the lake. Boiling. Water temperature 92 ° С, pH = 5. The water is clear with a gray tint.
Source 3 (Sour). A shallow oval cauldron with an average radius of 1.5 m. The color of the water is gray with a green tint. On the surface of the sulfur film. A calm release of gas bubbles is observed in different places. The temperature of the water in the boiler at different points differs by 1-2 ° C. The average temperature is 60 ° C, pH = 1.5.
Source 4 (Triple). Three adjacent shallow boilers with dark hot water, temperature 92 ° C. A quiet release of gases is observed, pH = 3.
Source 5. A dark gray puddle with a fountain of gas bubbles in the middle. Size 2x2 m, temperature 95 ° C, pH = 2.0.
Source 6. A small puddle of dark gray color with the release of gas bubbles on the surface. Temperature 95 ° С, pH = 3.
Source 7 (Boiler). The cauldron is 80 cm in diameter and 50 cm deep. Dark oily mud "boils" at the bottom. Temperature 96 ° С, pH not measured.
Source 8 (Stormy). A hot fountain of dark gray liquid with gas bubbles. Temperature 94 ° С, pH = 3.5.
Source 9 (Light). Fountain of clear water with gas bubbles. The height of the fountain is 20-30 cm. Temperature 95 ° С, pH = 5.
Source 10 (Big). A small lake with a diameter of 5 m of dark gray water. In the middle of the lake big fountain... Temperature 87 ° С, pH = 5.0.
Source 11 (Calm). A small puddle, light gray in color, from the bottom of which small bubbles of gas rise. Water temperature 89 ° С, pH = 4.
Source 12 (Quiet). Shallow cauldron of light gray, non-transparent water. Sparse release of gas bubbles. Temperature 84 C, pH = 4.5.
Spring 13 (Mud). Mud volcano, in which dark mud "boils" with big bubbles. Temperature 89 С, pH was not measured.
Source 14 (Green). A small depression 2x2 m in size with clear green water, temperature 76 C, pH = 8.1. The source has a drain into the Boiling Lake. At the bottom of this runoff there are deposits of a white jelly-like mass.
Source 15 (Dark). A small depression with dark water and weak gas bubbles. Temperature 61 С, pH = 5.
Source 16 (Saladny). A small puddle of light green transparent water. Gas bubbles are periodically observed from the bottom. Temperature 49 ° C, pH = 8.6.
Spring 17. A stream flowing out of the Boiling Lake. The width of the stream is ~ 1.5 m, the depth is about 20 cm. The flow rate is 156 l / sec. The temperature of the outflowing water in the stream is 34.5 ° С. pH = 4. (Measured on August 20, 1973).
Source 18 (Curly). Next to a fresh stream, 20 m from south coast lake Boiling. Violent evolution of gas bubbles is observed over the entire surface. The gas released is suffocating and leaves a bitter taste in the mouth.
Source 19 (Black). A depression with black water measuring 1 x 1.5 m. The water acquires black color due to the formation of a black jelly-like sediment. Temperature = 54 ° C, pH = 7.5.
Source 20 (Transparent). Two puddles of clear water with a gray tint. Weak evolution of gas bubbles. There is a gray film on the surface. At the bottom there is a gray "jelly". Temperature = 70 ° C, pH = 4.0.
It should be noted the observed shaking of the soil on the shore of the lake in the area of the source "Pervyi". Probably in the depths of the rock there are voids in which gas and steam under high pressure periodically break through, thus causing small vibrations of the rock.
In the caldera of Golovnin volcano, in addition to the described field, there are four more solfatar fields.
Central western solfatara field
It is located on the north side of the West Central Dome, where its wall was apparently destroyed by an explosion of volcanic gases. In the lower part of the field, a few tens of meters from the caldera lake, a very small but very hot stream flows out of a small crack (T = 98.5 ° C).
To a large extent, the water of the stream is a natural condensate of solfatar vapors.
Turtle solfatara field
Associated with the "tortoiseshell" structure (Markhinin, 1959). Many solfatars are located linearly along the northwestern edge of the structure among loose, eroded lacustrine gravelstones. Below and further to the northwest, small hot springs and numerous solfatara outcrops are confined to highly decomposed, whitewashed, clay-turned rocks. Many streams of gas break through from the bottom of the caldera lake.
Nabokov solfatar field
Located on the northeastern shore of the caldera lake. It is 70 m long and 40 m wide. 35 m from the shore of the lake there are 4 weak springs with a temperature of 38-52 ° C and pH = 6. A noticeably weak release of gas bubbles. The sources are in the process of extinction.
Nameless solfatara field
Located on the shores of a caldera lake. Solfatar exits are concentrated in two points: directly on the shore of the lake and a few tens of meters from it on the shore of a 2-5-meter terraces. This solfatara field is especially characteristic of the development of mud pots, which are 1-1.3 m across and 0.5-1 m deep.
Underwater fumarole field (after K.K. Zelenov, 1963)
It is located in the northwestern part of the caldera lake on an underwater slope with a steepness of 40-50 °. It covers an area of approximately 400 m2, from which numerous streams of gas rise. Within the boundaries of the field, the lake bottom is clearly distinguished by the whitish color of the rocks, which can be seen directly from the shore. The lake water in this place has a blue tint and is highly opalescent.
When volcanic gases pass through the lake water column, sulfurous and chloride gases dissolve, enriching the water with chlorides and sulfates. A similar process is displayed by the composition of gas condensates. As a result, the freely released gas of lake water is almost entirely composed of carbon dioxide. The presence of a large amount of hydrogen sulfide (up to 48%) in the composition of the freely evolving gases of hot springs indicates, apparently, that in these springs the process of dissolution of sulfurous gases does not have time to reach the end.
The waters of the hot springs of the Golovnin volcano and the Boiling Lake of the Central Eastern group differ in chemical composition.
The springs are classified as hot, methane-hydrogen sulfide-carbonic, strongly acidic (pH = 1.3-3.0), moderately mineralized, sulfate aluminum-hydrogen springs. In the water of the springs, a sharply increased content of hydrogen sulfide (164 mg / l), iron (up to 200 mg / l) and silicic acid should be noted. In addition, it contains a large amount of manganese (up to 1.7 mg / l), strontium (up to 1.8 mg / l), bromine (up to 3.1 mg / l), fluorine (up to 1.6 mg / l). l) and phosphorus (up to 5 mg / l).
An exception is the "boiling water body" in the Central Eastern group with less acidic (pH = 6.5), sulfate-hydrocarbonate-magnesium-calcium waters. Moreover, these waters contain 124 mg / l of hydrogen sulfide.
Boiling Lake water is also highly acidic (pH = 2.3-3.7). At the farthest distance from coastal springs (temperature 31 ° C), the water contains 880 mg / l (82% equiv.) Chlorine and 450 mg / l (54% equiv.) Sodium). As one approaches fumaroles (temperatures up to 97 ° C), the content of sulfates, silicic acid, iron, hydrogen increases, and the amount of chlorine and sodium sharply decreases.
The water from the lake has a sulphate-chloride-calcium-sodium composition.
Thus, lake waters are carbonic, strongly acidic, slightly mineralized, sulphate-chloride calcium-sodium. In water, as well as in hot springs, the content of biological active components is sharply increased: silicic acid, iron, hydrogen sulfide, phosphorus. It is interesting to note that there is no boron in the waters of hot springs, while the lake water contains up to 50 mg / l of metaboric acid.
The water of the underwater fumarole field differs sharply from the rest of the water of the caldera lake and from the waters mineral springs(K.K. Zelenov, 1963). If in the water of mineral springs, aluminum and iron predominate in cations, and sulfate in anions, then in the water of the underwater fumarole field, sodium, calcium and magnesium predominate in cations, and chlorine in anions. K.K. Zelenov explains this by the fact that "when directly entering a vast reservoir, dissolving gases are not able to form concentrated acids such as terrestrial terms. Therefore, acid decomposition of terms in the form as it is observed on land does not occur under water, and only relatively insignificant amount of readily soluble alkali metals. light spots around the outlets of gases, which create a general white background of the fumarole field. CO2 does not dissolve in water and makes up the bulk (82.5%) of gases escaping into the atmosphere. "
V.V. Ivanov (1956, 1958) attributed the waters of the mineral springs of the Golovnin volcano to the fumarole terms of surface formation, and the waters of the hot lake to the fumarole terms of deep formation.
The waters of the springs of the Golovnin volcano taste sour, transparent, and smell of hydrogen sulfide.
Coordinates: 43.863760 145.501470
A distant and mysterious land - Kamchatka. The land is, moreover, virgin, still little explored and still almost not mastered by man. It is not surprising that there are many mysterious things here, including those that are dangerous to human life.
Deadly Lake Fumarole
There are many volcanoes in Kamchatka, the landscapes around which literally fascinate with their kind of piercing beauty. Lake Fumarolnoye at the foot of the Uzon volcano, which looks more like a huge bowl of hot water floating in cool air, is no exception in this regard.
Indeed, even on the surface of this unique reservoir, the temperature of the liquid is about 50 degrees Celsius, and in the depths the water simply boils. This is the hottest lake in Russia.
The name of the reservoir "Fumarolnoe" can be translated as a source of hot gases, but it would be more correct to say - a source of poisonous gases, since the haze over this lake is not just a harmless steam from hot water, but various gas formations that are fatal to all living things. For this reason, there is not even a path to Lake Fumarolnoe - neither tourists nor hunters with fishermen, rare visitors to the mysterious reservoir - scientists who study not only the lake itself, but also the influence of the Uzon volcano on it - do not go here.
The reservoir is relatively large, about 600 meters long and 300 meters wide, and its depth reaches 25 meters. In addition, it is so beautiful that it is difficult to take your eyes off, but it is better to admire this lake in photographs or videos, without approaching this natural "trap" - it is deadly!
Death valley
Who does not know the famous Valley of Geysers of Kamchatka (see the video about it below), it was in this place, fantastic in its beauty and contrast, that the wonderful film "Sannikov Land" was filmed in Soviet times. However, few people have heard that not far from this life-affirming valley there is another - the Valley of Death.
The most interesting thing is that until the mid-seventies of the last century, no one even knew about this terrible place. Firstly, Kamchatka is huge and little-studied until now, and the Valley of Death is not that big - about 2 kilometers in length and half a kilometer in width. In 1975, the forester V. Kalyaev and the volcanologist V. Leonov accidentally got into this dangerous canyon, studying Kronotsky nature reserve this edge. It almost cost them their lives. In subsequent years, many expeditions of scientists came here, trying to understand that in this valley they kill animals and birds, including humans, if he turns out to be so careless that he does not leave lost place As soon as possible.
At first glance, everything seems simple - all living things here are killed by volcanic gases, like carbon monoxide. However, why do animals and birds in the canyon die almost instantly? Then scientists suggested that these gases may contain, say, cyanogen chlorine, which is similar in action to cyanide poisons. But this theory is bursting at the seams, since the concentration of cyanogen chloride in this case should be very high, cause tearing, but this is not observed. Moreover, cyanide poisons kill all living things, including bacteria, animals and birds poisoned in the Valley of Death do not turn into mummies, but calmly decompose ...
The Valley of Death still remains an unsolved mystery of a distant and fantastic land - Kamchatka. However, there are many other mysteries as well, this is like a snuffbox of an old and kind wizard, in which real fabulous wonders are collected ...
Issyk-Kul is a special lake, since ancient times it had in the eyes of the local population the specifics of the bewitched. Before the appearance of Russian settlers here at the end of the 19th century, practically no one swam or fished in it.
Issyk-Kul in translation from Kyrgyz means "hot lake" or from ancient Turkic - "sacred, reserved lake".
Issyk-Kul is located inside the Tien Shan mountains, at the bottom of a huge tectonic depression.
The mirror of Lake Issyk-Kul in the latitudinal direction is elongated by 177 km, in the meridional direction - by 60 km, the water area is 6236 sq. km. The lake is located at an altitude of 1608 m above sea level. His maximum depth 668 m. The lake is closed. About 80 rivers flow into the lake, but not a single one flows out ... Therefore, the lake is brackish. In general, the lake contains about 10 billion tons of various salts, despite the fact that the rivers flowing into it carry fresh water with a salt concentration of only 0.08-0.38 g / m3. Every year, a layer of water more than 80 cm thick evaporates from the surface of the lake, which favors the accumulation of salts.
Because of the brackish water and great depths the lake never freezes. Frequent and strong winds also prevent the formation of even thin ice... Only shallow bays are sometimes covered with an ice crust, which is why the lake is called hot.
The lake is incredibly beautiful. For this reason, it is called the "Pearl of Kyrgyzstan". Great transparency and bright sun change the color of the Issyk-Kul Lake water from pale blue to dark blue tones.
The varied landscapes bordering the ridges contrast beautifully with the blue lake. View of Terskey-Alatoo - a ridge located in the south of the basin, with the capture of a part of the water surface, is considered one of the most beautiful landscapes in the world.
The water in the lake is clear, especially in the open deep-water parts. The Sekke disc, by which the transparency of the water is determined, is visible in Issyk-Kul at a depth of 20 meters. The lake is the second most transparent in the world after Lake Baikal.
From the 2nd half of the 7th century along the Silk Road in Issyk-Kul, active construction of settlements began.
Until the arrival of the hordes of Genghis Khan in Central Asia(beginning of the 13th century), the cities of Issyk-Kul region were upset and rich. The appearance of troops of conquerors on the coast forced the rich inhabitants to hide the accumulated wealth under the ground or under water. This is how the treasures arose. After devastating raids by the Mongols, the cities along the Silk Road were degraded and this process turned out to be irreversible. The chroniclers of Timur's campaigns (late 14th century) no longer noted the existence of significant cities on Issyk-Kul. The final destruction of medieval settlements on the coast was completed by the lake: by the 16th century, it completely flooded all cities. Hydrographic and archaeological studies have shown that in the 11-14 centuries the water level in the lake was 6-6.5 meters lower than the modern one.
Today, archaeologists of Kyrgyzstan know more than a dozen ancient and medieval settlements under water. Many historical and cultural treasures of the Saka-Usun period (1 millennium BC) were discovered in them - ceramics, earthenware jugs and bronze cauldrons, various metal products - and the early Middle Ages - hums, cauldrons, dishes of the Mongol-Timurid time, blue ceramics , coins.
In addition to the legendary dragon motif, traditional for the reservoirs lost in the mountains, two more were traced here - this is the motive of sunken cities and the motive of gold. According to historical science, the lake region can contain up to 200 large and small treasures.
On the coast of the lake there are resorts that work all year round, where you can not only have a great rest, but also improve your health. Most are located on the north coast, where the water is warmer.
1. North coast. In the distance snowy peaks Terskey-Alatoo (Shady Mountains)
3. Salt Lake Kara-Kol with curative mud on the south coast
4. Jeti-Ogyz gorge (seven bulls). Named by the number of peaks of the ridge
5. Waterfall 40m high in the gorge.
6. Jailau
7. "Broken heart"
8. Blue waters of Issyk-Kul
9. From this photo you can imagine the degree of transparency of the water.
10. Grigorievskoe gorge
12. The friendly hostess will fry you Issyk-Kul trout
13. Former Brezhnev's dacha, now private property
14. Morning at Issyk-Kul
There are many legends about the origin of the lake. Here is one of them.
"In ancient times, there was ancient city... There was a castle over the city on top of a steep mountain. It belonged to an old and powerful khan, who was famous not only for his wealth, but even more for his cruelty. Not a day passed without someone falling prey to his caprice. Despite his old age, the khan was voluptuous, but he knew neither love nor affection. One day he heard a rumor that a poor nomad family had a girl fabulous beauty, and he decided to take possession of her. This girl lived in a small village, nestled at the foot of the mountains, on the bank of a stream. Not a single glorious horseman in a duel laid down his head for the beauty, but when asked to marry, she answered everyone that she loved another.
Whom the girl loved, no one could find out, and she herself did not know. She only remembered that one early morning, when the sun lit up the tops of the mountains, a handsome horseman appeared before her on a white horse, grabbed her and she soared high, high with him. I remembered how the two of them were rushing with the speed of a whirlwind in an unattainable height, how he hugged her, kissed her, and when parting, took off his ring and, putting it on her finger, said: “I'll be back soon. Never take off the ring while you have it, no misfortune will not touch you, "
And now, when the khan's messengers came to her with rich gifts and offered to marry him, she indignantly pushed away the gifts and exclaimed:
I love another, and I will not be anybody's wife, except for my beloved!
Having said this, the girl imperceptibly went into the mountains in the hope of meeting the wondrous rider again, to seek his protection.
And then only the girl noticed that the ring had disappeared from her hand, she burst into tears and decided to return home. No sooner had she reached the house than armed horsemen surrounded her, seized her and quickly disappeared into a gloomy gorge. When she was released and the blindfold removed from her eyes, she saw herself in the midst of a fabulous splendor. Then she realized that she was in captivity with the khan and decided it would be better to die than to become his wife.
The Khan surrounded her with unheard-of luxury, but no gifts could shake the girl.
Finally, the khan decided to take by force what he fruitlessly sought with gifts. He came to her again, promising everything for love, even freedom.
I love someone else, ”was the old answer.
The khan rushed at the girl, but she quickly found herself at the open window, over the gaping abyss.
No, khan, I will not be yours, - and with a loud cry the girl rushed down. At the same moment, the impregnable walls trembled, the granite vaults collapsed, the gloomy castle of the old khan collapsed and water gushed out of all the gorges, the remains of the khan's palace had already disappeared under the water, and the water kept coming and coming until it flooded a large valley. " that's how it came about wonderful lake Issyk-Kul.
