Historical monuments of the Crimea of ​​the 18th century. Historical monuments and places of the Crimea

Crimea is a real pearl of the Black Sea. This unique peninsula attracted people from antiquity, there are traces of ancient and medieval civilizations. Crimea managed to visit a rich Greek colony, and a harbor of Italian merchants, and an outpost Ottoman Empire before becoming a resting place for rulers Russian Empire... During the Soviet era, the peninsula was the main beach of a huge country.

First of all, a vacation in Crimea is a vacation on the beaches of a picturesque South Shore and famous health resorts West Bank. In between sunbathing, tourists go to see numerous attractions: ancient cave cities on the high plateaus, magnificent imperial palaces in Livadia and Massandra, the famous Sevastopol and the old Khan's Bakhchisarai.

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What to see and where to go in Crimea?

The most interesting and beautiful places for walking. Photos and a short description.

A famous architectural monument of the southern coast of Crimea, one of the most famous landmarks of the peninsula. In the XIX century. the private residence of a retired general was located here; later the land passed into the hands of the German Baron Steingel, under whom a neo-Gothic palace was built in 1911. After graduation Civil war bird home fell into decay and only in the 1960s. recovery began.

A palace complex with a landscape park in the village of Livadia. The first buildings appeared here at the beginning of the 19th century. After 1861, the Livadia Palace was sold to the royal family and began to be used as a summer residence. The white-stone building that has survived to our time was built at the beginning of the 20th century. During the Second World War, the entire territory of the park was destroyed, the palace lay in ruins. It was restored before the start of the Yalta Conference in February 1945.

Museum-reserve at the foot of Mount Ai-Petri in the village of Alupka. The complex was built in the first half of the 19th century for Count Mikhail Vorontsov according to the project of the English architect Edward Blore (he took part in the construction of the Scottish castle of Walter Scott and Buckingham Palace). The western part of the building is made in the style of the English Tudors, the southern facade is an example of Moorish architecture.

Another Crimean palace of the late 19th century not far from Yalta. Initially it belonged to the Vorontsov family, but was then purchased for the imperial dynasty. The castle was built with elements of the style of the times of the French king Louis XIII, the construction work was supervised by the architect M. Mesmacher. V Soviet years the palace was used as a summer residence for the first persons of the state; now there is a museum on the territory.

The former residence of the Crimean khans, built in the 16th century. The main architectural idea of ​​the complex is to convey the idea of ​​the Crimean Tatars about heaven on earth. Several generations of the rulers of the Giray khan dynasty lived here, each trying to expand and supplement the palace complex. In the XVIII-XIX centuries. the palace was on fire, rebuilt, renovated and almost lost its original appearance. Only in the 20th century was it possible to restore the original interiors.

One of mountain peaks Southern coast of Crimea. Belongs to the Yalta mountain - forest reserve. Previously, the Greek monastery of St. Peter was located here. Passes through the mountain cable car almost 3 km. in length, which is recognized as one of the longest in Europe. During the ascent to the top in a cabin, the tourist gets the opportunity to admire the picturesque views from a bird's eye view.

Natural and archaeological monument of Crimea, located in the valley of the river. Biyuk-Karasu. The rock is a massif composed of white limestone rocks. At the foot of Ak-Kai, the sites of a primitive man were found, the remains of tools there and fossilized bones. Ancient Scythian burial mounds were excavated at the top. An 800-year-old oak tree grows next to the rock. It is believed that under this tree Suvorov negotiated with a representative of the Turkish Sultan.

Historical, archaeological and natural monument peninsula, where the remains of a fortified settlement of the VIII-XV centuries have been preserved. One of the legends says that the mountain is a petrified huge bear that wandered around the valley, destroyed everything around and calmed down on the shore at the behest of the sea god. More than a dozen species of rare animals listed in the Red Book live on the territory of the reserve.

Karst cave near the village of Mramornoye. The age of education is several million years. Until now, the cave continues to expand, as the processes of the formation of young Crimean mountains... There are several large halls in the cave, through which excursion routes length of about 1.5 km. Here you can admire the rarest types of crystals and stalactites.

A walled city located on a high-mountain plateau not far from Bakhchisarai. Road to cave city passes through the territory of the rocky Holy Dormition Monastery. It is believed that Chufut-Kale appeared in the 5th-6th centuries. as a fortification on the outskirts of Byzantine possessions. In the XIII-XIV centuries. the city became the center of a small principality - a vassal of the Crimean Khanate, where representatives of the Karaite people began to settle. In the 19th century, the last inhabitants left Chufut-Kale.

Ancient Greek city, founded in the 5th century BC. Subsequently, it became a large and wealthy center of the entire Greek colony on the peninsula. From the 2nd century BC was dependent on the ancient Bosporus kingdom, later became a vassal of Rome. Chersonesos is also one of the cradles of Christianity - the first followers of Christ settled here in the 1st century. In the 10th century in Chersonesos, the prince of Kievan Rus Vladimir was baptized.

Three fortified forts of Genoese sailors located in Balaklava, Sudak and Feodosia. In the Middle Ages, they were the Black Sea outposts of the mighty Genoa and were used for protection from the sea. Under an agreement with the Tatars in the XIV century, the Genoese annexed the territory from modern Feodosia to Foros to their possessions. The area was called Genoese Gazaria. In the 15th century, the fortresses passed into the hands of the Ottoman Empire.

Another name for the temple is the Church of the Resurrection of Christ. It was built at the end of the 19th century on a cliff that rises 400 meters above sea level. Alexander III gave the order to build a temple in memory of the train crash, during which the whole family of the emperor was almost killed. A few years after the victory of the 1917 Revolution, a restaurant was placed in the building, which existed until the early 70s. In the 90s. the temple was restored at the expense of the Ukrainian government.

Acting male monastery, presumably founded in the 8th century A.D. fugitive Byzantine monks. The monastery existed for many centuries, during the Ottoman rule, even the Crimean Khan came here to pay homage to local shrines. After the establishment of Soviet power, the monastery was closed, the earthquake of 1927 destroyed the buildings. Renaissance and restoration began only in 1993.

The monument in the waters of the sea on the embankment of Sevastopol is considered a symbol of the city. Installed in honor of the events of the middle of the 19th century, when Russian ships were deliberately sunk in the Sevastopol Bay in order to block the path of the Anglo-French fleet. To avoid a battle (since the enemy's fleet was more powerful and better armed), Prince Menshikov decided to flood the ships, but not to let the enemy troops approach the city.

Historical monument dedicated to the events of the Crimean War of 1853-1856. This is a monumental panorama of the defense of Sevastopol by the master of battle painting Franz Alekseevich Roubaud, located in a round-shaped building. Work on the canvas has been in progress since 1901. F. Roubaud created his masterpiece with the help of students of the Bavarian Academy of Arts and several German painters.

Formerly a secret military facility at Balaklava, a former underground submarine base. During the Soviet era, it was one of the most classified in the USSR. For many years Balaklava Bay was not marked on the maps. After the fall of the USSR, the facility was launched and plundered; only in 2004, the Ukrainian government organized a museum of the history of the submarine fleet there. After the transition of Crimea to Russian jurisdiction, the Russian authorities plan to place a new base there.

A small bay with intricately indented and picturesque shores, where according to Homer's "Odyssey" the legendary navigator visited. On the shores of the bay there is one of the Genoese fortresses. It is believed that the first settlements arose here in the VIII-VI centuries. BC. During the Crimean War, the British base was located in the bay, in Soviet times - a secret submarine parking.

Landscape landmark Crimean peninsula, a state reserve since 1974. The canyon is a wide crack in the rock formed during the formation of the Crimean Mountains. There are several cliff capes along the crevice; the river flows along the bottom. Auzun-Uzen. Several hiking trails with observation platforms run along the bottom of the canyon and in the surrounding area.

Accumulation of rocks on the western slope of the South ridge of the Demerdzhi mountain range. More than 100 boulders of various sizes are scattered in the valley, the largest reaching 25 meters in height. At dawn and dusk, the stones cast bizarre shadows that move and intertwine with each other. That is why the place got the poetic name "Valley of Ghosts".

Natural area 15 km. from Sevastopol with an expressive landscape, 10 km coastline and unique flora... On the cape there is the St. George Monastery and Yashmovy Beach, connected by a staircase of several hundred steps. Cape Fiolent is considered the best place for diving, since there is almost one hundred percent visibility and ships are not moored.

A three-kilometer trail in the village of Novy Svet, created by the Golitsyn princes especially for the arrival of Emperor Nicholas II. It is popular now a tourist route... The trail starts at Mount Oryol, goes along the coast past Mount Khoba-Kai to the through Golitsyn grotto. On the route in the most beautiful places equipped observation decks fragrant pine trees grow around.

It is considered the largest and most powerful Crimean waterfall. Jets of water rush down from a height of 15 meters, the maximum size of the channel is 5 meters wide. It remains full-flowing even for long periods of time. dry season... Together with water, stones sometimes fall into heights. The waterfall is located in a mountain-wooded protected area, the water temperature even in hot weather summer time does not exceed 10 ° C.

It is located about 10 km from Yalta. The garden covers an area of ​​several tens of hectares; scientific activities are carried out on its territory and research institutions are located. It appeared at the beginning of the 19th century with the assistance of Count Vorontsov and botanist F. Biberstein. The first director was the famous naturalist H. Steven, who over 12 years of work collected and adapted to local conditions about 500 plant specimens.

Crimean wines are several well-known brands that produce various varieties of grape drink. The most famous of them: "Massandra", " Sunny Valley"," Inkerman "," New World "," Koktebel ". Brand « New World"Is famous for its excellent champagne (the" brut "variety is especially good)," Massandra "is famous for the specific taste of wines, and" Inkerman "produces a good red wine under the same name.

The Crimean peninsula is one of the unique places on Earth. It is sometimes called the "museum under open air"And it is well deserved. developed rapidly, succumbing to the influence of peoples who at different times lived in the Crimea, from the Greeks to the Slavs and Tatars. The cultural monuments of Crimea are of great value. These include numerous objects that can be symbolically divided into several categories.

Archeological monuments

These are objects that carry information about the past, which appear during excavations. These findings can be traced back to how and originated. In Crimea, traces of the Genoese (Genoese fortress in Sudak), Scythians (Scythian Naples), Greeks (Panticapaeum, Chersonesos settlement) and other peoples living on the peninsula were found.

Monuments of religious significance

Representatives of different nationalities and religions live in Crimea. Here shrines of different religions peacefully coexist. So, for example, in Evpatoria you can visit the Armenian church, the Jewish handicraft synagogue, the Juma-Jami mosque, several Orthodox cathedrals, Tekie dervishes (a monastery for nomadic monks).

Architectural monuments

In the architecture of the Crimea, there are different styles and trends. Quite famous architects (Krasnov, Bernardazzi) worked here. Of particular interest are the well-preserved palaces with their garden and park zones (Vorontsovsky, Khansky, Livadiysky, Massandrovsky). Separately, it is necessary to highlight the Swallow's Nest Palace, which is famous throughout the world and flaunts on numerous postcards, magazines, guidebooks.

Monumental monuments and monuments of art

More than 300 museums function on the peninsula. About 9 million people visit them annually. The variety of museums is amazing. Having visited them, you can become witnesses of legendary events. In Feodosia there is a gallery of the famous artist Aivazovsky. Monumental are located throughout the peninsula.

These are not all cultural monuments of Crimea, the list can be endless. To this day, they cause genuine interest not only among tourists, but also among archaeologists, travelers, naturalists.

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They appeared in the Crimea immediately after its liberation - in the spring of 1944. Today there are more than 2 thousand of them. Only in the legendary Sevastopol there are about 400 sculptures installed in honor of the heroic events and valiant people of this bloody war.

So, on the peninsula there are monuments dedicated to pilots, tankmen, sailors, medical workers, journalists, military equipment, individual military units and certain people who distinguished themselves during the war years. All of them fought for the Crimean land and brought the Great Victory closer.

Obelisk of Glory on Mount Mithridates

In Crimea, one of the first monumental monuments dedicated to the events of the Great Patriotic War, became the Obelisk of Glory in Kerch. It was opened in 1944. The monument was erected in memory of the soldiers and officers of the Separate Coastal Army and sailors of the Azov military flotilla, as well as all the soldiers who died in the battles for the liberation of Crimea.

The obelisk was built of stones, which at that time was considered the central church of Kerch.

The 24-meter-high triangular monument rests on a massive three-step trefoil-shaped pedestal. Each ledge has 76mm cannons. On the obelisk itself you can see a bas-relief image of the Order of Glory, and on the pedestal you can read the memorial text.

Later, a wall was built near the pedestal in the form of an unfolded book, on which the names of fallen soldiers, including Heroes, were carved. Soviet Union... And in 1959 they lit near the obelisk.

Monument "Sail"

At the place where the Sail was installed, the landing force heroically held the bridgehead from November 1, 1943 to December 9, 1943.

The height of the reinforced concrete monument, created in the shape of a sail, is 20 meters. On the front side of the monument, there is a wall with voluminous bas-reliefs, which depict scenes of the battles of the landing force with the Nazis, and at the foot of the hill there are steles with the names of the Heroes of the Soviet Union, the names of military units and ships that took part in the landing.

Monument in honor of the heroes of the defense of Sevastopol

Memorial plaques are installed under the monument. One of them bears the words: "The exploits of the Sevastopol people, their selfless courage and selflessness, their rage in the fight against the enemy will live for centuries, they will be crowned with immortal glory." Others are engraved with the names of units and formations of the Black Sea Fleet, the Primorsky Army and city enterprises that worked for the front.

The monument was built in 1967. The Eternal Flame was lit near it. Since 1973, young Sevastopol residents have been on guard at post # 1 at the monument.

By the way, the title "Hero City" Sevastopol, which for a long time held back the 300-thousandth army of the enemy, was awarded in 1965.

Monument to the sailor and the soldier

The Sailor and Soldier monument was erected at Cape Khrustalny. The process of creating the monument lasted over 30 years. So, the decision to build the sculpture was made in 1972, it began to be installed in 1981, and it was opened only in 2007.

The monument is a composition of figures of an armed sailor and a soldier, eager to fight. The monument stands on a horizontal pedestal. In front of it there is a tiled platform with a view of the Sevastopol Bay. The area around the monument has been ennobled, in particular, an alley of trees has been planted here.

Due to its height (over 40 meters), the monument is the most prominent in the hero-city.

Monument to the armored train "Zheleznyakov"

The armored train made 140 combat raids, inflicting heavy damage on the enemy in manpower and equipment. After each "sortie" the car took cover in a tunnel where it could not be reached by enemy batteries and aircraft. Only in July 1942 did the fascists manage to disable the Zheleznyakov.

In peacetime, the armored train was restored and traveled around the Crimean railways up to 1967. After that, in memory of "Zheleznyakov" near the bus station of Sevastopol, his former auxiliary steam locomotive El-2500 was erected as a monument. There is an inscription "" on it.

Partisan hat

They were active in these places during the German occupation of Crimea. For two and a half years, the people's avengers fought 252 battles and destroyed about 30 thousand opponents. At the same time, more than 4 thousand partisans and underground fighters were killed in battles with the Nazis. In memory of their heroic deed, this sculpture was installed in 1963.

The monument is an irregularly shaped stone block, which is obliquely crossed by an insert of polished red marble. The object resembles a headgear commonly worn. In front of the monument there is a memorial plaque, to the right of it - a stele with high reliefs of partisans, and to the left - two memorial plaques with the names of the victims.

More than 700 marines landed on the Evpatoria coast in January 1942. As a result of fierce fighting, which lasted for several days, fewer than a hundred soldiers survived. Despite the defeat, the landing was able to divert part of the enemy forces from Sevastopol and helped to consolidate the success of the Soviet troops on the Kerch Peninsula.

The monument is a sculptural composition that depicts the moment of the landing of troops on the shore. The central figure is a sailor with a grenade raised in his hand. To the right and to the left of him are two more sailors. On the three-sided pedestal of the monument there is an inscription: "Your feat glorifies the Fatherland, its reward is immortality."

Initially, in 1950, a monument in the form of one sailor was erected at this place, but 20 years later it was replaced with a three-figure composition. The previous sculpture was transferred to the cemetery of the village of Koloski (until 1948 - Oraz), where 17 paratroopers were killed in an unequal battle with the Nazis.

Monument to the Grieving Mother

The sculpture is a three-meter bronze figure of a woman in a long dress, holding two roses in her hand. The monument is installed on a pyramidal pedestal more than 3 meters high.

The eternal flame burns on the base in front of the sculpture. Nearby there is a mass grave and a monument to the participants of the Evpatoria landing, whose remains were found in 1982 in the park named after Karaev. Was installed in the park in 1970. It is a 16-meter steel column. It is crowned with a bronze image of the Order of the Patriotic War of the 1st degree. The Eternal Flame is burning at the foot of the sculpture. To the right of the monument is a stele with memorial plaques on which the names of the commanders of units and formations who took part in

A monument in the form of a tank mounted on a pedestal appeared in the Crimean capital in 1944. On the territory where the sculpture stands, a complex was created in the form of a stylized portico with columns, between which there are slabs with the names of parts and connections that liberated the peninsula as a whole. The pedestal of the monument is faced with polished granite slabs. There is also a memorial plate with the text: "Glory to the defenders and liberators of Crimea 1941-1944".

By the way, according to experts, the T-34 is the best tank. It was produced in 1940 at the Kharkov Design Bureau.

The Crimean Peninsula is an amazing crossing point historic roads a huge number of civilizations, peoples. Its history is filled with the most incredible events and unexpected turns. The historical sights of Crimea will surprise you with their diversity: here are also unique ancient architectural monuments, and most interesting museums, and magnificent palace ensembles, and memorable religious buildings ...

Yalta Armenian Church

The author of the project of this sight of Crimea was the architect G. Ter-Mikelovy, who was inspired by the sketches of the artist V. Surenyants. The building was erected in 1909, it is a bit like the Armenian temple of Hripsime (7th century).

The iconic building was built of volcanic rock. A dome is erected on top, which is placed on an elegant drum.

On the walls of the temple there is a magnificent painting with the following elements:

• Ornament;
• Weaving;
• Various sockets.

Fancy carvings are present almost everywhere. Especially rich in it:

• Platbands;
• Domes;
• Door arches;
• South side of the church.

Against the background of bright side facades with spectacular decorations, the portal looks restrained and strict ( main entrance into the building). It will not impress with the abundance of embellishments, but will surprise with its clean and clear style with simple decorative details.

The interior of this attraction is also magnificent:

• The iconostasis is made of marble and decorated with inlay;
• The marble altar is decorated with delicate carvings;
• The dome is painted by Sureyanets. The artist skillfully depicted the sun, peacocks, birds of paradise and flowers;
• Around the base of the dome there is a rim on which an inscription in ancient Armenian is made, calling for the preaching of the Christian faith among the Armenians.

The building was recently restored.

Attend a divine service at the Armenian Church and enjoy the magnificent organ music that accompanies it. The temple amazes with its acoustics.

Yeni-Kale

The Ottoman fortress was erected in 1699 in Kerch right on the shore of the strait of the same name. The Turks chose this place for a reason. Having a powerful bastion with cannons here, it was easy for them to control the movement of ships between the seas. The Turkish Pasha was also located right there.

The castle in the form of a broken pentagon was located on several levels. In the corners there were five towers that could withstand artillery fire and hold back the siege. For additional protection, a deep ditch was dug around the fortress.

The structure of this sight of Crimea included the following objects:

• Mosque;
• Gunpowder warehouses;
• Armory;
• Residents' houses;
• Water tank;
• Bath.

In the fortress there was a garrison of Turkish and Tatar soldiers, about 1000 people.

At the end of the 20th century, the citadel was restored and given an official status.

Khan's Palace

The history of this sight of Crimea is very interesting. The palace served as the residence of the Geraev family, which ruled the peninsula for centuries. For two and a half centuries, the estate was the heart of the Tatar state, all political, spiritual and cultural life was concentrated here.

Now the palace is the national shrine of the Crimean Tatar people. This monument is a striking and only example of the palace architecture of this people, which is unique not only for the culture and history of Crimea, but also for Europe. It is equated with the Turkish Top-Kapa Palace and the Italian Alhambra Castle.

Perhaps soon it will be added to the List World heritage UNESCO.

Livadia Palace

The palace, erected in 1911, was the residence of the last emperor of Russia.

This place with breathtaking landscapes is rightfully considered an outstanding monument of the architectural art of Crimea, which must be visited by everyone who rests on the peninsula.

The palace complex includes several buildings:

• The main palace;
• Florentine courtyard;
• Svitsky building;
• Ministerial palace;
• Temple.

Around the estate there is a magnificent park with rare species of trees and plants. It was laid back at the beginning 19th century.

International conferences were held in the White Hall of the palace with the participation of the leaders of the "Berlin Troika".

Vorontsov Palace

The view of this sight of Crimea is breathtaking. This monument of history and culture is made in the romantic style inherent in Russian architecture of the early 19th century. It belonged to a prominent military leader of Russia, Prince M.S. Vorontsov. Around the palace complex, there is a park with centuries-old trees and exotic plants that were brought specially for it from other countries. Alleys and paths are laid out in the park, benches and gazebos are placed. Ducks and swans swim in small lakes.

A museum was opened here in 1921. The most valuable exhibits are:

• Pictures of Russian and foreign artists of the 16th-19th centuries;
• Collection of engravings made using a unique technique;
• Furniture skillfully made by English and Russian craftsmen;
• Porcelain.

The memorial library has about six thousand drawings, books, maps, music books.

Guided tours are held in eight ceremonial rooms. The most original finish boasts:

• Blue living room. Its walls and ceiling are covered with an intricate stucco pattern of leaves and flowers;
• The main dining room, the solemn look of which is given by the intricate decor of carved oak;
• Chinese cabinet with ornate walls. There are wood carvings and rice straws embroidered with beads and silk.

Simferopol kenasa

Historical monuments Crimea is a kind of fragments of the past. Such a particle is not considered very famous building, in which the Karaite kenasa used to be - the prayer house of the Karaites.

The religious building was built at the end of the 19th century with money from members of the growing community.

The house is made in the spirit of eclecticism, a popular trend in architecture at that time, there are interesting elements in the Moorish, Byzantine and Gothic styles.

In 1930, the local authorities decided to close the kenasa. Over the next few years, the building was slightly rebuilt and the iconic decor removed. Now the editorial office of the television and radio company "Crimea" is located here.

Perhaps in the future, the building will be returned to the Karaite religious community.

The peninsula is rich in historical sights. While resting in Crimea, be sure to visit:

• Medieval fortress Chembalo;
• Chersonesos Tauride - a city with an ancient history;
• Ruins of the Genoese fortress in Feodosia;
• Tomb-mausoleum of Khadzhi-Girey;
• Nuclear submarine parking in.

Crimea is famous for its history. These lands became home to different peoples: brave Cimmerians, experienced builders, Greeks, unsettled Tatars, brave Scythians, active Genoese. The traditions and beliefs of these peoples have got mixed up and enriched each other. Now here you can see monuments of culture, architecture, history, places that were, are and will be sacred for believers of different religions.