Form of government in tanzania. General information about Tanzania

From the west, Tanzania is washed by the fresh waters of the deepest lake in Africa, and from the east - by the salty waves of the ocean. Between them lie more than 900,000 km² of plains, forests and mountains of varying heights. The north is occupied by volcanic uplands with a dry and relatively cool climate (no more than + 27 ° С on the hottest days)... The south is hotter, and the coast and islands are saturated with moisture from the ocean.

The first rainy season in northern Tanzania begins in mid-March and lasts until the end of May. Clear weather is then set, which lasts until the end of September. The hottest months - October, November and December - have a second rainy season. In the south, one large "wet" season lasts from early December to late April, while in the west it rains mainly from October to May. The best season in Tanzania is considered to be the months from July to October, as well as January and February.

On the inhabited coastline, forests have long given way to plantations of spices and other useful plants. A different matter central areas and the shores of Lake Tanganyika, covered with a continuous carpet of jungle. It is the home of primates and birds, while huge herds of antelopes, buffaloes, giraffes, zebras and elephants still graze in the northern savannas.

The reefs of the Pemba and Zanzibar islands are considered the most popular place for diving all over the continent.

Tanzania cities

All cities in Tanzania

Tanzania landmarks

All attractions of Tanzania

History

It was on the territory of Tanzania that the idea came to the monkey's head to get off the tree and take the first step along the path of evolution. 2000 years ago, the Bantu peoples came here, and a little later, Arab merchants appeared on the coast. Two major slave traders' roads passed through Tanzania: one led from modern Zambia to the city of Bagamoyo, the second from the shores of Lake Nyasa (Malawi) to the port of Kilwa. In the first half of the XIX century. slave markets on the mainland coast were closed: a significant role in this was played by the explorers of Africa, for whom Zanzibar and Bagamoyo were the starting points for hikes inland.

In the second half of the XIX century. Zanzibar remained the only center of the slave trade in the region, but by the early 1880s. power on the island actually passed to the British and the slave trade ceased (at least officially)... On the mainland, the German Karl Petere launched his activities, luring several native kings under the auspices of Berlin. So at the end of the XIX century. East Africa was divided into two parts - British and German. In August 1914, the rivalry between the powers escalated into a war, the protagonist of which on the African front was Paul von Lettow-Forbeck. This German commander haunted the enemy for four years and ended World War I with the undefeated Lion of Africa. Despite this, the German possessions in 1919 passed to the British under the name of Tanganyika. Against the backdrop of a tourist boom, a national movement grew, allowing the country to become the first of the East African colonies to gain independence - this happened in 1961. Three years later, Zanzibar was liberated, where a bloody revolution immediately broke out, which led to the emergence in 1964 of the modern federal state of Tanzania.

The culture

More than 100 peoples and tribes live in the country, however, in comparison with its neighbors, it has succeeded more in creating a national community and a single culture. Tanzania is famous for its original musical traditions, which combine local motives and European notes, brought by the masters of Christian religious music.

Her modern painting is known outside the country. (especially tinga-tinga style) and sculpture. Even in Kenya, a wooden mask or carved panel you bought may well be the work of a Tanzanian artist. In the literary field, the country also has something to be proud of: who lived in the middle of the 20th century. Tanzanian writer and poet Shaaban Robert is revered as "the father of Swahili literature".

Tanzania is known scientifically for Olduvai Gorge (Serengeti district) where the remains of the oldest ancestors were found modern man... But in sports, the country has not yet been able to achieve such successes as Kenya - since 1964, Tanzanian athletes have managed to win only two Olympic medals, both in 1980 in Moscow.

Kitchen

Residents of mainland Tanzania value simplicity and satiety, so there is always food rich in carbohydrates on the table - ugali from corn flour, ordinary potatoes, sweet potatoes, or cassava. The natives of the coast and islands prefer rice to all this, which is cooked with spices. (saw) or with the addition of legumes - peas or lentils. The starchy base of the meal is complemented by meat, fish, fried bananas, pumpkin or stewed spinach. Meat (more often goat and poultry) cooked straightforwardly - grilled (nyama choma) or boiled with broth as a first course. Flour in Tanzania is available in the form of tortillas (chapati), pies with filling (sambusa) and sweet muffins (mandazi).

The cuisine of the islands and the coast is the realm of curries, that is, dishes that came from India. Products for them are crushed and then stewed with spices. The main difference from Indian cooking is that pepper is consumed by Swahili chefs without fanaticism.

Society

Tanzania remains rustic: nothing warms the soul of a Tanzanian like shamba. This word, familiar to readers of Hemingway's hunting notes, means both a large plantation and a piece of land owned by a poor peasant. Where there is a village, there is a community with its mutual assistance, so there is nothing surprising in the fact that it was in Tanzania in the 60s. born "African socialism" (or ujamaa, which means "big family").

The first thing that catches your eye when communicating with the natives of Tanzania is their politeness. The words "Jumbo!" ("Hello!") and "Caribou!" ("Welcome!") here they pronounce it in such a way that it is impossible to resist. Less sincerity in the inhabitants of Zanzibar: they are too spoiled by the flow of tourists. Another distinctive feature of Tanzanians is the impenetrable calmness. Their favorite expression is "Field-field!" Remembering the Roman classics, it can be translated as "Hurry slowly!"

Tanzania National Park Service

In 1951, the first national (at that time "royal") park - it became the Serengeti. In 1959, a service responsible for the management of protected areas appeared in the system of government bodies of the colony. It is now called the Tanzania National Park Service. (Tanzania National park Authority, or TANAPA, www.tanzaniaparks.com)... The headquarters of the organization is located in Arusha (+255-027-2503471, 504082) , and the area of ​​responsibility includes 15 national parks, the last of which was created in 2008. (one more in line)... The territory with an area of ​​over 46,000 km² is guarded by only 1,650 people. Unlike Kenya, they take care of only those reserves that are located on land. Another department is responsible for the protection of the sea nature of the republic - the Department of Marine Parks and Wildlife Areas (Marine Parks and Reserves Unit, www.marineparks.go.tz), created as part of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries in 1994, it controls 5 marine parks and one wildlife sanctuary. The cost of visiting protected areas in Tanzania depends on their demand by tourists. The most expensive - Gombe Street adults / children 5-16 years old $ 100/20) and Mahale Mountains (respectively, 80/30 $)... In third place is Kilimanjaro $ 60/10), in fourth - Serengeti (50/10 $) ... Payment of the fee gives the right to stay in the park for 24 hours - after the day you will have to leave or pay a new one. The rules for staying in the parks are the same as in Kenya and Uganda.

Video: Lake Manyara, Serengeti National Park, Ngorongoro Conservation Area

North Tanzania

The North is the most touristy, and therefore the most accessible region of Tanzania. Easily accessible from both the coast of Tanzania and overseas: Kilimanjaro International Airport located between the cities of Arusha and Moshi, it receives flights from Kenya Airways, KLM and Ethiopian Air. All East African airlines such as Precision Air, ZanAir, Fly540, Air Uganda and RwandaAir. Arusha and Moshi are located about 50 km from the airport, and, in addition, you can go on a safari directly from the arrivals hall - if, of course, you are met.

Domestic flights to Kilimanjaro are also served - for example 3-4 daily Precision Air flights from Zanzibar and Dar es Salaam (1.5 hours, about $ 220).

By bus to Arusha you can leave Kampala (Uganda) as well as Nairobi and Mombasa (Kenya)... Operators include Kampala Coach, Akamba Public Road Service, Modern Coast. There is a chance to get to Moshi from Mombasa or Voi (Kenya)... There is at least one operator working in this direction - the Kenyan Tahmeed (in Mombasa - Kenyatta Av., + 254-072-5473343)... If you need to go to Moshi, and the flight is available only to Arusha (or vice versa)- get in and go: there are a lot of small buses running between these cities (1.5 hours on the way, 2500 NIS).

You can get to Dar from Arusha via Moshi by Dar Express, Royal Coach, Sai Baba Express and Happy Nation buses (approx. 8 hours on the way, 28000 NIS).

The parks of this part of Tanzania - Arusha, Manyara, Tarangire, Serengeti, Ngorongoro and Kilimanjaro - are known in Tanzania under the general name of the Northern Ring (Notherh Circuit).

West Tanzania

This part of Tanzania is least of all explored by travelers, and yet the third natural wonder of the country after Kilimanjaro and the Ngorongoro Caldera is located here. This is Tanganyika - the longest freshwater lake planet, second only to Baikal in depth. Both reservoirs are very similar: transparent, full of life and lying in narrow intermontane gaps. Along the banks of the Tanganyika, the routes of the great pioneers of Africa - Burton, Speke, Livingstone and others - ran, and now there are interesting national parks.

The road to Western Tanzania lies through Tabora (Tabora) founded by slave traders on the caravan route from Zambia to Bagamoyo. 6 km south of the city, there is even a house where David Livingston lived in 1872 - now it is a museum (9.00-17.00, entrance 2000 NIS, taxi round-trip NIS 10,000)... Q. Tabor can be reached by train from Dar es Salaam or Mwanza. Both arrive in the afternoon, so if you decide to visit this city, you will have to spend the night there. The short Station Road starts from the station (Station Rd.) that goes out to main street Boma Road town (Boma Rd.)... Turning to the left, you can see the surviving colonial buildings and the most notable structure - a small German fort known as Boma (Boma, or German Boma, 15 min walk, closed to the public).

Visa

The procedure for obtaining a visa at the border of Tanzania is the same as in neighboring countries of East Africa: an immigration card, $ 50 in cash - and a stamp in your passport. The difference is that Tanzanian border guards check the vaccination certificate (yellow fever, etc.). Special regime operates in Zanzibar. Although the archipelago is part of Tanzania, foreigners are still forced to show passports and health certificates - they even put stamps. You don't need to pay anything when you return to the mainland new visa also not required. Those who permanently leave Tanzania must pay an exit tax of $ 30, but this amount is included in the airfare.

Transport

In every city and reserve there is, if not an airport, then at least a strip for light aircraft. International airports are located in Dar (Julius Nyerere International Airport) , between Arusha and Moshi (Kilimanjaro International Airport) and on about. Unguja (Abeid Amani Karume International Airport or simply Zanzibar Int.Airport)... They serve the flights of many foreign airlines, however, within Tanzania, local air carriers are in the lead (average cost about $ 200):

• Precision Air (call center + 255-022-2168000, + 2550-0787888-417 / 408/409; www.precisionairtz.com) is the most famous Tanzanian airline. Many scheduled flights throughout the country. Dar Offices (corner of Samora Av. and Pamba Rd., + 255-022-284-3547), Arusha (Safari Hotel Building, Boma Rd., + 255-027-2545489), Mwanze (Kenyatta Rd., + 255-028-2500819, + 255-0784402042) and Kigome (Mlole Rd., + 255-028-2804720, + 255-0783540680).
• ZanAir (call center + 255-024-2233670; www.zanair.com)- Zanzibar airline, flies between the islands of Unguja, Pemba and the mainland.
• Coastal aviation (+255-022-2842700, hot line+ 255-0752627825; www.coastal.co.tz)- regular flights to reserves from Dara, Arusha and Mosha. Also flies to the islands (including Mafia) and great lakes (Mwanza, Kigoma).
• Auric air (call center + 255-0783233334, www.auricair.com)- based in Dar and Mwanza. Regular flights to Manyara and Serengeti parks, Selous reserve. Also flies to the extreme south of the country - to Mbeyu.
• Safari Air Link (+255-022-5504384, +255-0777723274, 077-3723274, 0783397235) - performs both charter and regular flights to Zanzibar and the reserves of the Southern Ring (Mikumi, Selous and Ruaha)... Flies to Katavi and Mahal twice a week. Regular flights - if there are at least 2 passengers.
• Fast jet (in Dar + 255-022-2866130; to Julius Nyerere Airport + 255-0685680538; to Zanzibar Airport + 255-0777680538; www.fastjet.com)... New low-cost airline, flying between Tanzanian airports since November 2012 (Dar, Kilimanjaro, Zanzibar and Mwanza) as well as in Nairobi and Entebbe.

Tanzania has two independent rail systems - not only are they run by different people, but they even have different track gauges. Tanzania Railway Corporation (Tanzanian Railway Corporation, TRC, in Dar + 255-022-2110599, www.trctz.com) carries passengers from Dar es Salaam to Kigoma via Dodoma and Tabora. This direction is called the Center Line. (Central line)- the Germans built it on the eve of the First World War, and the modern corporation arose in 1977. It also manages the branches leading to the port of Tanga, Arusha, Mwanza, Mpandu and the town of Kidatu (Kidatu) where the TRC track meets the only TAZARA line (TAZARA, in Dar + 255-022-2860340, www.tazarasite.com)... This road, more than 1800 km long, was built by the Chinese in 1970-1975, and its main purpose is to transport Zambian copper to the berths of Dar es Salaam. Therefore, the width of the TAZARA corresponds to the gauge adopted in Zambia. On this road you can get to the reserves of the Southern Ring and to Mbeyi - the capital of the Tanzanian south.

The car is the main Tanzanian transport. Minibuses are called here not matata, but dala-dala: often it is just a mini-truck, the body of which is equipped with long benches and a canopy from the rain. The average cost of travel on such a chariot is about 2,000 sh. / 50 km, the money is paid to the conductor. Large buses run between major cities - Dar, Arusha, Dodoma, Mbeya and others. The journey from Dar to Arusha costs about 32,000 sh., Bukobu - about 45,000 sh.

Water transport is better developed in Tanzania than in neighboring countries. MV Victoria ferries operate on Great Lakes (Lake Victoria, from 17,500 NIS, night) and MV Liemba (Lake Tanganyika, from $ 50, twice a week) considered to be objects of historical heritage. "Liemba" maintains communication between the villages on the east coast of the long Tanganyika, and also provides access to Zambia. In addition, there is a water taxi system. (public 1000-6000 sh., private from 100 $).

Ferries operate between Dar es Salaam, Zanzibar and Pemba (from 20 $, express from 35 $).

Currency

Tanzanian shilling (TZS) in circulation since 1966. Now the country uses banknotes of 500, 1000, 2000, 5000 and 10,000 shillings. There are three types of coins - 50, 100 and 200 shillings. Tanzanian money depicts notable structures and natural monuments. Of the politicians, Julius Nyerere and the first Zanzibar president, Abeid Amani Karume, were on the banknotes.

Shillings are the main currency you will have to deal with in Tanzania. You can get hold of them at the exchange office (Forex bureau) or ATM (Barclays and Standard Chartered Bank, 24 hours, don't fail)... When exchanging, you should ask for more 1000 and 2000 banknotes - they are the most popular. Tanzanian dollars are also loved, but only fresh bills of 2000 and later editions are accepted.

Connection

Almost all Tanzanian hotels with a stay of $ 40-50 provide their guests with free Wi-Fi (the exception is those located in national parks)... Every city in the country has internet cafes (Internet cafe or Cyber ​​cafe, 500-1000 sh. / 1 ​​h.).

Mobile communications are well developed - more than 20 million residents of the country use cellular. Among the operators there are well-known brands Vodacom (www.vodacom.co.tz), Airtel (www.africa.airtel.com) and Zain (formerly Celtel Tanzania, www.zain.com) as well as local companies: Tanzania Telecom (www.ttd.co.tz), tiGO (www.tigo.co.tz) and ZanTel (www.zantel.co.tz)... Tanzania Telecom appeared on the market earlier than others and uses the CDMA standard, all the rest - the usual GSM. Sims and prepaid cards are sold everywhere (look for a flag or sticker with the logo you want), the tariffs look cheap compared to roaming, the coverage area is vast, the call quality is satisfactory.

Help

Embassy of Russia in Dar es Salaam (73, Ali Hassan Mwinyi Rd., + 255-022-2666006, 24/7 + 255-07679197-56; www.tanzania.mid.ru)... The white three-story embassy building is located north of the center, at the intersection of Ali Hasan Mwinyi Road and Kenyatta Drive (Kenyatta Dr.)... Reception of mails, Fri 8.00-12.30.

Emergency phone numbers: 999, from mobile 112.

Non-state health care: Aga Khan Hospital in Dara (Ada Khan Hospital, corner of Ocean Rd. And Sea View Rd., + 255-022-2115151, + 255-0748550100).

Hunting

In the 1920s. For the first time, the British authorities in Tanganyika restricted fishing: during the year a gentleman with a gun could shoot no more than 268 animals belonging to 39 species of fauna. After the proclamation of independence, the restrictions were lifted, but in 1973 the government went to the other extreme and banned the shooting of large animals throughout the country. It soon became clear that the hunt had not gone anywhere, but had simply become illegal. On reflection, the authorities in 1978 again legalized it under the control of the environmental department. There is a reason for this: having received a concession, the safari company quickly identifies the most dexterous poachers in the vicinity and hires them as rangers. As a result, by allowing the legal killing of one elephant, the state saves the lives of three others.

In modern Tanzania, there are more than 130 hunting farms with a total area of ​​about 250,000 km². Since 1998, local communities have been involved in organizing sports hunting, defining the boundaries of the lands and receiving a share of the income. The most extensive areas are open for hunting in the north of the country (in the area of ​​Natron and Tarangire lakes), in the west and southeast (in the area of ​​the Selous reserve)... Allowed to hunt 60 species of animals - from the "Big Five" you will not get only a rhinoceros. Hunting grounds are not fenced off, but are managed by private hunting companies (South African citizens are leading in this business).

The hunting season opens annually on July 1st and lasts until December 31st. It is allowed to shoot at a distance of at least 2 km from the borders of national parks and reserves, as well as at least 1 km from airfields, 500 m from the nearest watering hole or salt lick and 200 m from your jeep. For the extraction of lions, leopards, elephants and crocodiles there are restrictions on the age and length of the animal (for elephants also by the size of the tusks)... The extraction of females and young animals is prohibited. You can only hunt on foot (plane and car - for delivery to the camp and to the firing line), only during the day and without the use of automatic weapons. Pistols are not allowed, but crossbows are welcome. Hunting licenses are issued by the National Park Service (TANAPA), and permits for temporary import and use of barrels - the police. You won't have to deal with both those and others: the organizer is engaged in the preparation of the hunting tour (Outfitter)... The duration of the safari depends on which animal you are targeting: the minimum period is 7 days - this time is allocated for shooting 2 buffaloes and 1 representative of any type of antelope. For the elephant and the lion, 21 days are allocated.

In Tanzania, the minimum caliber of hunting weapons is regulated - it is 375 (9.56 mm) for large and predatory animals or 240 (6.17 mm) for other game. The license is issued only to hunters who have submitted proof of possession of a weapon of the minimum required caliber. The hunter has the right to use 3 rifled and 1 smoothbore shotguns (each barrel is allowed to have no more than 100 rounds)... There are no crossbow requirements.

Registration of licenses and permits in Tanzania is free, however, there is a fee for the right to export trophies. In general, a hunting safari is expensive.

TANZANIA

(United Republic of Tanzania)

General information

Geographical position. Tanzania is a state in East Africa. In the north, it borders with Kenya and Uganda, in the south with Mozambique, Malawi and Zambia, in the west with the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi and Rwanda. In the east it is washed by the Indian Ocean. Tanzania also owns the islands of Zanzibar (the largest coral island off the coast of Africa) and Pemba.

Square. The territory of Tanzania is 945,087 square meters. km.

Main cities, administrative divisions. The capital of Tanzania is Dar es Salaam. Largest cities: Dar es Salaam (1,734 thousand people), Zanzibar (375 thousand people), Mwanza (223 thousand people), Dodoma (204 thousand people), Tanga (188 thousand people) .). Administrative divisions of the country: 25 regions.

Political system

Tanzania is a republic. The head of state is the president, the head of the government is the prime minister. Legislature - National Assembly. The country is part of the Commonwealth.

Relief. There is a small plain along the coast, but most of the country is occupied by a plateau, the average height of which is about 1,290 m above sea level. Small groups of mountains rise in the northeast and southwest. Volcano Kilimanjaro - the highest point in Africa (5,895 m) - is located on the north-eastern border of the country.

Geological structure and minerals. The bowels of the country contain reserves of tin, iron ore, coal, phosphates, diamonds, and gold.

Climate. Tanzania's climate varies with altitude and distance from the coast. On the ocean coast, the climate is warm, tropical, with an average annual temperature of about + 27 ° C. Further inland, the climate is hotter and drier. The islands have a mostly tropical climate, but the heat is reduced by the ocean winds. The average annual temperature in Zanzibar is about + 27 ° C, the rainy season lasts from December to May.

Inland waters. The continent's three greatest lakes are found on and partly within Tanzania's borders. Lake Tanganyika is on the western border, Victoria on the northwest, Nyasa (Malawi) on the southwest. Lakes Nyasa and Tanganyika lie within the East African Rift, which stretches from the Middle East to Mozambique.

Soils and vegetation. In the forests of Tanzania, the most common are mahogany and camphor laurel.

Animal world... The fauna of the country is represented by antelopes, zebras, elephants, hippos, rhinos, giraffes, lions, leopardim, cheetahs, monkeys. One of the main attractions of the country is National park The Serengeti is the only one in the world where there is a natural seasonal migration of wild animals.

Population and language

The population of Tanzania is about 30.608 million people, the average population density is about 32 people per 1 sq. Km. km. Ethnic groups: more than 120 groups, the largest of which are Sukuma and Nyamwezi (about 20% of the country's population each), as well as Haya, Ngonde, Chagga, Gogo, Ha, Hehe, Ngoni, Yao, Masai; Pakistanis, Indians, Europeans. Languages: Swahili, English (both state), about 100 local dialects.

Religion

Muslims, Christians (mostly Catholics), pagans (the groups are approximately equally distributed).

A brief historical outline

Tanzania was created in 1964 as a federation of two states: Zanzibar and Tanganyika. The history of these two regions is significantly different. Zanzibar and other islands off the east coast of Africa as far back as the 8th century. became the base for the Arabs who traded with the mainland. They received the name Zanj Country. Over time, Zanzibar became an independent sultanate. In the XVI and XVII centuries. he was under the influence of the Portuguese, and in the 18th century. fell under the influence of the sultans of Oman and Muscat. In 1832, the Sultan of Oman, Sayyid Sayd, moved his residence to Zanzibar. The territory of Zanzibar and the surrounding mainland were more of a commercial than a territorial empire.

At the end of the XIX century. as a result of a dispute between Germany and Great Britain, Zanzibar was proclaimed a British protectorate (1890). Zanzibar was partially self-governing, and gained independence in December 1963. A few weeks later, a bloody coup took place in the country, which brought the regime of Sheikh Abeid Amani Karume to power. Tanganyika, inhabited by numerous Bantu ethnic groups, after a series of negotiations between the European powers in 1886 fell under the rule of Germany, which, in the hope of turning the territory into lucrative coffee and tea plantations, invested large sums in the region. In 1918, after the defeat of Germany, Great Britain received the mandate to govern Tanganyika. In December 1961, Tanganyika gained independence. In April 1964, Zanzibar and Tanganyika merged into a federation. However, the political systems remained different on the mainland and on the island. Only in 1977 there was a real rapprochement between the two parts of the federation.

Brief economic outline

Tanzania is an agricultural country. Major crops: coffee, cotton, sisal, cloves. Livestock raising. Fishing. Harvesting valuable timber. Extraction of diamonds, phosphates, gold, etc. Processing of agricultural raw materials. Oil refining, chemical, cement, woodworking, metalworking enterprises. Exports: coffee, cotton, spices, cashews, sisal, tobacco, tea, diamonds, etc.

The monetary unit is the Tanzanian shilling.

A brief outline of culture

Art and architecture. Dar es Salaam. National Museum with rich collection historical, ethnographic and archaeological exhibits. Zanzibar. State Museum of Zanzibar. Tanga. Picturesque caves of Amboni and the ruins of an Iranian fortress of the 16th century.

Tanzania located on the continent of Africa, in GMT + 3 time zone (from current time: 17:32, Wednesday). Offset from your time zone: hours. It is positioned on 945087 km² area with population of approximately 41.9 million. Neighbouring countries: Mozambique, Kenya, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Zambia, Burundi, Uganda, Malawi.

The capital of the country is Tanzania?

The capital of the country of Tanzania is Dodoma.

TZA latitude and longitude

Tanzania on world map

Tanzania

Largest cities in Tanzania

Dar es Salaam
Mwanza
Zanzibar
Arusha
Mbeya
Morogoro
Tanga
Dodoma
Kigoma
Moshi
Tabora

Tanzania, United Republic / Constitutional framework, characteristics of the form of government

From 1961, when the independence of Tanganyika was proclaimed, to 1977, when the permanent constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania was adopted, Tanzania changed five constitutions:

The Constitution of Independence - the first constitution of an independent Tanganyika was put into effect on December 9, 1961 by a proclamation of the English Governor-General and was an annex to the Constitutional Order in the Council - an act of the English crown, which legally formalized the approval of the first constitution in the states that were English colonies.

Tanganyika was proclaimed a dominion within the Commonwealth of Nations. The legislative powers of the English parliament on its territory were canceled.

The National Assembly (NA) became the highest legislative body, but the head of state remained the English queen, represented in the country by the governor-general she appointed.

Republican constitution.

Tanzania map in Russian

On December 9, 1962, the Constituent Assembly of Tanganyika adopted a new constitution, according to which Tanganyika was proclaimed a sovereign republic. The president of the republic was declared the head of state and government, and he also became the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The 1962 Constitution retained some of the features of the English parliament model, namely, the system of elections to parliament and local authorities, adapted to a multi-party system, in accordance with which the organization of the highest bodies of state power and administration was provided.

Interim Constitution of the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar.

In connection with the formation in April 1964 of the United Republic of Tanzania, amendments were made to the 1962 constitution, providing for the delineation of competencies between the federal ORT bodies and the state bodies of Zanzibar; on the representation of Zanzibar in the federal government and parliament.

The amended constitution was named the 1964 Interim Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania and Zanzibar.

Provisional Constitution of 1965.

On July 8, 1965, the new Provisional Constitution entered into force. Subsequently (it was in force for 12 years), numerous amendments and additions were made to it, the most significant - after the adoption of the Arusha Declaration. The 1965 constitution reflected some features characteristic of the constitutional legislation of those African countries that declared a socialist orientation, namely: a proclamation of the ownership of political power to the people; consolidation of the position that the people exercise this power through their revolutionary democratic party; consolidation in the constitution of the leading role of the revolutionary democratic party, which is the united national democratic front of all the revolutionary forces of the country and serves as the political basis of the state; the formulation of a new social and legal status of a citizen in the main legislation; the prohibition of racial, national and tribal discrimination; the consolidation of state ownership of the people as the basis for the development of the state along a non-capitalist path.

In this constitution, the tendency to strengthen and centralize the executive power was further developed - all power is concentrated in the hands of the president.

The Permanent Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania 1977, with a number of amendments, is still in force. It was adopted by the National Assembly on April 25, 1977.

It consists of a preamble and 10 chapters. There are 152 articles in the constitution, which makes it one of the longest in the world. Changes and additions were made to it 14 times. Nevertheless, the need for new amendments to the constitution is brewing.

For example, it still defines Tanzania as a country with a socialist orientation, while the government implements the principles and practices of the free market.

The Constitution proclaims democracy and socialism as the basic principles of the political system. The state should be "governed by society on the basis of the principles of democracy and socialism" (preamble). One of the stages in the development of democratic rights and freedoms was the introduction of ORT into the constitution in 1984.

a number of articles, called the Bill of Rights. It was this addition that legally enshrined such fundamental human rights and freedoms as the right to life, personal freedom, privacy, equality before the law for all men and women regardless of race, religion and social status, freedom of movement, freedom of speech, conscience, and so on. Further.

Citizens are also given the right to work, to remuneration for work without any discrimination, forced labor is prohibited; the right to participate in the management of state affairs: to receive education and information (Art.

12-19). Articles on the duties of citizens (25-28) refer to the observance of the constitution; protection of freedom, sovereignty, territorial integrity of the country, state property. Until 1992, the leading role of the Revolutionary Party was enshrined in the constitution. In 1992, an amendment was made to introduce a multi-party system in the country.

By form state structure Tanzania is a federation of which Tanganyika and Zanzibar are members.

The jurisdiction of federal bodies includes: constitutional amendments; external relations; defense; citizenship; international trade; transport and communications; money turnover; higher education, etc. Zanzibar has its own constitution (dated January 12, 1980, as amended in 1984), its own government and administration and judicial system.

Tanzania is a presidential republic. Art. 3 of the Constitution of Tanzania defines the United Republic as "a democratic and socialist state that adheres to the principle of multi-party democracy."

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  • Constitutional foundations, characteristics of the form of government
  • Separation and interaction of different branches of government
  • Features of the executive branch
  • Heads of state (presidents) in 1962-2014
  • Heads of government (prime ministers) in 1972-2014
  • Heads of the Republic of Zanzibar (presidents) 1964-2014
  • Heads of the Republic of Zanzibar (Chief Ministers) 1983-2014
  • Features of the legislative branch
  • Features of the judiciary
  • Territorial and state structure
  • Local government and self-government
  • External influences on the formation and functioning of political institutions
  • Internal conflicts and divisions
  • Official ideology, ideological divisions and conflicts
  • Religion and state, the role of religion in politics
  • Features of the party system
  • Representation of political parties in the ORT National Assembly following the elections on October 31, 2010
  • The political role of the military / security forces
  • NGOs, corporate components of the political system, interest groups and influence groups
  • The position and role of the media in society
  • Gender equality / inequality
  • National economy in the context of the world economy
  • Main indicators of the economy in 1990-2010
  • Tanzania's GDP structure, according to the World Bank in 2011
  • Weight in the world economy, 1990-2006
  • Resources of influence on the international environment and international processes
  • Military spending 1990-2010
  • Participation in international organizations and international regimes, main foreign policy counterparties and partners, relations with Russia
  • External and internal security threats
  • Tanzania's position in the Corruption Perceptions Index 2001-2012
  • Placing the territory of the country in the zone increased danger natural Disasters
  • Economic threats
  • Human security threats

Tanzania- a state in East Africa. In the north, it borders with Kenya and Uganda, in the south - with Mozambique, Malawi and Zambia, in the west - with the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi and Rwanda. In the east it is washed by the Indian Ocean. Tanzania also owns the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba.

The name of the country comes from the name of the united countries of Tanganyika and Zanzibar.

Capital

Dodoma (official), Dar es Salaam (factual).

Square

Population

Administrative division

The state is divided into 25 regions.

Form of government

Republic.

Head of state

The president.

Supreme Legislature

National Assembly (Parliament).

Supreme executive body

Government.

Big cities

Zanzibar, Mwanza, Dar es Salaam, Tanga. Official language. Swahili, English.

Religion

50% are Christians, 30% are Muslims.

Ethnic composition

99% are Africans (more than 120 groups in total), 0.2% are Europeans.

Currency

Tanzanian shilling = 100 cents.

Climate

Tanzania's climate varies with altitude and distance from the coast.

So, on the ocean coast, the climate is tropical, with an average annual temperature of about + 27 ° C.

Where is Tanzania located? - country on the world map

Inland, it is hotter and drier. The islands have a mostly tropical climate, but the heat is reduced by the ocean winds. The rainy season lasts from December to May. The largest amount of precipitation falls on the western coast of Lake Victoria (up to 2000 mm per year), the least - on the inner plateau (about 250 mm).

Flora

In the west and south of the country there are dry deciduous light forests, on the coastal lowland - park savannas, in the north-east and in the center - grassy savannas.

On the slopes of the mountains there are moist evergreen forests. In the forests of Tanzania, mahogany and camphor laurel grow in large quantities.

Fauna

Representatives of the animal world of Tanzania are antelope, zebra, elephant, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, giraffe, lion, leopard, cheetah, monkeys. The Serengeti National Park is the only one in the world where there is a natural seasonal migration of wild animals.

Rivers and lakes

The main rivers are Pangani, Rufiji, Ruvuma. Largest lakes- Tanganyika, Victoria, Nyasa.

sights

In Dar es Salaam - the National Museum (1937), in Zanzibar - the State Museum of Zanzibar, in Tanga ethnographic museum-village - the picturesque Amboni caves and the ruins of the Iranian fortress of the 16th century.

Tourists are attracted, first of all, by nature reserves, safari and. Kilimanjaro.

Useful information for tourists

Traditional souvenirs are items made of black (ebony) wood, malachite, soapstone, beads.

Tanzanite is mined in Tanzania - a blue diamond, jewelry with tanzanite - an expensive and unique souvenir.
It is customary to tip the chauffeur-guides if you like their work.

Mountain guides receive an average of $ 10 a day, cooks and porters $ 5 each. At the hotel or inn, you can give 500 shillings to a porter or servant, or leave a slightly larger amount at the accommodation service upon departure.
During your stay in Tanzania, you must take medications for tropical malaria, and get vaccinated against yellow fever before the trip. Tap water should not be drunk. For drinking, use only water from bottles, after checking that they were well sealed.

Water intended for drinking, brushing teeth and making ice must be boiled or otherwise disinfected.
One should not move away from the main streets of cities in order to avoid the risk of being robbed.

Do not carry a large amount of money with you, do not wear expensive gold jewelry, and do not walk down the street with audio and video equipment. At night, you should avoid appearing in uninhabited unfamiliar places.

United Republic of Tanzania
Main capital: Dodoma
Official language: Swahili, English
territories: 945,087 km²
population: 46,218,000 people
Form of government: Presidential republic
currency: Tanzanian shilling
Tanzania is a map on the Sputnik search portal.

Included in the Commonwealth.

The president of the state and government is the president. The legislature is the National Assembly.
Administrative divisions: 25 regions.

In the east, he washes the waters of the Indian Ocean.

Most of the territory of Tanzania is located on the East African plateau (height 1000 m). The highest point is Kilimanjaro Volcano (5895 m). In the west of the plateau, it borders on a system of tectonic depressions that participate in the Rift Valley region. On the border - Lake Victoria, Tanganyika, Nyasa (Malawi). A narrow belt of soil, surrounded by coral reefs, widens on the ocean shore. In Tanzania, the turning point of the three main African rivers of the Congo, fed by water from Lake Tanganyika, Nile - Lake Victoria (whose southern coast is in Tanzania) - Zambezi - Lake Nyasa.

The main rivers are Pangani, Rufigi, Ruvuma.
The climate is mainly equatorial monsoon. average temperature the warmest month is between 25 and 27 ° C, the coldest - between 12 and 22 ° C. The precipitation is 500-1500 mm per year.
The country is dominated by bright tropical forests of deciduous trees ("miombo") and various types of Savannah (gardens, shrubs, meadows). Grassy savanna covers the crater floor of Ngorongoro Volcano.

Tropical rainforests have survived only here and there on the mountainside. There is a mangrove river on the ocean shore and at the mouth. The animal world of Tanzania is rich and diverse, especially in reserves and national parks, the largest of which are the Serengeti, Ngorongoro, Arusha, Manyara, Mikumi, Ruaha, Kilimanjaro, Rungwe. In the cities of the savannah there are still many elephants, giraffes, zebras, there are large herds of various antelopes, black rhino, buffalo, lions, and in the forests there are many species of monkeys (including a rare black and white colored long-haired colony) and very large birds.

Where is Tanzania?

National parks- Serengeti, Kilimanjaro, Ruach, Tarangi, etc .; Selous Nature Reserve, Ngorongoro, Rungwa and others.

Population: people of Nyambesi, Swahili, hehe, Makonde, etc. The official language is English and Swahili ..

Believers - Christians, Muslims, representatives of local traditional beliefs.

V 7.-8. Arabs have occupied Tanzania for centuries; In the 16th century, the Portuguese were replaced by the Arabs. By the beginning of the 19th century, Fr. Zanzibar and the coast of the Tanzanian mainland were ruled by the Sultans of Muscat.

In 1856, the independent suntanate of Zanzibar was created. Land in Tanzania in 1884 was rented in Germany (the German colony became the base for East Africa.), And after the First World War - a mandate, in 1946 - a trusted territory under the control of Great Britain (called Tanganyika); In 1890, a British protectorate was established over Zanzibar. In December 1961, the independence of Tanganyika was proclaimed in December 1963 - Zanzibar.

In April 1964, Tanganyika and Zanzibar founded the United Republic of Tanzania. The ruling party in Tanzania was the Revolutionary Party - Chama Cha Mapinduzi (founded in 1977). In 1992, the multilateral system was introduced.

Tanzania is an agricultural state. GDP per capita is US $ 2,900 (2007). Main products: coffee, cotton, sisal, cloves. Livestock raising.

Fishing. Precious tree cleaning. Extraction of diamonds, phosphates, gold, etc. Processing of agricultural raw materials. Oil refining, chemistry, cement, woodworking, metalworking. The main port is Dar es Salaam. Exports: coffee, cotton, spices, Indian walnuts, sisal, tobacco, tea, diamonds, etc.

The main foreign trade partners are Great Britain, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Japan.

The monetary unit is the Tanzanian Shilling.

Tanzania Embassy

• Katsman V.

  I. Modern Tanzania. M., 1977.

• Ovchinnikov V.E. History of Tanzania in modern and modern times. M., 1986.
• Lundberg U.-L. Islands in the center of Africa. M., 1987.
• Agriculture in Tanzania since 1986. - Washington: World Bank: intern. Food Policy Research Institution, 2000.
• Tanzania: social sector. - Washington: World Bank, 1999.
• United Republic of Tanzania.

  - M .: Nauka, 1980.

If you want to see a truly colorful Africa, but at the same time not be afraid of hostile natives and not think about the opportunity to please sharks for dinner, you should visit Tanzania. It is the safest country of the "black" continent, but at the same time offering an endless variety of options for active and educational, exotic and extreme, ecological and ethnographic tourism. Here you can wallow in plenty clean beaches, satisfy the desire to get acquainted with local attractions, as well as book safaris in national parks and even go on a trophy fishing trip.
Until 1996, Dar es Salaam was the capital of the state, but after the status of the main city passed to Dodoma.

Swahili is spoken in the country, as well as English, which means that travelers should have no problems communicating with the locals. But American dollars still have to be exchanged for Tanzanian shillings to pay for purchases in stores and markets.
Most of the territory of Tanzania is occupied by plateaus.

From the east, the country is washed by the Indian Ocean. The water area includes part of the three largest lakes in Africa - Victoria, Tanganyika and Nyasa. And it is in Tanzania that the most high mountain on the continent - Kilimanjaro.

The state is located in the southern hemisphere, and the equatorial climate of the monsoon type prevails here. The entire coastline is humid, and the central plateau receives very little rainfall throughout the year.
About half of the Tanzanian population identifies themselves as Christians. A significant part of the population (30%) are Muslims.

Geography of Tanzania

Local autonomous beliefs are also represented here.
To visit Tanzania for tourist purposes, Russians need a visa. However, getting it is not a problem. This can be done upon arrival in the country, directly at the airport.
There are still few direct flights to Tanzania. A charter flight (eg to Zanzibar) takes about 10 hours.

However, in most cases flights are operated with connections, which means they take longer.
The best time to visit the kingdom wildlife and the real pearl of East Africa is considered to be the period from mid-June to October. In winter, it is better to refrain from traveling here because of the torrential rains that wash out the roads. By the way, there are two rainy seasons here - from October to November and from March to early June (slight deviations are possible depending on the region).

The United Republic of Tanzania is a secular state. The country's constitution proclaims equal opportunities for all citizens, regardless of their religion (article 9), prohibits discrimination on religious grounds (article 13) and guarantees the right to freedom of religion (article 19). Religious associations are registered with the Ministry of the Interior or with the main state registrar (for Zanzibar).

Slightly more than half of Tanzanians (55% - 60%) are Christians. The share of Muslims is estimated at 30% - 32%. Another 12% of the population adheres to local autochthonous beliefs.

The first Christians appeared in Tanzania in 1499.

These were the Augustinian monks who had sailed with Vasco da Gama. Over the next two centuries, a Catholic mission operated in the country, which was expelled with the arrival of the Arabs. Catholics resumed missionary activity only in 1860. Later Protestants joined them: Anglicans (1864), Lutherans (1886), Moravian brothers (1891), Adventists (1903).

In the 1930s, missionaries from various Scandinavian and American Pentecostal organizations arrived in Tanzania.

In 1956, Baptists from Nigeria began a mission to Dar es Salaam.

In 2010 to Catholic Church included 31.8% of Tanzanians, 27.3% were Protestants. The largest Protestant denominations are Lutherans, Pentecostals and Anglicans (over two million each). Orthodox Christians are 41 thousand.

Tanzanians.

Christians make up the majority among such peoples of Tanzania as Bemba, Bena, Gogo, Jagga, Zanaki, Zinza, Kamba, Kikuyu, Konongo, Curia, Matengo, Namwanga, Ngonde, Ndali, Ndamba, Pangwa, Pimbwe, Pogoro, Suba, Fipa, Haya, hangaza, hehe and hutu. Christians are also Europeans living in Tanzania - Greeks, British, French, Germans, etc.

The first Muslims on the territory of modern Tanzania were Arab merchants who penetrated Zanzibar and the East African coast during the late Middle Ages.

Initially, Islam spread in the cities of the coastal regions; in the 19th century, Islam begins to penetrate the continental part of the country. During this period, a number of African leaders converted to Islam. In the period between the two world wars, the spread of Islam accelerated markedly.

In the second half of the 20th century, the Muslim community was joined by immigrants from India and Pakistan. In 1969 was created National Council of Muslims of Tanzania, managing director of Muslim affairs and electing a mufti.

Currently, Islam is professed by the Arabs, Digo, Zigua, Kwere, Kutu, Matumbi, Machinga, Ngindo, Ndengereko, Rangi, Rufiji, Somalis, Swahili and Shirazi. Muslims also make up about half of the Zaramo, Mwera, Nyamwezi, Paré and Shambhala; the other half of these peoples are Christian.

Muslims live on the islands of the Zanzibar archipelago, as well as in the major cities of the country.

Most Muslims in Tanzania adhere to the Sunni direction of the Shafi'i legal school; there are also Hanafis. There are many Shiites (Ismailis and Imamis) among the foreigners and immigrants living in Tanzania; immigrants from Oman adhere to Ibadism.

Since 1934, the Ahmadiyya Muslim community has been active in Tanzania.

The share of adherents of local beliefs has steadily declined throughout the 20th century; from 90.5% in 1900, to 32% in 1970 and 16% in 2000. At present, the cult of ancestors and reverence for the forces of nature are widespread among the peoples of Tanzania; in the event of illness, many Tanzanians turn to healers and sorcerers.

Local traditional beliefs are held by most of the Datongs, Isanzu, Mbunga, Ndenedeule and Sandawa. Traditional religions are also widespread among a significant part (40-60%) of the Jita, Iraqu, Kwaya, Mambwe-lungu, Masai, Nyambo, Sangu and Sukuma peoples; another part of these peoples converted to Christianity.

Finally, in the third group of peoples (Ikizu, Safwa, Sumba and Ha) animists make up 30-40%; some of these peoples profess Christianity (30-40%); the rest are Islam.

The Hindu community (375 thousand in 2010) consists of the descendants of workers who moved to Tanzania at the beginning of the 20th century.

By ethnicity, the majority of Hindus are Gujarati. The number of Hindus also includes supporters of neo-Hindu religious movements - Brahma Kumaris, Hare Krishnas, followers of Sathya Sai Baba.

After the Second World War, a Baha'i community arose in the country.

The National Spiritual Assembly of Tanzania has been operating since 1964. In 2005, there were 191,000 followers of the Bahá'í faith.

Descendants of immigrants from South and East Asia profess Buddhism (60 thousand). Most of the Punjabis living in Tanzania are Sikhs (13 thousand). Among the foreigners there are communities of Jains (10 thousand), Jews, Zoroastrians.

Non-believers and atheists in Tanzania are 0.4% of the population (134 thousand).

The official name is the United Republic of Tanzania.

Located in East Africa. The area is 945.1 thousand km2, the population is 37.2 million people. (2002). Official languages ​​are English and Swahili. The capital is the city of Dares-Salam (2489.8 thousand people, 2002). By 2005, the capital is planned to be moved to Dodoma. National holiday - Unification Day on April 26 (since 1964). The monetary unit is the Tanzanian shilling.

Member of the UN (since 1964), IMF (since 1996), AfDB, FAO, AU, SADC, UNCTAD, UNESCO, WTO, ECOWAS.

Tanzania landmarks

Geography of Tanzania

It is located between 29 ° 35 ′ and 40 ° 27′E and 7 ° 02 ′ and 11 ° 47 ′ South latitude. In the east it is washed by the Indian Ocean. The coast is abrasive with small-bay dissection. There are groups of islands (Zanzibar, Pemba, Mafia, etc.) near the mainland. It borders in the north with Uganda, in the northeast with Kenya, in the south with Mozambique, in the southwest with Malawi and Zambia, in the northwest with Burundi and Rwanda.

Most of the territory is on the East African Plateau (over 1000 m). Highest point- Kilimanjaro volcano (5895 m). Lakes Tanganyika, Malawi, Rukwa, Manyara and Eyasu are located in the place of lowlands and gorges.

There are deposits of nickel (31.4 million tons), diamonds, gold, tin, tungsten, mica optical quartz, precious stones, apatite, graphite, corundum, asbestos, talc, copper-base metal ores, salts, etc.

The soils are predominantly brown-red (ferralite and alferritic), in the most arid regions, red-brown, saline in places.

The climate is equatorial monsoon. The high-altitude climatic zonation is expressed in the mountains. Average temperatures of the warmest month are + 25-27 ° С, the coldest + 12-22 ° С. Annual precipitation is 500-1500 mm.

The main rivers are Pangani (400 km), Rufiji (1400 km), Ruvuma (800 km). Lakes are located along the border: Victoria (68 thousand km2), Tanganyika (34 thousand km2), Nyasa (30.8 thousand km2).

Woodlands and savannas prevail. On the slopes of high mountains - moist evergreen mountain forests, higher - Afro-subalpine and Afro-Alpine vegetation. Along the coast of the ocean, in some places, there are mangrove forests.

The fauna is diverse: large herbivorous mammals (elephants, black rhinos, hippos, buffaloes, various antelopes, zebras, giraffes), predators (lions, leopards, cheetahs, hyenas, jackals). Of the monkeys, baboons are the most common. The fauna of birds is very rich. There are crocodiles and snakes. Many areas are infested with tsetse flies. National parks - Serengeti, Kilimanjaro, Ruaha, Tarangire, etc .; Selous, Ngorongoro, Rungwa and others reserves

Tanzania population

Population growth rate 2.6% per year (2002). The birth rate is 39.12%, the mortality rate is 13.02%, the infant mortality rate is 77.85 people. per 1000 newborns (2002). Average life expectancy 51.7 years (2002).
Age and sex structure of the population: 0-14 years old - 44.6% (male to female ratio 1.03), 15-64 years old - 52.5% (0.98), 65 years and older - 2.9% (0, 81) (2002). Rural population 80%, urban 20% (2002). Among the population over 15 years of age, 67.8% are literate (men 79.4%, women 56.8%) (1995).

99% of the population - peoples belonging to the Eastern Bantu (St. 130 tribes), 1% - Indians, Pakistanis, Europeans, Arabs. Languages ​​- Swahili and English, Arabic, local dialects.

On the mainland approx. 35% of the population adheres to local traditional beliefs, 35% are Muslims, 30% are Christians, in Zanzibar, almost 99% of the population is Muslim.

History of Tanzania

In the 7-8 centuries. Arabs began to settle in Tanzania; in the 16th century. the Portuguese appeared, who were driven out by the Arabs. By the beginning. 19th century the island of Zanzibar and the coast of mainland Tanzania were ruled by the sultans of Muscat. An independent Zanzibar Sultanate was formed in 1856. The mainland part of Tanzania was seized by Germany in 1884 (it became the basis of the German East Africa colony), and after World War I it became a mandate, in 1946 - a trust territory under the control of Great Britain (called Tanganyika); a British protectorate was established over Zanzibar in 1890. The beginning of the political activity of indigenous Africans dates back to 1929, when the Tanganyika African Association was formed, which was transformed in 1954 into the Tanganyika African National Union (TANS), headed by Julius Nyerere. TANS won elections in 1959 and 1960, and Nyerere became prime minister (in May 1961 he formed a government). In December 1961, the independence of Tanganyika was proclaimed. Zanzibar (together with the island of Pemba and several small islets) became an independent sultanate in 1963. The sultan was overthrown in an armed coup in January 1964. After this event, a republic was proclaimed and the Afro-Shiraz party took power. In April 1964, Tanganyika and Zanzibar formed the United Republic of Tanzania. The ruling party in Tanzania was the Revolutionary Party, founded in 1977. Due to a border conflict in 1979, Tanzania launched a massive military invasion of Uganda, forcing it to surrender. A multi-party system was introduced in 1992. In 2001, political contradictions in relations between Tanganyika and Zanzibar escalated.

Government and political system of Tanzania

Tanzania is a presidential republic. The 1977 Constitution (as amended in 1984) is in force.
Administratively Tanzania is divided into 25 regions: Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Iringa, Kagera, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro, Lindi, Mara, Mbeya, Morogoro, Mtwara, Mwanza, North Pemba, South Pemba, Pwani, Rukinya, Ruvuma , Singida, Tabora, Tanga, Zanzibar central / south, Zanzibar north, Zanzibar urban / west.

Largest cities (2003, thousand people): Dar es Salaam, Dodoma (164.5), Mwanza (302.3), Zanzibar and Pemba (257.0), Morogoro (246.5), Mbeya (205 , 0), Tanga (203.4).

The highest legislative body is the National Assembly (the legislative body of Zanzibar is the House of Representatives, composed of 50 directly elected members). The highest executive body is the government (in Zanzibar - the cabinet of ministers).

The head of state and government is President Benjamin William Mkapa (President of Zanzibar Amani Abeid Karume is the head of the internal government of Zanzibar and is elected in accordance with the Constitution of the island). The head of the highest legislative body is Francis Nyalali.

Deputies (274 people) of the National Assembly are elected: 232 - by direct vote, 37 - women appointed by the President, 5 - from the House of Representatives of Zanzibar.

The President appoints the Vice President and Ministers, including the Prime Minister, from among the members of the National Assembly.

Julius Nyerere became the first president of Tanganyika in 1962. Subsequently, he was re-elected in 1965, 1970, 1975 and 1980. Under him, the first edition of the country's Constitution was adopted in 1965, which was subsequently substantially revised in 1977.

In Tanganyika, the regions are headed by regional commissars appointed by the president. Local governments - municipal and city councils. Development committees have been established in the regions to manage economic, social and cultural development.

Tanzania has a multi-party system. Main parties: Revolutionary Party, National Committee for Construction and Reform, United Civil Front, United Democratic Party, Party for Democracy and Development.

Leading business organizations: Organization of Tanzanian Trade Unions; Organization of the development of small industrial enterprises; Sugar Industry Development Corporation; Confederation of Tanzanian Industry; Tanzania Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture.

Public organizations: Union of Tanzanian Workers (500 thousand members in 1991), Workers' Department of the Revolutionary Party.

Domestic policy is aimed at preventing confrontation between Tanganyika and Zanzibar and keeping Zanzibar part of the republic. Emphasis is placed on the development of education (up to 20% of budget allocations).

Tanzania pursues a peacekeeping foreign policy in the East African subregion, mediating in the settlement of the Burundian and Rwandan conflicts, receiving and hosting numerous refugees on its territory.

Armed Forces (1998): 34 thousand people, incl. 30 thousand people - Land units, 1 thousand people - Navy and 3 thousand people. - Air Force. Paramilitary formations: 1.4 thousand people military police and 80 thousand people. people's militia.

Tanzania has diplomatic relations with the Russian Federation (established with the USSR in 1961).

Tanzania Economy

Tanzania is an underdeveloped agricultural country. GDP $ 22.1 billion. GDP per capita US $ 610 (2001). The economically active population is 16 204 thousand people. (1997). Inflation 5% (2001).
Sectoral structure of the economy by contribution to GDP (2000): agriculture - 48%, industry - 17%, service sector - 35%. Employment: agriculture - 80%, industry and services - 20%.

Electricity production 2,616 million kWh (2000). The main branch of the mining industry is diamond mining (49.1 thousand carats in 1995); table salt is also mined (66.9 thousand tons in 1995), mica, coal, magnesite, graphite. Developed oil refining (313 thousand tons of oil products in 1997), cement (604 thousand tons), tobacco (4.7 million cigarettes), textile (42.7 million m3 of fabrics), woodworking (39 million m3 of wood) and food flavoring industries, production of sisal products.

The leading branch of agriculture is crop production (1998, thousand tons): cassava (6444), corn (2107), rice (533), sorghum (498), bananas (769) and millet (347), raw sugar (116, 1), cashews (67), coffee (42). Tanzania is a leader in the African region in the production of livestock products. Production (thousand tons, 1997): meat (261), milk (693), hides and skins (51). The catch of fish is made up of Nile perch, tilapia, tuna and sardines.

The length of the railways is 3569 km. The length of the road network is 85 thousand km, including 4.25 thousand km of hard roads and 80.75 thousand km of unpaved roads (2001). The island of Zanzibar has 619 km of roads, including 442 km of hard surface, and on about. Pemba has been laid for 363 km, including 130 km with hard surface.

There are 125 airports and runways. International airports: near Dar es Salaam, in the province of Kilimanjaro and in Zanzibar. Airlines: Air Tanzania Corp, founded in 1977, serves domestic airlines; Air Zanzibar was founded in 1990 to serve tourist routes.

The main ports are Dar es Salaam, Mtwara, Tanga, Bagamoyo, Zanzibar and Pemba. The merchant fleet (1998) 56 vessels with a total displacement of 46.3 thousand tons.

In 1991, an international telephone network with direct dialing was put into operation. cellular in operation since 1994. Means of communication (1998): radios - 8.8 million, televisions - 103 thousand, telephones - 127 thousand lines, cell phones - 30 thousand subscribers (1999), Internet providers - 6 (2000) , Internet users - 300 thousand people. (2002).

Trade is represented mainly by the informal sector, which does not lend itself to strict statistical accounting. In 1999, approx. 600 thousand tourists who spent 730 million US dollars.

Modern economic and social policy is aimed at the gradual liberalization of the public sector under the leadership of international institutions, and the fight against corruption is being conducted. Tanzania is a recipient country. In 1997, the amount of assistance amounted to US $ 963 million.

The exchange rate of the national currency is set in the interbank foreign exchange market. Heading mode - free float. Foreign exchange reserves US $ 600 million (1998). Demand deposits with commercial banks Tanz 237.7 billion. shill., cash in free circulation 307.8 billion tanz. shill.

State budget (2000/01, mln USD): revenues 1.01, expenditures 1.38. Public debt US $ 6.8 billion (2000).

In 1991, 51% of Tanzania's population lived below the poverty line. The poorest 10% of the population has 3% of income, and the richest 10% of Tanzanians have 30%.

In 2001, the volume of exports amounted to USD 827 million. Main export partners: Great Britain (22%), India (14.8%), Germany (9.9%), the Netherlands (6.9%). The volume of imports is 1.55 million US dollars. Main import partners: South Africa (11.5%), Japan (9.3%), Great Britain (7%), Australia (6.2%). The main export goods are cotton, coffee, tea, tobacco, cashews, minerals; imported - machinery and transport equipment, construction equipment, food, oil and oil products.

Science and culture of Tanzania

Primary education is compulsory and free. Primary school education - 7 years from the age of seven. Secondary education - from 14 years old and lasts 6 years, including the first four-year cycle and the second - two-year cycle. In 1996, the proportion of school-age children completing primary and secondary school was 42% ( primary school- 66%, secondary school - 5%).

In the areas of Kondoa, Kisesi, Tambala, Mwanza opened rock painting in grottoes (Upper Paleolithic and Neolithic period). Among the artistic crafts, the most common are cult wood and clay sculpture, mask making, wood carving, weaving, and pottery. After 1964, a national school of painting was formed (artists S.J. Ntiro, V. Macha, F.K. Mzangi, T.F. Abdulla).

Since 1967, there has been a theater department at the University of Dar es Salaam. In 1968, a traveling troupe was created under the youth organization National Service.

Literature develops in Swahili and English... The first surviving text is Utendi Harekali (between 1711 and 1728). The largest writer of new literature is R. Shaaban (1909–62). The English-language literature of Tanzania has existed since the beginning. 1960s The main genres are story and novel.

Useful data for tourists about Tanzania, cities and resorts of the country. As well as information about the population, currency of Tanzania, cuisine, peculiarities of visa and customs restrictions in Tanzania.

Geography of Tanzania

The United Republic of Tanzania is a state on the east coast of Africa. It borders Kenya and Uganda in the north, Rwanda, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in the west, and Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique in the south. The Indian Ocean is the eastern border.
Tanzania has two capitals: the administrative center is historical capital Dar es Salaam, and the legislature - Dodoma, where the government moved the main organs in the 1970s.

Most of the country is occupied by vast plateaus. Along the shore Indian Ocean the coastal lowland stretches. The country's territory includes some of the largest lakes in Africa - Lake Victoria in the north, Lake Tanganyika in the west, and Lake Nyasa in southern Tanzania. The highest mountain in Africa, Kilimanjaro (5895 m), is located in Tanzania.

State

State structure

Tanzania is a presidential republic. The head of state and head of government is the president. Parliament is a unicameral National Assembly (Bunge).

Language

State language: Swahili, English

Arabic is spoken in Zanzibar, in the mainland there are many local languages ​​of the Bantu group.

Religion

Religions: in the mainland - Christians 30%, Muslims 35%, aboriginal cults 35%; in Zanzibar, more than 99% are Muslims.

Currency

International name: TZS

The Tanzanian shilling is equal to 100 cents. In monetary circulation, there are officially banknotes in denominations of 500, 1000, 2000, 5000 and 10,000 Tanzanian shillings and coins in denominations of 5, 10, 20 and 50 cents, 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 200 Tanzanian shillings. In fact, coins with denominations of less than 50 shillings fell out of circulation.

Currency can be exchanged at banks and exchange offices... The receipt of the exchange must be kept until leaving the country. It is not prohibited to change money from street money changers, but in this case there is an extremely high risk of fraud.

Credit cards are in limited circulation. Usually only large banks, supermarkets (especially in port areas) and some travel agencies accept them. In the provinces, it is much more difficult to pay with a credit card. For the service of withdrawing money from a credit card, some provincial banks charge a commission of 6-8% of the amount.

Travel checks can be cashed at registered dealers, banks or exchange offices. A passport is required for cashing out. Checks are often very carefully checked for authenticity, which takes a lot of time.

Tanzania Map

Popular attractions

Tanzania Tourism

Popular hotels

Tips

Tipping is best done in local currency. In restaurants, they make up 10% of the total order value. Most hotels automatically include a 10% surcharge on their invoices. If service fees are not included in the tariff, a tip of 20 shillings will be considered sufficient, whereas in most small establishments, they are not provided at all. Tips for gamekeepers, drivers and other representatives of service personnel on safari are usually the equivalent of 3-5 US dollars. In the event that the service is carried out by a group of staff, a tip should be given to the head of the group, otherwise there may be additional claims for the size of the tip and their distribution.

Visa

Opening hours of institutions

Banks are open from Monday to Friday from 08.30 to 12.30-16.00, and from 08.30 to 13.00 on Saturday.

Purchases

VAT (Value Added Tax) on all goods and services is 20% and is included in the price.

Shops are usually open from Monday to Friday from 08.30 to 12.00, and from 14.00 to 18.00, on Saturday - 08.30 to 12.30. Some shops are also open on Sundays. During Ramadan, many restaurants and shops are closed during the day and restrictions on smoking and drinking may be imposed.

Souvenirs

The country mines unique Tanzanian green tourmalines, sapphires, garnets, rubies, emeralds and diamonds, as well as the tanzanite mineral, which is found exclusively in Tanzania in the volcanic deposits of Mount Kilimanjaro. All this splendor of the gifts of the earth's interior can be purchased in the markets and in private jewelry stores.

Medicine

Immunization against tetanus and hepatitis A is recommended. Epidemic outbreaks of meningococcal meningitis, typhoid, malaria and plague are rare. In rural areas, there are cases of African fever infection. When swimming in fresh waters, there is a high risk of contracting schistosomiasis. Vaccinations against yellow fever, typhoid, cholera and prevention of malaria are recommended.

Sleeping sickness, which is spread by the tsetse fly, is common in the wooded areas of the country. Also of great concern to the international community is the rapid spread of HIV and AIDS in Tanzania.

All water should be considered potentially contaminated.

Security

You should not show expensive photo and video equipment, valuables or documents. It is not recommended to walk alone at night on the streets. Things should not be left unattended. You should always carry a photocopy of your passport with you, and keep your passport, money and air ticket in a safe place (safe in a hotel).

Foreigners are the object of constant and overly intrusive attention. Don't give in to suggestions local residents help with something. This usually ends up in problems.

Emergency telephones

The unified telephone of the rescue services is 112/999.

Photo and video shooting

It is not recommended to photograph local residents without their permission and independently (without a guide or travel agency representative) visit the homes of local residents. In some places you need to pay for photography, but you should not do this everywhere and always - many Aboriginal people try to beg for money in this way.

Questions and opinions about Tanzania

Zanzibar - Q&A