Hotels with a rich history. The main factors in the formation of hotel architecture Hotel architect

In the old days, stone flour shops were located at the corner of Mokhovaya and Tverskaya streets, in the mid-1890s there was a tavern "Balaklava". A few years later, ownership passed to the Varvarinsky joint-stock company of homeowners, which in 1900 began the construction of a first-class hotel designed by the architect Alexander Vasilyevich Ivanov, an architect who by that time was already well-known in Moscow, who built the office building of the Morozovs' Tver Manufactory Partnership on Varvarka and the house of an insurance company "Russia" on Lubyanskaya Square. The hotel, which received the name "National", received its first guests in 1903.

The facades of the building were made in a mixture of styles, a combination of neo-Renaissance with neoclassicism and modernist details, which gives them an impression of stylistic ambiguity, but at the same time conveys an individual character. The architect used natural stone and ceramic tiles, stucco and smooth plaster for decoration. The corner attic was decorated with a majolica panel "Apollo and the Muses" made at the Moscow Butyrka Ceramic Factory of S. I. Mamontov "Abramtsevo" by the artists S. V. Chekhonin and A. Ya. Golovin. Soon after the revolution, it was replaced by another panel, on an industrial theme, made according to sketches by F. I. Rerberg at the same Abramtsevo plant.

The interiors were striking in their luxury and splendor: marble staircases, mosaic floors, huge stained-glass windows, figures of Atlanteans near the entrance to the elevators, painted ceilings. Furniture in the rooms made by special order from precious woods. A whole range of modern technical innovations: electric elevators, telephones, steam heating system, manufactured at the San Galli foundry. Many of the rooms were equipped with en suite bathrooms and water closets.

Hotel accommodation was not cheap (up to 25 rubles per day ) , but there was no end to the guests - rich industrialists, merchants, foreign diplomats willingly stayed here. In 1913, the uncle of Nicholas II, Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich, lived in "National". Prominent figures of Russian culture did not shy away from the luxurious hotel - at different times, Ivan Bunin, Anna Pavlova, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov lived here.

The hotel's fate changed dramatically after 1917. During the October battles, the building was damaged by shelling. And immediately after the transfer of the capital from Petrograd to Moscow, members of the Soviet government settled here for some time before moving to the Kremlin in a "modest" bourgeois setting: Lenin, Sverdlov, Trotsky, Dzerzhinsky. For many years the hotel became the "1st House of Soviets" - a hostel for the functionaries of the new government. The hotel status was returned to her only in the early 1930s. At the same time, its name was finally fixed - "National" (before the revolution, both names were used), apparently more in line with the spirit of the times. The building was overhauled. At the same time, its appearance was partially changed: the lower floors were repainted to look like granite, the oak window frames were replaced with aluminum ones. The hotel furnishings were supplemented with furniture from Anichkov and Tsarskoye Selo palaces.

In 1974, the ceilings of two halls on the second floor were decorated with painted plafonds made by the artist I. V. Nikolaev in the classical style of painting the ceilings of the school of old masters, but at the same time with elements of the newer decorative school of V. A. Favorsky. In the details and ornaments of the plafonds, features of the aesthetics of the World of Art are noticeable, which underlines the connection with the works of the famous artists of the Benoit-Lanceray family, from which the author himself comes.

In the same 1974 "National" was included in the list of protected by the state monuments of history and culture.

Speaking of the hotel, one cannot fail to mention the famous hotel restaurant - for many years it was a favorite place for a pleasant pastime among the intelligentsia and Soviet bohemia.

Despite repeated renovations in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, attempts to modernize the hotel, it was in disrepair. And at the end of the 1980s, its comprehensive reconstruction and restoration began. According to the results of the competition, the general contractor, the Austrian firm "Rogner", was selected, and the architects from Austria V. Hoffelner and E. Survillo became the authors of the restoration project. On the Russian side, specialists from the Moscow administration for the design of public buildings and structures, Mosproekt-2, took part in the restoration of the National. All works were completed in 1995, and the renovated hotel reopened its doors to its guests. And she has seen a lot of them in her lifetime, including the famous ones. Presidents have stayed here too different countries, and members of royal families, and famous cultural figures from all over the world.

Hotel Ukraine is one of the seven Stalinist skyscrapers in Moscow. The hotel building was built at an accelerated pace to International Festival youth and students, which was scheduled for 1957. Hotel Ukraine in Moscow originally included 1000 hotel rooms and 254 apartments.

The outer part of the building is decorated with obelisks, vases of wheat sheaves, decorative walls made of five-pointed stars. The hotel's interior is also characterized by lush decoration with marble and picturesque shades. Hotel Ukraine, 206 meters high with a spire, consists of three parts. The central part of the hotel has 34 floors.

The hotel is located in an important place from the point of view of urban planning, near the Dorogomilovskaya bend of the Moscow River on the Taras Shevchenko embankment. The building was erected even before the construction of the Novo-Arbatsky bridge and the active development of the adjacent part of Kutuzovsky Prospekt.

The high-rise was supposed to become a vertical, marking the beginning of the only laid-out Kutuzovsky Prospect. According to the general plan for the reconstruction of Moscow in 1935, the projected avenue was supposed to be called Constitution Avenue and it was supposed to pass by Poklonnaya mountain through the Dorogomilovsky district to the center. Now it is New Arbat and Kutuzovsky Prospekt.

Architects of the hotel "Ukraine"

The architect of the hotel Ukraine was A. Mordvinov, who specialized more in high-speed flow construction of new quarters of Moscow. His ideas were more in line with solving problems with a catastrophic shortage of living space for the citizens of Moscow.

Therefore, to work on the project of the Hotel Ukraine, he attracted the newly released architect V. Oltarzhevsky, who took part in the work on the project of the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition in Moscow and was repressed in the 1930s on charges of sabotage.

After the death of I. Stalin, the architects of the skyscraper had to make excuses for its construction for a long time. With the filing of N. Khrushchev, incredible criticism of both the building and the architects who created it began. Most of the architects who took part in the work on the skyscrapers, including the hotel Ukraine, lost their Stalinist prizes and high positions. Architect A. Mordvinov was dismissed in disgrace from the post of President of the USSR Academy of Architecture.

Construction of the hotel Ukraine in Moscow

The architects and builders of the hotel Ukraine faced a difficult task. The bank of the Moskva River is not the best place for a high-rise building. The design of the building assumed that the foundation of the entire structure should go to a depth of 11 meters and 6 meters below the groundwater level.

In those years, there were two solutions to such a difficult problem, or the already well-known system of freezing the soil or dewatering using a network of pumps. More than 900 pumping units were provided for the drainage of groundwater in the pit.

Hotel Ukraine got its name only under N. Khrushchev, before that, at all stages of architectural planning and construction, the project was called the Hotel Building in Dorogomilovo.

The complete architectural ensemble was completed only at the end of the 60s, when the view of Arbat Square and Novy Arbat was finally formed. The Taras Shevchenko embankment and the park laid out on it have successfully complemented the look of the Ukraine Hotel.

The engineers, planning Constitution Avenue, assumed to build it up with houses three times less in height than the erected ones. However, in connection with criticism of the project by N. Khrushchev, buildings were erected on Kutuzovsky Prospekt, catching up with the hotel Ukraine and significantly diminishing its appearance.

The magazines of that time wrote that "the eerie masses that grew on the sides of the new highway wiped out the hotel spire with their grayness, which, against their background, looks like a medium-sized sapling stretching from under the asphalt of Novy Arbat."

In 1957, at the time of its opening, the Ukraine hotel was considered the largest in Europe. The restaurant of the Stalin skyscraper was also a landmark of Moscow in its own way. From above, the entire structure is a rectangle, one side of which is the main element - a high-rise building of the hotel itself, and two long and symmetrical sides make up residential buildings.

The golden hue of the limestone near Moscow used for the cladding of the building emphasizes the richness of the facade. The majesty of the building is emphasized by the colored mosaics in the high-rise part of the building, the extensive use of bas-reliefs and volumetric sculptures.

One of the legends about Stalin's skyscrapers says that the designs of all buildings were based on the designs of the pyramids. Indeed, among the design drawings of Ukraine there is a drawing reflecting the idea of a pyramid.

It is their proportionality that contributes to the harmonious perception of skyscrapers. The architect of the hotel Ukraine A. Mordvinov based the project on a versatile pyramid. The architectural image of the skyscraper embodied the universal principles of harmony.

Interior of the hotel Ukraine in Moscow

The hotel rooms in Ukraine were designed and equipped to the highest standards of that era. The air preparation and heating equipment was virtually silent. The building was provided with a general dust removal system.

Several restaurants and shops were foreseen in the building. The restaurant halls were designed in typical Stalinist architecture. The closed rectangular architecture and the monumental suite did not match the restaurant function at all.

One of the European guests of the Ukraine Hotel wrote that “while breakfast in the restaurant hall, I felt the full severity of the building, pathos, excessive pomp, and my own insignificance”. According to I. Stalin's idea, such feelings should have arisen among all visitors to Moscow skyscrapers.

The large dimensions of the halls and individual elements of the restaurant were completely disproportionate to a person, and even more so to a seated person. The use of expensive materials in decoration, elite fabrics and dishes made eating not just an uncomfortable event, but a very dangerous ritual. One awkward movement of the guest and for the spoiled tablecloth or dishes it was necessary to pay a large fine.

It is impossible not to mention the KGB post on one of the floors of the building. The Soviet government could not allow such an object as the Ukraine hotel, which also receives foreign guests and is located within walking distance of the Foreign Ministry building, did not have special equipment for listening to conversations and monitoring guests. And as you know, a post with duty officers of a specialized department was necessarily set up for the equipment.

High-rise reconstruction

In 2005, the building of the Hotel Ukraine in Moscow was put up for auction. The Moscow government was forced to sell the building, since there was no co-investor willing to invest almost $ 60 million in its reconstruction. More than 20 little-known companies participated in the auction. The winner of the auction was Biscuit LLC, which paid $ 275 million for the high-rise building.

The building was completely reconstructed. The interior elements of the decor, the façade, including the 73-meter spire, were renewed. During the reconstruction, one of the eight decorative towers collapsed on the restaurant building. There were no victims in the emergency, as everything happened at night.

During the analysis of the destroyed structure, architects and experts agreed that the collapse occurred due to the use of low-quality building materials during the construction of the hotel Ukraine back in the 1950s. But despite this, its further operation is considered safe.

Today the skyscraper not only fulfills its main purpose as one of the best hotels in Moscow, but is also a striking landmark of the city. In 2010, the renovated skyscraper began to receive guests under the Radisson Royal brand. The management of the building was entrusted to The Rezidor Hotel Group. New Hotel Radisson Royal joined the international Radisson Hotel chain.

One of the conditions for the reconstruction of the Ukraine Hotel in Moscow was the preservation of its historical appearance and interior decor. Now in the pompous halls of the skyscraper are located:

Restaurant "Tatler Club" A. Novikov.
Beefbar "Junior".
Veranda restaurant.
Restaurant of Iranian cuisine "FARSI".
Italian restaurant "Bono".
Mercedes-Bar.
Karaoke bar "Troubadour".
Restaurant for two "Romantic".

The most high point buildings - a glass veranda under the spire of the Ukraine Hotel, or as it is now called the Radisson Royal Hotel, is occupied by the Romantic Restaurant. At almost 200 meters in height, there is a magnificently decorated table and two comfortable armchairs, just for two.

And the main decoration of this restaurant is not its snow-white decoration and romantic setting, but of course the view! View of Moscow from the center to the outskirts. By the way, the Bono restaurant, located nearby, is included in our two ratings “The most expensive restaurant in Moscow” and “Panoramic restaurants in Moscow”.

The restaurant's cuisine fully corresponds to the height of the restaurant itself; each dish is unique and is a masterpiece of culinary art. Dinner in such unusual place will be remembered for a lifetime, and the story of an evening spent on one of the highest and most unusual rooftops in Moscow will be passed on like a family legend.

Diorama Moscow - the capital of the USSR

Hotel Ukraine in Moscow not only fulfills its function of receiving guests, but also serves as a hall for a large number of items of artistic value. In the main gallery on the first floor there is an amazing historical exhibit - Diorama Moscow - the Capital of the USSR. The diorama is a miniature Moscow of the 70s. The diorama is not only a cultural and historical monument, but also a masterpiece of panoramic art.

The diorama surprises with a very high level of accuracy. The models of the depicted objects are particularly reliable. The diorama is made on a scale of 1:75, which allows you to see in detail the entire center of Moscow at that time.

The total area occupied by the diorama is 306 sq. m. and is equipped with mechanisms that reproduce the appropriate time of day. The diorama was created in the art workshop of Yefim Deshalyt for the National Exhibition in the United States by order of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

The diorama was exhibited in many countries of the world, making it possible to make a virtual journey behind the Iron Curtain to the capital of the Soviet Union. The diorama at the exhibition in Leipzig won the gold medal as a work of high art.

In the USSR, the diorama was exhibited at VDNKh and in one of the exhibition complexes Moscow. In 2007, specially for the reconstructed hotel Ukraine in Moscow, at an auction, Diorama was bought by the new owners of the building. In 2010, restoration work on the Diorama was completed and now it is on display.

Berth of hotel Ukraine in Moscow

The pier of Ukraine in Moscow is located on the Taras Shevchenko embankment opposite the park in front of the hotel. The pier, like the embankment, was built in 1961 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the death of the Ukrainian poet T. Shevcheno, complementing the architectural composition of the structure. The pier is equipped for disembarking and embarking passengers. The pier of the Radisson Hotel is usually called a pier, despite the fact that in the river fleet the more common term is a pier.

Do not stop near the pier " river trams»- pleasure motor ships of the Capital Shipping Company, making regular river cruises along the Moskva River. The pier of the Ukraine Hotel is intended only for the parking of ships of the Radisson Royal flotilla. The Radisson cruise along the Moskva River on modern and comfortable yachts begins from the pier of the renovated hotel.

Flotilla Radisson Royal

In 2009, 5 magnificent pleasure yachts, specially designed for the Radisson Royal, were launched:

Ferdinand.
Scarlet.
Celebrity.
Chapel.
Bon Voyage.

The snow-white yachts surprised and delighted not only the travelers themselves, but also the Muscovites, who watched with amazement the smooth glide of motor ships along the Moskva River. The ride on a pleasure boat from the Radisson Flotilla was mostly entertainment for foreign tourists. But in last years and Muscovites started buying tickets for cruises on the Moskva River more and more often.

In 2013, the Radisson Royal flotilla was replenished with improved yachts with class 1 salons and open decks, allowing you to experience the journey along the water surface of the Moscow River: enjoy the sun, headwind and splashing waves:

Butterfly.
Montana.
Felicita.
Primavera.
Beauty.

Cruises on the Moskva River from the Radisson Royal pier are held every day all year round. The motor ships are equipped with all the necessary equipment to ensure the safety and comfort of passengers. Panoramic glazing of all the yachts of the Radisson Royal flotilla allows you to admire the center of Moscow without any hindrances. Open decks are wonderful place for a photo session.

All ships have restaurants and bars where you can have a pleasant dinner and admire different panoramas of Moscow.

The architecture of a hotel or a hotel complex is a complex and multifaceted concept that includes the external appearance of buildings, their internal layout, landscape organization of the territory and the interior decoration of the premises.

Architectural structures, like other phenomena of modern artistic culture, are difficult to drive into the rigid framework of any style or direction. They are often on the verge of being a complex mix of various traditional and innovative architectural techniques. Therefore, it seems logical to conditionally divide the variegated variety modern hotels into groups according to the principles of their location and the method of construction. Each group has some common architectural features... Modern multi-storey hotels are complexes with a very high level of comfort, offer a wide range of services, and have a well-developed infrastructure. Such hotels are often included in the world famous international chains - Sheraton, Hilton, etc. Various restaurants and bars, conference rooms, shops, underground parking, indoor and outdoor pools and fitness centers, as well as equipped with all modern communication facilities business centers make them attractive for both tourists and people traveling for purely business purposes. The architecture of such hotels is extremely functional and modern, using the latest achievements in building technologies, modern structures and building materials.

In Europe, where many authentic architectural monuments have survived, where cultural and historical traditions are strong, the architecture of hotels clearly shows a tendency to respect history, when old buildings acquire new life... In capitals and historic cities with a rich cultural tradition, these hotels are usually located in the vicinity of many attractions. The most fashionable of them are located in old buildings of architectural and historical value in the existing urban development. Many hotels have existed for a long time, have their own history and traditions, and are proud of their famous guests. The level of comfort in them is at the highest level, since in the process of reconstruction and renovation they were equipped with all means of modern engineering equipment. At the same time, the external appearance of the building and the interior underwent restoration, they were returned to their original appearance, the original atmosphere of a bygone era was recreated. The interiors and all the decoration of such hotels are made in the style and traditions of a certain historical period.

The decoration uses expensive materials; it can be oak panels for facing walls and ceilings, tapestries and tapestries, parquet flooring, marble, bronze and gilding are widely used. The interiors are replete with authentic refurbished fittings and antique furnishings, striking in luxury and giving the impression of being in keeping with a particular era. It can be Baroque or Empire, Rococo or Art Nouveau. The tendency for old buildings to acquire a new life and a new destiny has led to the fact that impregnable castles, which time has spared, have become strongholds of hospitality today. Medieval castle For almost nine centuries, Amberley Castle has stood among the majestic hills and vast lakes of West Sussex, one hundred and twenty kilometers from London. It strikes with a delightful atmosphere of privacy and serene tranquility, in which a unique flavor of antiquity and the highest level of comfort inherent in a world-class country hotel coexist. In total, the hotel has nineteen apartments individually decorated with antique furniture and luxurious fabrics, which have all the modern conveniences, moreover, televisions, video players, telephones and other equipment are delicately camouflaged in a historical setting.

Recently, a slightly different approach to the architectural solution of hotels located in historical buildings has become more widespread. Taking care of the external appearance and facades, the architect reserves the right to create an interior that is completely new in style and spirit. So, located in the heart of London near Trafalgar Square The five-star One Aldwych Hotel strikes with a sharp contrast: a turn-of-the-century building and an ultra-modern interior. The high pace of everyday life and the poor environmental situation in modern megacities force a person to turn to face nature, draw vitality from it. The advantages of a quiet and measured provincial life, tranquility and solitude in the bosom of nature, national flavor and features local cuisine make "agritourism" more and more attractive. Hotels offering this type of holiday are usually located in rural areas in buildings of traditional architecture. The Borgo Hotel in Tuscany, Italy is housed in an old building typical of Mediterranean architecture, in a wine estate in the province of Chianti. Today, as well as centuries ago, delicious wine and fresh olive oil are produced here. Extensive vineyards and picturesque olive groves are spread around, and the peaceful atmosphere of patriarchal Italy reigns.

National flavor is one of the main features typical for the architecture of country hotels intended for recreation. The use of techniques, details and materials traditional for a given area in the architectural look allows the building to harmoniously fit into the environment and optimally adapt to natural and climatic conditions. In addition, the national flavor, which is present both in the architectural appearance and in the interior design, is an important emotional and aesthetic factor that influences the formation of a positive image of hotels.

To give the guest pleasure, to make his stay at the hotel pleasant and boring, to entertain and surprise him, to amaze him and stay in his memory for a long time is a peak that not all hotels manage to reach. It obeys only those who firmly know the formula for success: expressive architectural form must be filled with the content of high-class service.

The architecture of the capital's buildings makes it possible to determine, with an accuracy of a decade, when and under what ruler they were erected. Not all residential buildings built in the last century have survived to our times. The same cannot be said about hotels. In this article, we will consider five "hotel heroes" in various categories, whose "life path" can tell about political and historical milestones in the development of the city of Moscow.

Five stars - hotel "Moscow"

The Moskva Hotel, which occupies an entire block, was one of the first hotels built in Soviet Moscow. The massive building plays a dominant role in the formation of the area immediately adjacent to the Kremlin. "Moscow" is distinguished by complex architectural plasticity, designed to coordinate the structure with the adjacent Kremlin and the building Historical Museum... The construction of the hotel was carried out from 1933 to 1935 according to the project of architects L. Savelyev, O. Stapran and A. Shchusev.

Okhotny Ryad, considered at the beginning of the 20th century as one of the most unsanitary districts of the city, became the first Moscow district to undergo radical reconstruction in the 1920s. This is not surprising: after all, there were numerous shops and taverns. The Soviet authorities decided to "clean up" the city center, and on the spot shopping malls to build something monumental. In 1922 it was planned to build a Palace of Labor here. Conducted representative competition for best project did not lead to embodied results. Due to financial difficulties, construction was postponed. However, work on the reconstruction of the building began: in the same year the chapel of Alexander Nevsky on Manezhnaya Square was demolished, and in 1924 the mass demolition of shops in the southern part of Okhotny Ryad (mainly wooden buildings) began. In 1930, the church of Paraskeva Pyatnitsa was demolished, and all market trade was moved to Tsvetnoy Boulevard.

The initial project of the Mossovet hotel (project name), completed in the late 1920s by young architects O. Stapran and L. Savelyev, was decided in the spirit of constructivism and was in obvious contradiction with the existing historical image of the area. The harsh asceticism of the massive building was not tied to the Kremlin ensemble, the development of Okhotny Ryad, Tverskaya and Mokhovaya streets.

Savelyev's variant

Alexey Shchusev was invited as a co-author to correct the "mistakes" of the project. The frame frame of the building was already being completed by that time, and it was not possible to make significant changes. However, Shchusev, with great ingenuity and tact, made changes to the project, adding laconic decor in the spirit of neoclassicism, without violating the constructivist basis of the building project.

General plan (Shchusev)

As a result, a strict and monumental eight-column portico with a height of six floors with an open terrace, spacious loggias-arcades in the center of the main facade, and numerous balconies appeared. The corners of the building were accented with turrets. The building itself has acquired greater plasticity due to the more pronounced division of the main facade.

The architects made 18 sets of furniture from different tree species especially for the hotel. And on December 20, 1935, the first visitors could see all the luxury of the first Soviet hotel.

Room plan

It is said that some citizens awarded with a trip to "Moscow" were so afraid of dirtying the interior of their rooms that they slept right on the floor. In addition to workers and collective farmers, Alexey Stakhanov, Valery Chkalov, Demyan Bedny, Georgy Zhukov, Lyudmila Tselikovskaya, Mikhail Zharov, Arkady Raikin, Yuri Gagarin, Boris Yeltsin were seen among the guests, and Robert De Niro was the last "star" resident.

At the same time, Shchusev completed the sketches of the second stage of the hotel, but it did not come to the construction of new buildings. A 10-storey building overlooking Revolution Square (with a facade on the building of the Lenin Museum), and a 6-storey building facing Theater Square, began to build only in 1968. To implement the project, it was necessary to demolish a number of buildings adjacent to the "Moscow" from the east, including the old hotel "Grand Hotel". Architects A. Boretsky, D. Solopov and I. Rozhkin generally took into account the compositional ideas laid down by their predecessors. The second stage of the hotel was put into operation in 1977, on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the October Revolution; thus, the buildings of the hotel "Moscow" occupied a whole block. However, the decor of the new buildings turned out to be drier in design; The 6-storey building was generally designed in the spirit of an ordinary concrete box, which, according to some experts, brought a sharp dissonance to the ensemble of Teatralnaya Square.

Drinkers must have noticed the facade not only in old Soviet films, but also on the vodka label. According to legend, state security analysts came up with the idea of placing the building there. It was believed that such vodka was consumed by bosses and creative personalities, and accordingly, according to the version of the KGB, they would someday stay in a hotel, which they often see on their table. And there you can listen to them and draw conclusions.

In 1942, the people's poet of Belarus Yanka Kupala died in "Moscow". He slipped on a marble staircase and fell down a flight of stairs from the 10th floor. The police considered this an accident, although rumors circulated among the people that the NKVD had a hand in this death. And when they began to dismantle the hotel in 2003, there were rumors that Beria's secret bunker was found on the sixth floor: its walls were one and a half meters thick, so the builders had to work hard to dismantle this shelter. Explosives were found under the building, which had been planted at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War to blow up the hotel if the Germans got there.

But then the hotel did not have to be destroyed. This began to be done 60 years later, when the building was declared emergency. The last guests received as a bonus a voucher for accommodation in already new hotel in a week. The authorities promised that it would be possible to use the gift as early as 2010.

Hotel "Moscow" on a postage stamp of the USSR, 1946 The building of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (left) and a fragment of the hotel "Moscow" on a postage stamp of the USSR, issued for the 800th anniversary of Moscow

There is a legend that JV Stalin personally approved the final project of the hotel, presented by Shchusev, and it was this circumstance that caused the noticeable asymmetry of the main facade of the building. For approval, the architect prepared a project for the main facade with two design options. Both options were combined in one drawing and separated by an axis of symmetry: on the right side of the drawing a more strict version was depicted, on the left side - a version with a large number of decorative details. Stalin put his signature in the middle: to clarify what exactly Joseph Vissarionovich had in mind, none of the designers dared, and Shchusev implemented both design options in one facade, literally in accordance with the approved drawing. Allegedly for this reason, the projections of the main facade differ from each other. Is not more than beautiful legend... Stalin did not sign the projects. In fact, everything turned out to be much more prosaic: Shchusev put the signature under one of the variants of the facade, divided by the axis of symmetry. Further, the drawings went to the builders, who did everything as in the picture. At that time, in parallel with the construction of the building, scaffolding was erected, which hid the error until the moment of their dismantling.

The total area of the complex will be 183,000 sq. m. The project of a new building on the site of the destroyed hotel was developed by the architect of the State Unitary Enterprise “Mosproekt-2 named after M. V. Posokhin "V. V. Kolosnitsyn. The customer for the reconstruction is Dekmos JSC.

Four stars - hotel "Cosmos"

The hotel complex "Cosmos" was built to serve the XXII Summer Olympic Games, which took place in Moscow in 1980.

Hotel "Cosmos". 1980s

The architecture and design of the building overlooking VDNKh and the Monument to the Conquerors of Space were developed jointly by a team of Soviet and French architects (V. Andreev, T. Zaikin, V. Steyskal - Mosproekt-1; O. Kakub, P. Zhugle, S. Epstein - France).

Hotel included: 1718 standard rooms on 2 beds, 53 two-room suites, 6 four-room suites and about 3600 beds of the hotel catering network.

When planning the premises, we had to strictly adhere to Soviet norms, which were not only very different from Western ones, but were also much stricter. The construction of the building was carried out by the French company "Sefri".

The hotel was officially opened on July 18, 1979. It was attended by many prominent politicians, businessmen, and pop stars. Sang by specially invited singer Joe Dassin.

"Cosmos", in contrast to the likes of "Zarya" and "Tourist", is a twenty-five-storey building resembling a horseshoe shape.

During the Olympic Games, the hotel housed the Olympic Press Center. There were also many others in the hotel. mass events: Festival of youth and students, TV programs "Morning Star", "Song of the Year", competition "Crystal Boat", and in 2004 the project "People's Artist-2" was held at the Cosmos Hotel. Among the guests of the hotel were such famous personalities as: Joe Dassin, Alla Pugacheva, Garry Kasparov and others famous people.

Also "Cosmos" became famous for the fact that Tõnis Mägi performed the song "Olympiada 80" at the main entrance to the hotel.

And in the film "Day Watch" the hotel was the headquarters of the dark forces. Some of the filming was done at the hotel.

However, despite the hotel's developers arguing that there was no doubt about the safety of the facility, in 2010 an employee of a cleaning company who was keeping an eye on the cleanliness of a hotel hairdresser was boiled alive in an elevator shaft. The tragedy happened when she took the elevator down to the basement with bags of rubbish. When the elevator doors opened, the main heating pipe suddenly burst. The temperature of the liquid (water with the addition of special additives) in the tanks at the time of the accident was about 130 degrees. A powerful stream of boiling water poured over the unfortunate woman. The woman died on the spot. The accident on the heating main occurred as a result of valve failure.

Currently, the Cosmos Hotel is used by Russian and foreign tourists and business people, participants in exhibitions held at the All-Russian Exhibition Center, and everyone who is comfortable with the location of the hotel.

Three stars - hotel "Izmailovo"

The history of the Izmailovo Hotel is closely connected with the history of the city of Moscow. In 1980, Moscow was chosen as the center for the Olympic Games. The city expected a large influx of foreign athletes, fans and reporters attracted by the spectacular games and competitions of the central sporting event of the year.

It was decided to build a hotel in the greenest district of Moscow - Izmailovo.

A large team worked on the Izmailovo hotel construction project: architects D. Burdin and Y. Rabaev, engineer E. Skorodumov, famous sculptor Z. Tsereteli and many others.

As a result, in Moscow in four years a worthy architectural monument, for the work on which the authors were awarded a state prize.

Despite the fact that participation in the 1980 Olympic Games was boycotted by most of the capitalist states, many guests and participants gathered.

As conceived by the creators, the hotel and tourist complex was supposed to be associated with the Olympic Games at all levels: both in spatial embodiment and in color. The Olympic rings were taken as a basis - symbols of the continents of the Earth. That is why the Izmailovo hotel is a complex of five high-rise buildings of 30 floors each, two of which are connected by ends. And the names of the buildings were given by the letters of the Greek alphabet: Alpha, Beta, Vega, Gamma-Delta. The buildings of the complex were located around the square where the concert hall was built.

The people called them in the Russian manner - "ABVGD-ykoy". All 5 buildings could simultaneously accommodate up to 10 thousand people, which was recorded in the Guinness Book of World Records. Of course, during the construction of such an object of international importance, the Hi-tech At that time, the interior of the hotel and its equipment were in line with international safety and service standards.

So, the hotel heat supply system in its capacity is not inferior to three district boiler houses. During the construction of Izmailovo, innovative developments of Soviet scientists were also applied: a system for automatic registration of numbers, mechanical dust removal. The developers have also introduced a fundamentally new system of ventilation and air conditioning, sprinkler fire extinguishing.

After the Olympic Games, Izmailovo was transferred to the department of hotels of the USSR and the buildings were opened to accommodate ordinary citizens and guests of the capital. Later, the hotel complex also hosted participants in mass and all-Union international events - the Goodwill Games, the Festival of Youth and Students, the Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR. According to the Soviet classification, the Izmailovo service level corresponded to the Inturservice level.

After the collapse of the USSR, a period of reforms began, and the Izmailovo hotel complex did not escape the problems of that time: the centralized management of the hotel complex and budgetary funding stopped. It should be noted that the management of the Izmailovo hotel made a not a bad decision - the enterprise was corporatized and put up for a privatization auction for loans for shares, and, moreover, not in full, but in buildings. This move allowed potential buyers to privatize hotel buildings in parts more profitably. Thus, Izmailovo in the structure of the hotel business in the 90s began to be positioned as 5 independent hotel enterprises. This division in the conduct of commercial and economic activities still exists, but Muscovites still perceive their beloved "ABVGDake" as a single hotel complex.

At present, all buildings of the Izmailovo hotel and tourist complex correspond to a three-star level of service according to international certification.

Two stars - hotel "Slavyanka"

The Slavyanka Hotel is also a hotel with a history. This year she turned 77 years old, most of which she was known as the hotel of the Central House of the Soviet Army (CDSA), becoming "Slavyanka" only in 1995.

It was built on the site of the demolished church of John the Warrior on Bozhedomka. The place itself was associated with the army.

Many famous military leaders, in particular, A.I. Pokryshkin, I.N. Kozhedub, stayed at the Slavyanka Hotel at different times. During the Great Patriotic War, the most distinguished front-line soldiers who came to the capital to receive government awards, underwent rehabilitation after treatment in hospitals, were accommodated here. At this time in the history of the hotel there were moments when folding beds were even in the corridors. The future generals and marshals of our army spent many nights there. The French pilots of the Normandie-Niemen regiment also lived here.

Fighting comrades could find lost comrades. The heroes of the defense of the Brest Fortress often met there. There is a lot of evidence of chance encounters of veterans who thought they would never see each other.

The current management of "Slavyanka" would like to have a corner of the hotel's history, but so far it cannot find many important documents... For more than 60 years the hotel was a structural subdivision of the Central House of the Soviet Army, but there is not a word about it in the documents. Only orders on personnel have survived.

Muscovites and guests of the capital, who pass by the gray seven-story building, at the entrance to which there are sculptures of a pilot and a tankman in the uniform of the 30s of the last century, believe that inside the military hotel has not changed much since its opening.

The film crews of the historical film even approached the management of "Slavyanka" with a request to shoot in old interiors. Imagine the director's surprise when it turned out that practically nothing remained of the hostel-hotel, which it had been for many years, from the old pre-war and post-war situation. Perhaps only the sculptures at the entrance, which have become a striking landmark of "Slavyanka" and near which both domestic guests and foreigners love to be photographed.

And today every guest is welcome in Slavyanka, but the special attitude here, of course, is to the servicemen and their families. It offers visitors - 305 comfortable rooms of various categories. The Slavyanka Hotel has a convenient location: in the city center, not far from the Theater of the Russian Army and the Olympic sports complex. At the same time, prices for accommodation are affordable for many.

Congress hotel - "Iris Congress Hotel"

For many decades, the concept of progress in medicine was associated with the name of Svyatoslav Fedorov. In the sixties, he set about solving the most difficult medical and social problem - replacing the clouded lens with an artificial one. And in the late seventies he offered the world another innovative technology - getting rid of patients from myopia with the help of incisions ("notches") on the cornea.

After multifaceted experimental research, Svyatoslav Nikolaevich carried out the first successful implantation of an intraocular lens in the USSR, thereby opening a new direction in science. The following decades proved the promising nature of his chosen scientific direction. Only in Russia S.N. Fedorov and his students performed about 1.5 million such operations.

However, few people know that Svyatoslav Fedorov was involved in the opening of the first world-class chain hotel in the USSR.

In 1989, he decided to build a luxurious hotel at the Eye Microsurgery MNTK for wealthy foreign clients who came to Moscow to undergo eye surgery. The French company Bouygues was invited to design and build the hotel.

The Iris project was the first for the company in Russia. Later, Bouygues had many successful projects in the Russian Federation - construction shopping centers "Atrium" and "Mega Belaya Dacha", as well as the reconstruction of the Main building of Moscow State University in Moscow, the building of the Hyatt hotel in Yekaterinburg, etc.

Fedorov assumed that foreign citizens would be more willing to come to the USSR if they were offered all the conditions for living at the highest level.

The architecture of the hotel was unique to Russia. The exterior cladding of the hotel was associated with many coastal hotels world resorts.

In addition, for the first time, a huge atrium was realized in the hotel, with a dome shaped like an iris of the eye. And the hotel itself was shaped like a human eye.

The French chain Accor was involved in the management of the hotel. It was one of the first foreign operators on the nascent Russian market. The French ran the hotel under the luxury brand Pullman Iris 5 *, which at the beginning of 1991 opened its doors to its first guests.

Some of the name of the object was associated with the Latin word "iris", which means the iris of the eye, others deciphered the names of Fedorov's wife, Irena, and himself, Slava, as capital letters.

In 1993 the management company changed the hotel brand to a more democratic one - Sofitel Iris 5 *.

In times of scarcity, many citizens came to Iris to get acquainted with French cuisine, as the Champs-Elysees restaurant functioned on the ground floor, where one could enjoy oysters and beaujolais.

However, after the collapse of the USSR and the success of Japanese doctors in the field of ophthalmology, Fedorov's plans collapsed like a house of cards. Iris never saw the influx of wealthy, visually impaired guests. And in 1998 the Accor chain withdrew from the project, and the hotel, the construction of which was carried out with credit funds, went under the hammer after the tragic death of Fedorov.

However, with the development of the hotel business in Russia, it became clear that the hotel, which is located far from the city center (Korovinskoe shosse, building 10), can in no way be called a "five-star" hotel. The hotel is changing owners who are transforming the management system in an effort to find the Iris niche in the market. The hotel was renamed into Iris Congress Hotel.

The emphasis on conferences and events has been a salvation for the hotel's economy. Positioning in this perspective has doubled the object's revenue. Introduced in the mid-2000s new owner Amtel Properties is increasing its focus on congress services.

And the fact that a registry office operates next to the hotel has provided the Iris Congress Hotel with orders for weddings and other holidays for years to come. Since in terms of the ratio of quality and services provided, few of the capital's hotels can compete with Iris.

An interesting fact is that in one of the halls of the hotel Fedorov planned to build an operating room. And according to legend, he managed to carry out several successful operations in it.

For all 20 years, famous people have become its guests: prominent politicians, scientists, musical groups, domestic and foreign pop stars, eminent coaches and athletes - participants in the Formula 1 race, famous football, basketball and hockey teams.

And now the hotel retains its individuality and history. Thus, the unique architecture and interiors attract the attention of not only guests, but also cinema figures - feature films and serials are regularly filmed within the walls of the hotel.

The hotel has 201 rooms, including 20 two-room suites and one presidential one. The Iris also includes: a fitness center, 12 conference rooms and meeting rooms, a multifunctional transforming hall with a stage, a business center, parking and several barbecue lawns.

Anastasia Kremenchuk

The architectural and planning organization of hotel structures is an important factor in their functioning, architectural features, much clearer than the planning of hotel structures, significantly distinguishes them against the background of structures of a different functional profile.

The architecture of the hotel is, to a certain extent, a factor in its self-promotion. Individual hotels are known all over the world for the originality of architecture expressed in the form of the structure, facade decoration, height of the building, the use of building materials - one of the highest in Europe Westin Rotterdam hotel (Netherlands), Royal Olympic Hotel (Greece) with terraces on glass façade with plantings of decorative trees, etc. Together, the architectural features play the role of a cultural and aesthetic factor in the development of the territory - the hotel building harmoniously complements the local architectural flavor or creates an architectural contrast to the local architectural planning and a certain aesthetic discomfort.

The architectural and planning features of the hotel are an important economic factor in their development. The type of planning and development is significantly associated with the cost of improving the surrounding area, deductions for use land plot(land tax, rent etc.)., Maintenance and repair of the building, etc.

The architectural and planning characteristics of the hotel affect the features of the institution's equipment with engineering and technical means, an important factor in the safety of living for guests and work for staff. In large hotels, there is a need for additional security measures due to human, natural, and technical factors.

Together, the architectural and planning organization of hotels is also affected by a number of factors, among which the main ones are: the historical type of the building, the place in urban development, the nature of the natural landscape, the category of the hotel, economic, ethnic characteristics of the region.

Majority modern hotels built in the XIX-XX centuries. Their construction was especially intensive after the Second World War. The expansion of the network of hotel enterprises, including those of considerable size, was explained by the growing importance of tourism, business activity, and the widespread use of new technologies and materials, primarily reinforced concrete, in construction.

V architectural style European and American hotels of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. a characteristic feature is the desire to give the facades of buildings a representative look, which is evidence of the comfort and high economic efficiency of the accommodation facility. In the design of the exterior composition, a significant number of architectural and decorative elements were used, which met the requirements of the increased monumentality of the facade. The mosaic composition of the facade was associated with the use of classical elements - columns, arched passages, torn pediments, which emphasized the monumentality of the building and were not inferior to the palaces of the second half of the 19th century. The architecture of the hotels built during this period (Piccadilly Hotel (London), Victoria (Amsterdam), Premier Palace (Kiev), Grand Hotel (Lvov)) corresponded to the then aesthetic preferences of Europe. New principles of planning organization and finishing materials were used in the interior. Then a typical for modern hotels layout scheme of the first floor was formed: in the center there was a lobby with a grand staircase hall, right there, or in the semi-basement, there was a restaurant, administrative and utility rooms, on the other floors there were living rooms. Hotels of this period in the architectural and planning composition of the appearance, the layout of residential and non-residential premises, size, as a rule, differ significantly from the buildings of hotels built after the Second World War.

The architecture of modern hotels, built from the mid 60s of the XX century. associated with the overall process of urbanization. In the architecture of accommodation establishments, this process is reflected in the construction of multi-storey architectural forms designed to serve a large number of guests. An example is the MGM Grand hotel in Las Vegas (USA) with 5505 beds, today it is considered the largest hotel in the world. In the construction of this hotel, reinforced concrete was used, in the outer cladding - glass, the internal space is rationally planned, equipped with a complex system of engineering communications, various types of catering establishments, and auxiliary service enterprises.

Hotel complexes are becoming more widespread - hotels consisting of two or more spatially separated buildings with a system of institutions for diverse infrastructure support - food, games, entertainment, exhibition and other institutions. Hotel complexes of the atrium type, typical of outstanding business centers, are especially grandiose. resort centers and gambling centers. The atrium type of architectural and planning forms of hotels was started with the construction of the Hyatt Regency hotel in 1967 p. in Atlanta (USA). The hotel has the shape of a square with an internal atrium (courtyard) covered with a glass ceiling on the 22nd floor. The space of the greened atrium is distinguished by storey galleries, an elevator hall with glass elevator cabins. The inner space of the atrium is organized as a miniature town with recreation areas, restaurants, retail outlets, sports grounds, etc.

A significant role in the architectural and planning organization of hotels is played by their location in urban development: in the center of the city, on its outskirts, a number of outstanding objects of urban infrastructure (historical and architectural monuments, departmental institutions, cultural institutions, etc.)., In a suburban or park area recreation.

The location of the hotel in the city center necessitates organic conformity with the architectural ensemble of the street, square, and neighboring buildings. Together, the hotel building is often the main architectural accent in the development of the microdistrict, it stands out for the number of storeys, the originality of the architecture, which emphasizes the prestige of the hotel complex.

The construction of the hotel in the central closure of the urban area determines the compact form of the structure. The configuration of the building site determines the choice of the planning type of the accommodation establishment. Most of the hotels in the central part of cities are characterized by multi-storey buildings; the base of the building is often rectangular, trapezoidal, and trefoil-shaped.

Economic factors are reflected in the rationality of the design of the hotel structure, in particular on the planning structure of residential floors, rooms, premises for service personnel, elevator and staircase halls, horizontal and vertical communications, connections between floors and rooms within one floor, ultimately on the cost of time , ease of use of premises of various functional groups.

The buildings of the hotel located in the historical part of the city must correspond to its architectural type. For example, the building of the hotel "K + K Hotel Central" is located in the historical part Old Prague, next to the Powder Tower, is identical in architectural composition with a residential building of the 17th-19th centuries. Some hotels can be located in architectural monuments, or are included in the architectural and tourist complex of the city. For example, the Eisenhut hotel in the city of Tauber (Germany) is exclusive in terms of its location in a monument of late medieval architecture of the 15th-18th centuries.

The location of the hotel in an urban or suburban recreation area combines the architecture of the building with the features of the surrounding natural landscape, contributes to the combination of business relations and recreation. In particular, the hotel "Duin Kruidberq Country Estate", located in national park near Amsterdam (Netherlands), among a picturesque forest on the coast of the lake, combines the unique features of the local natural landscape and architecture of the pseudo-Gothic style.

In places with limited building space, construction technologies are used when the ground floors are reduced in size, and the length and area of residential floors increase with height. For example, in the 11-storey hotel "Du Lac" in Tunis (Tunisia), each next floor with a height overhangs the previous one.

Closed urban development has led to the development of compact multi-storey (cylindrical, conical) hotel buildings with central planning. Such architecture, for example, has a 36-storey hotel tower " Holiday Inn»In Ausburzi (Germany). Rooms in the hotel are located from the 1st to the 11th floor, common areas - on the last or in the basement and basement floors. This planning scheme is typical for most tower hotels.

Different purposes of tourist trips have led to the emergence of multifunctional hotels combined with institutions of a different purpose: administrative and commercial institutions, educational and congress centers, concert and exhibition halls, etc. In particular, this combination is typical for the World Trade Center in Moscow, in the structure of which two hotels (apartment and atrium type), a business center with an exhibition and congress hall, premises for offices and trade. The tourist complex "Kievan Rus" in Kiev covers two hotels, tourist agency and a congress hall.

The hotels are located in tourist and recreational areas among natural landscapes, characterized by a direct connection of architectural and planning forms with the surrounding relief. The nature of the natural landscape predetermines the choice of architectural forms, among which are distinguished:

- Architectural forms that fit the landscape, for example, the hotel for tourists and sportsmen "FJELLGARDEN" in Sweden consists of four buildings in the form of hills, which in appearance resemble snowy hills;

- Contrasting the architecture of a tourist hotel with a landscape or relief. According to this approach, two variants of dominance are used: in the first, the emphasis is on the landscape - the Blue Bay hotel in Crimea; in the second, the accent is a hotel, for example, the Skalny hotel in Crimea, clearly expressed by its size in the relief of the natural landscape;

- Subordination of landscape architecture - in this approach, natural landscape forms and architectural forms harmoniously merge. For example, the architecture of the Steigenberger Hotel Gstaad-Seanen (Switzerland) repeats the relief as much as possible with a complex of closed buildings of different heights, the composition of the roofs of which reproduces the silhouette of the surrounding mountain ranges.

Hotels within tourist and recreational centers with other tourist establishments are more often combined into tourist complexes. According to specialization, the following types of tourist complexes are distinguished: youth tourist complex - includes a tourist hotel, tourist base, tourist station, tourist camp; tourist and sports complex - tourist hotel, tourist base, sports and health camp; mountain sports tourist complex - tourist hotel, tourist base, ski station; water sports tourist complex - tourist hotel, water base (aquatel, flotel), water station (boat).