SELECTING AREA OF TRAVEL

It is best to start tourism in your area or region. These initial local trips will not require large financial costs for transport and equipment, a long time for entrances. After hiking in your own region, it is more interesting to get acquainted with other regions of the country.

The travel area is chosen depending on the interests and tastes of the participants. When choosing a region, the availability of convenient access routes, the time required for travel, transport and other costs are also taken into account.

To simplify the organization of travel, the Central Tourist Board has developed a "List of classified tourist routes" for all types of tourism in various areas Soviet Union, These routes are built based on settlements, tourist and mountaineering bases, meteorological and research stations, trading posts and hunting and fishing camps.

GROUP COMPLETION

The correct staffing of the group is one of the main conditions for a successful and trouble-free trip.

Usually the idea of ​​a hike occurs in 1-2 enterprising tourists. They choose a travel area, outline the initial version of the route, and then talk about their intentions at a meeting of the tourist section or place an ad in a wall newspaper, a large circulation newspaper.

Participants of the future campaign must be selected carefully, preferably from one production team. They should have approximately the same age and physical fitness, common interests, more or less equal knowledge and tourist skills.

As a rule, there is the main backbone of the group - 2-3 people who traveled together on several trips. The rest of the team is selected from tourists of their own or other teams.

Tourist groups are also organized on a family basis: parents travel with children - older students. 2-3 families can also unite.

A completed group should start studying the route and area of ​​the trip in a timely manner, prepare equipment, conduct joint training, and work out tourist equipment. During the preparation period, participants get to know each other better. The task is to rally a team capable of fulfilling the planned trip plan before going on the route.

"Rules for the organization of amateur tourist trips on the territory of the USSR" established that groups for travel |, ||, III categories of complexity should consist of at least 4 people, and for trips IV and V categories of at least 6 people. Ski trips in taiga conditions and regions of the North, when the routes pass away from the roads and away from settlements conducted by a group of at least 8 people.

A smaller group will not be able to provide security measures on its own. In the event of an accident or an accident with at least one participant, it does not guarantee assistance to the victim, being unable to evacuate him to the nearest settlement. Too much large group complicates the journey. It is difficult to choose the terms of the trip that would satisfy everyone. Someone is forced to rush and pull the rest. In addition, it is not easy to arrange an overnight stay for a group of 12-15 people in a village. Participants have to be placed in several houses, which violates the economic structure of the group, undermines discipline. When moving along a trail or ski track, a large group is greatly stretched, which makes it difficult for the leader to follow the participants. It takes a lot of time to overcome various natural obstacles, and the pace of movement slows down significantly.

In an excessively large group, the lack of proper control by the leader of all participants during the movement, lack of organization and violation of the established order can cause accidents.

As an exception, groups of 20-40 people, made up of members of one production team, may be allowed to perform a specific task to study an entire area or conduct a training tourist gathering. In this case, the entire detachment is divided into squads (groups) of 8-10 people.

All participants in the future campaign must clearly understand its goals and actively prepare for it.

Depending on the type of tourism, they should be able to ski well, ride bicycles, and tourists going on a water or water-walking trip should be able to swim and row.

Requirements for leaders and participants of travel are set out in the "Rules for the organization of amateur tourist trips through the territory of the USSR."

Group leaders are responsible for timely preparation and provision of equipment, for discipline, organization of tourists and trouble-free travel.

A weekend trip can be led by a tourist who has experience in participating in such trips, possesses basic tourist skills and is familiar with the simplest security measures.

Tour leaders of the I category of complexity must have experience in managing weekend trips, and leaders of trips of II, III, IV and V categories of complexity - experience in managing a trip one category lower and experience in participating in a trip of the same category of complexity for this type of tourism.

In water travel on several ships, senior officers are allocated on each of them, ensuring coordinated actions and following the instructions of the group leader.

Participants of trips of the 1st category of complexity must have experience of participating in weekend hikes. Two-thirds of the members of the group in a trip of II, III, IV and V categories of complexity must have at least experience of participating in trips one category lower in the same type of tourism, the rest of the tourists - two categories lower.

Participants of ski trips of II and III categories of difficulty must have experience of field overnight stays in winter conditions.

Leaders of mountain trips involving the passage through high mountain passes must have experience of participating in the passage of a pass of a similar category of complexity and experience of leading a passage through a pass to a category lower than planned.

Leaders and participants of high-mountain trips must comply with the requirements of the "Rules for conducting mountaineering events in the USSR".

The leader and participants of the trip are obliged to: be able to use tourist equipment; be familiar with natural obstacles and know how to overcome them; master the technique of orientation and movement in various terrain and weather conditions, organization of field overnight stays; be able to develop a travel plan, the main route and its alternate options, as well as a traffic schedule; be able to provide safety precautions and communication with settlements and the organization that sent the group on a trip.

The experience of travel of any category of complexity and management required above applies only to any one type of tourism. As an exception, the experience of a hiking trip of the 1st category of difficulty can be equated to the experience of a mountain or ski trip of the 1st category of difficulty.

As soon as the group is completed, it is necessary to distribute responsibilities among the participants. At the same time, their tourist and professional experience, physical data and practical skills should be taken into account. Strict economic specialization of each tourist is especially important in winter trips.

Responsibilities are distributed among the other participants: deputy head, treasurer, supply manager, medical instructor. In addition, those responsible for repairing equipment, keeping a diary, collecting herbarium or mineral collections, a meteorologist, cameraman, photographer, etc. can be appointed. water travel on ships with outboard motors, it is necessary to provide 1-2 motor mechanics.

The team leader leads the preparations for the trip, conducts training with the participants, is responsible for developing the route and preparing the output documentation, and takes care of obtaining official permission for the trip. In the campaign, he is the sole commander and his orders must be carried out unquestioningly.

One of the experienced tourists is chosen as the deputy leader. His orders are also binding on the group, for he acts in accordance with the decisions of the leader.

The caretaker is responsible for food and equipment, keeps a record of them, distributes food and equipment into backpacks, draws up a menu, and takes care of replenishing food on the way.

The treasurer collects money from the participants before the trip, draws up letters of credit, stores the money himself or distributes it to tourists for safekeeping. By order of the head, he makes all cash payments on the way.

The medical instructor acquires, stores and replenishes the first-aid kit, monitors the implementation of sanitary and hygienic rules by the members of the group, and, if necessary, provides first aid to the victim. In preparation for summer travel in the northern and northeastern regions of the country, it takes care of timely encephalitis vaccinations / participants, the purchase and reasonable use of mosquito repellents.

The mechanic-minder in advance "runs" the engine, acquires spare parts for it.

The person responsible for the diary keeps a "chronicle" of the campaign. The diary of the group can be supplemented by entries of other members of the tourist group.

The cameraman, photographer or artist depicts the camping life of the group consistently from beginning to end.

The Equipment Repair Officer manages and stores repair tools and materials and repairs equipment by himself or with teammates.

With a small group, the deputy leader is not elected and the same participants have several responsibilities.

On weekend trips and on simple routes, bivouacs, firewood, cooking and other household chores are usually taken in turn by all members of the group on duty. Everyone should learn to fulfill these easy duties.

If necessary, shifts are set up at night. The attendant maintains the fire, monitors the sleeping comrades, dries their shoes and clothes, prepares breakfast in a timely manner and raises the group. To preserve the strength of the participants and a more complete night's rest, sometimes night shifts are dispensed with. If there are more than 8 people in the group, the leader is released from night duty and special duties when setting up a bivouac. He only controls the actions of the participants and helps them as an instructor.

Responsibilities among tourists are also distributed during preparation for the trip: one prepares documentation for consideration by the route commission, the other organizes written communication with local institutions in the area of ​​the intended trip, the third is responsible for collecting information about the area of ​​the trip, the fourth is for obtaining and manufacturing equipment, the fifth - for the purchase of food, the sixth - for the purchase travel tickets etc. Sometimes such a distribution of responsibilities is not carried out and the group decides all issues jointly.

ROUTE DEVELOPMENT

All participants of the future trip, without exception, are involved in the development of the route.

In many cities there are tourist clubs, children's excursion and tourist stations, large tourist sections at voluntary sports societies. In these institutions you can get advice and the necessary literature.

The travel route must meet certain requirements, only then it will be complete.

First, it must be interesting in a cognitive sense. Depending on the composition of the group and the purpose of the trip, various objects for inspection are planned on the route; historical places, monuments of culture and military glory, archaeological and museum objects, cities and villages, new buildings, etc. Tourists, of course, will get acquainted with the life and way of life of the local population.

Secondly, travel should promote health, improve the physical development of tourists, improve their sports skills, and acquire applied skills. Therefore, the category of complexity of the planned route should correspond to the physical fitness of the hikers and their experience.

Having experience in passing simple routes, you can plan more complex ones - increase the length of the route, include additional natural obstacles in it. When planning to overcome sections of rough terrain, mountain passes, forest areas, the group must rely primarily on their own strength, experience and skill.

But even with good physical preparation, tourists should not get carried away with too long and difficult routes through a deserted area, as this will complicate the journey, deprive the opportunity to get acquainted with the objects planned for inspection, violate the timing of the trip, cause physical and moral overwork of the participants.

Routes can be linear, circular or radial. Radial exits are made from the main route to inspect various objects.

The third requirement for the route is the availability of short railway, automobile or water (steamboat) entrances. It is necessary to adhere to the rule according to which the time for the entrances to the route and for the return trip, as well as transport costs, should not exceed 20-30% of the time and money spent on the entire trip.

When developing a route, the group roughly determines the category of its complexity, using the standards of the "Rules for organizing amateur tourist trips on the territory of the USSR" or comparing their route with similar routes from the "List of Classified Routes".

The development of the route takes place approximately according to the following plan. After the travel area is selected, a point is determined that can be reached using rail, water, road or horse-drawn transport. Then a point is determined from where it is convenient to return home using the above transport. The route line should connect the starting and ending points, passing by natural paths (country roads and paths, river and stream valleys, mountain passes, equipped crossings through water barriers) through settlements and various bases. Intermediate settlements and bases will serve as strongholds for the group. In them, she can plan overnight stays and days, repair equipment and replenish food supplies.

If some sightseeing objects remain away from the main line of the route, then radial routes are laid to them. In this case, part of the cargo can be temporarily left for storage at the strong point.

The route is drawn on the map, all possible sections with natural obstacles are identified, ways to overcome them are determined and the total mileage is calculated.

Taking into account the pace of movement possible for this group, the presence of natural obstacles on the route, the location of settlements and sightseeing objects, the degree of physical fitness of the participants and the weight of their backpacks, a movement schedule is outlined on the map.

However, it should be remembered that the daytime transition and its difficulty depend not only on the mileage and weight of the backpack, but also on the terrain, forest coverage, snow conditions, wind direction and strength, and other circumstances.

In the first days of the trip (especially in difficult hikes), the mileage is small, since the weight of the backpacks is still large, and the participants are not sufficiently involved in the work. The first day trip is done after 2-3 days of travel, after the need for additional adjustment and repair of equipment has been revealed. In a ski trip, days are often arranged depending on meteorological conditions. If the weather is favorable at the beginning of the trip, tourists, as a rule, do not arrange day trips, accumulating a reserve of time for the following days, when the weather may worsen and forced stops will have to be made.

At the end of the route, the mileage, according to the schedule, decreases again. There is a gradual relaxation of the body after heavy loads. In addition, there is some reserve time in case of violation of the schedule due to unforeseen circumstances.

EXPLORE THE AREA OF TRAVEL

The study of the travel area usually occurs simultaneously with the development of the route.

Tourists should familiarize themselves in detail with the geographical, economic and other features of the travel area, using scientific and fiction literature, geographical descriptions and directories, meteorological observations, navigation of rivers and lakes, reports of tourist groups that have visited the area.

Participants of the future trip should get an idea in advance about the terrain, temperature fluctuations in the area of ​​the trip, the amount of precipitation, the most likely weather during the period scheduled for the trip (if possible, ask for a weather forecast), find out the location of excursion objects, etc.

When planning a trip to an area rarely visited by tourists, it is necessary to establish written communication with local institutions and public organizations. When reporting on the planned dates for the campaign, the group should request information that will help prepare for it: about the availability and nature of means of communication and means of communication, about the possibility of acquiring food and equipment on the spot, about the prices existing there, etc. Finding out these questions, you need find out what kind of socially useful work on the route local organizations consider desirable.

Such requests are best made through your institutions or sports organizations. Along with this, you can start a correspondence with school teachers, hunters, foresters. If there is a tourist section at any point of the route, it is advisable to establish a connection with it. A detailed preliminary study of the hiking area is necessary not only in order to see and learn more, but also to ensure the safety of the trip itself.

OBTAINING A TRAVEL PERMIT

According to the “Rules for organizing amateur tourist trips on the territory of the USSR”, all tourist groups going on amateur hikes along routes of any complexity must obtain permission from their physical education team and have a conclusion from the route qualification commission on the readiness of the group to travel.

A travel document for tourist groups on hikes in complexity below category I - itinerary sheet. Route sheets are numbered, registered and issued to groups by organizations conducting the trip. After the end of the trip, the group leaders return the route sheets to the organizations that issued them.

A travel document for tourist groups traveling along routes of I-V categories of difficulty is a route book. Forms of route books are numbered by tourism councils and issued to travel organizations.

Tourist group preparing for Journey I-V categories of complexity, submits an application book to the relevant route-qualification commission. The application book is certified by the organization conducting the trip, and for combined groups - by the club of tourists or the tourism council.

The application book indicates the travel plan, route and its options; a list of personal and group equipment, a diet and an estimate of expenses are given; a list of participants in the trip and the distribution of responsibilities in the group are given; lists measures in case of unforeseen circumstances and accidents, deviations from the route and the traffic schedule; safety measures are provided in case of a sharp deterioration in the weather.

Travel plan. The plan indicates the main tasks of the trip (cognitive, sports, socially useful), specifies socially useful and local history work on the way, lists the sightseeing objects that are supposed to be visited, contains data on the route, timetable, etc.

The list of participants in the trip and sports characteristics are compiled according to the form: the age, occupation and place of work of tourists, home and business addresses, tourist experience, experience in passing routes in this type of tourism (indicate the area of ​​the trip, the main points of the route, the timing of the passage, as whom participated in the campaign), the presence of categories in related sports, etc. The leader, in addition, must indicate which specific campaigns he led.

Meals on the route. Knowing the calorie content of various foods, their content of proteins, fats, carbohydrates and vitamins, as well as the estimated daily energy costs on the route, the group makes up a diet. The type of tourism, the season, the complexity of the route, the financial capabilities of the participants and the actual availability of a particular range of products are taken into account.

The document on catering should indicate the weight and cost of the daily ration per person, the total weight of products for each tourist and for the entire group, a list of products purchased before the trip, and products that are planned to be purchased on the way.

Costings. When preparing for a trip, the group must correctly account for their financial expenses. The estimate indicates the main items of expenditure: the purchase of tickets to the starting point of the route and to return home; payment for transport on the route, purchase of products, purchase and manufacture of the necessary equipment, payment for overnight stays in settlements, purchase of tickets to museums, theaters, cinema, purchase of photographic materials, writing materials. It is necessary to have a reserve in the amount of 10-15% of the total expenses. The main share of expenses usually falls on the purchase of products and payment for transport.

Equipment list. Depending on the type of tourism, the season and the area of ​​travel, they purchase special group and personal equipment, as well as repair equipment. Properly selected high-quality equipment is the key to a successful trip. The list indicates the actual availability of equipment.

A map of the route with a planned line of march is attached to the plan. The scheme should show the proposed places of lodging for the night and days. In addition to the main one, an alternate route option is planned (in case the main one cannot be completed). The scale of both diagrams attached to the plan must be the same.

The diagram must be accompanied short description the most difficult sections of the path and the proposed ways to overcome them.

Communication order. To ensure a trouble-free trip, it is necessary to carefully consider all issues of communication between the group and the institution that approved the route, to outline and indicate the target dates for the trip, the points from which tourists will send telegrams, letters, radiograms.

The route qualification commissions, which include experienced tourists, check the correctness of the route development, the compliance of the tourist experience of the participants and the head of the difficulty group of the chosen route, the correct selection of equipment, the calculation of meals, etc. In addition to a thorough check, the commission gives advice on the preparation of documentation, travel and safety measures on the route.

After a thorough review of the submitted materials and a conversation with the participants of the future trip, the route-qualification commission gives its opinion, drawing it up in the form of a protocol in the application book. The protocol is signed by the chairman of the commission (or his deputy).

The route-qualification commission may oblige a group going on a trip of II-IV categories of complexity to conduct a one- or two-day training trip to check its actual readiness and, in case of poor preparation of tourists, prohibit the trip.

On the basis of the application book, the organization conducting the trip issues a route book to the tourist group, signed by the responsible person of this organization and certified with a seal. Application books are stored in organizations that issued route books.

Tourist groups that have a travel permit and have issued itinerary books can first of all receive advice, a map and a description of the route, as well as equipment (for rent) and products for cash at the tourist base or in the camp.

PREPARATION OF THE GROUP TO GO TO THE ROUTE

Preparation of a tourist trip consists not only in the acquisition of a group, the acquisition and manufacture of equipment, the purchase and packaging of food, required documents for the route-qualification commission. It should ensure a meaningful and safe trip. Long before entering the route, the group must begin systematic physical training and work out the elements of sports (rowing, cycling, skiing) and tourist (working with a map and compass, setting up a bivouac, overcoming natural obstacles, etc.) techniques. It is desirable that the group take part in competitions for the championship of their team, district or city in orienteering. 1-2 months before the trip, the group conducts joint training, at first passing short distances and without cargo, and 1-2 weeks before they make a test trip with full gear and with all equipment for a distance equal to that planned on the first day of the trip.

In preparation for a difficult winter journey, a test hike is necessarily combined with an overnight stay in the field to check the quality and fit of equipment, the ability to quickly set up a bivouac and cook food in the field, and the physical endurance of the participants.

Such a trip is organized as follows. On the eve of the day off, a group in regimental strength, with all the necessary equipment, with a backpack layout equal in weight to the layout on the first day of the campaign, leaves the city. After walking a short distance (3-4 km), tourists stop for the night. Slowly put up a tent and stove. At the same time, all participants study their design, installation procedure and practical use of them. The next day, the group operates according to the daily routine planned for the trip. It is advisable to walk 12-14 km on this day, check the tactics and technique of movement on virgin snow, bushes, on country roads and other characteristic places. The test hike ends 1.5-2 hours before dark. All detected shortcomings must be eliminated in the time remaining before the trip.

All members of the group not earlier than a month before departure for the route must undergo a medical and physical examination and obtain a doctor's permission to participate in a trip of this category of complexity,

CONTROL OVER INDIVIDUAL HIKING

The organization that sends a tourist group on a trip is fully responsible for its preparation and conduct. It also organizes search and rescue operations, if necessary.

Control over the conduct of weekend trips and trips is carried out by the councils of physical education groups, sports clubs, tourist clubs and sections, local tourism councils and DSO with the active participation of Komsomol and trade union organizations.

Before going on difficult hikes, tourist groups, no later than two weeks before leaving for the route, inform through their organizations to the regional (territorial, republican) tourism council, in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bwhich the trip will take place, the authorized Central Tourism Council for this area or the head of the control rescue service, the control date for the return of the group and the exact route, indicating the time of passage of individual sections.

Direct control over the passage of complex routes by a group is carried out by the organization that allowed the trip.

When carrying out trips of all categories of complexity, the group is obliged to make notes about the passage of the route in local authorities, in local governing Komsomol or physical culture bodies, at camp sites and, as an exception, at post offices. On difficult journeys, the team must also report to their organization that they have passed checkpoints along the route.

JOURNEY SUMMARY

Having completed the journey, the group reports to the tourist section of their team and sports society, to the institution that organized the trip, and to the route qualification commission that issued the travel permit. For trips of the 1st category of complexity, a route book is submitted to the route commission and an oral report is made, for more difficult trips - a route book and a written report, the volume and nature of which are determined by the route-qualification commission. Only after the submission and review of the reports, the trip can be credited and the participants are issued certificates for obtaining the badge "Tourist of the USSR" or registration of the corresponding category.

The need to sum up the results of tourist trips is dictated not only by the desire to promote tourism. Its main goal is to summarize the experience of preparing and conducting trips, the experience of socially useful work on the road, to identify shortcomings for eliminating them in the future.

A certain order of summing up the results of the trip was established. Usually, having finished the trip, tourists discuss the route they have traveled on the way back, analyze the deviation from the plan that has occurred, the mistakes made by the group or individual participants, and evaluate the role of the leader and his assistants.

It is advisable to make a detailed oral report at a meeting of the tourist section of a sports society (or in a city club of tourists) no later than one and a half to two months after returning from a hike. By this time, you need to draw up and issue a written report and photo albums, develop and edit a movie. The report should be accompanied by a display of photographs, a demonstration of amateur films, samples of equipment used in the campaign, collected collections of minerals, herbariums, etc. The basis for a written report and the preparation of an oral report at the section is a travel diary.

The report is presented in sections.

In chapter " general characteristics hike area” describes the geographical features of the area, terrain, climate, amplitude of probable temperature fluctuations; provides information on the amount of precipitation and the main periods of precipitation, wind direction, information on the hydrographic network (rivers, lakes), river flow rates, depths, slopes, rapids and rifts, soil, flora and fauna, information on the presence of edible and medicinal plants; data are reported on the possibility of hunting and fishing, the presence of minerals, the state of the road network and the improvement of settlements.

Information about the population, the peculiarities of their work and life, the economic and cultural development of the travel area is presented in detail. It is necessary to provide data on previously conducted hikes here, paved routes, places of interest and other sightseeing objects.

When compiling this section, maximum use should be made of available literature on the area, advice from competent persons and reports from other tour groups. At the end of the section, give a list of references, indicate the names of consultants, their addresses (or telephone numbers).

In the section "Preparation for the trip" a list of group members is placed, their tourist experience is characterized, the most interesting and difficult routes passed by them are listed, the distribution of responsibilities is given; the reason for choosing this area for the trip, the procedure for developing the route, the goals and objectives set for the group in this trip are indicated; it is indicated from which organizations which tasks were accepted and how they were performed

Lists the diet, stock of food, place of purchase and cost, a set of medicines and their use on the road.

Planned and actual cost estimates are compared, sources of funds for travel are indicated.

A list and characteristics (purchased, self-made) of individual and group equipment are given; drawings of the most interesting samples of equipment are attached.

Information is provided on the total load of the group and the layout for each participant at the beginning of the route, on the possibility of replenishing food supplies on the way and transporting equipment and cargo by local transport, on checkpoints and deadlines, on measures to ensure accident-free operation, on the method of establishing preliminary written communication with local institutions and organizations of the travel area.

It is reported who considered the route, when it was approved, what is the actual implementation of the travel plan.

In the section "Conducting a hike and technical description route” gives a description of the path traveled, conditions and possibilities of movement, difficult sections of the route (passes, rapids, crossings, etc.) and the methods and means used to overcome natural obstacles, security measures and group actions in difficult conditions. Information is provided on the availability of fuel, water suitable for drinking, and convenient sites for setting up bivouacs, as well as data on the timing of movement, meteorological observations of the weather.

In the “Travel Diary” section, the leader or one of the participants talks about the events of the day, the well-being of the participants, impressions, places of interest, meetings with interesting people, details of camp life, about conducting local history or research work on the trip. The diary contains records of stories of local residents, songs, legends, traditions.

The section “Conclusions about the hike and recommendations for other groups” reports on the category of difficulty of the route traveled, its cognitive value, provides a specific assessment of equipment, tips and recommendations for other groups on choosing routes v area, equipment, movement technique and security measures.

The travel report must be accompanied by a general map with a plotted route and places of accommodation, as well as sketches of the most difficult sections with an indication of the path of their passage.

The report must be illustrated with photographs and drawings describing the difficult sections of the route and the group's actions on them, the nature and sights of the area. The written report should preferably be bound and bound. The recommended report format is a typewritten sheet. One copy of the report must be handed over to the organization that issued the permit for the hike.

LITERATURE

Potresov A. S. Sputnik young tourist. FiS, 1966. Romashkov E. Weekend hikes. FiS, 1967. Arkhangelskaya O. How to choose a tourist route.

Dobkovich V, V. Tourist of the USSR. FiS, 1957.