Where is the attic in ancient greece. History of ancient greece

Everything about Attica: hotels, sea activities, beach holidays and excursions. Author's photos and videos, reviews of tourists. Location of Attica on the map.

The Attica region is geographically divided into two main parts: the capital of Greece with its suburbs and the rest of Attica. Athens - the cultural and intellectual center of antiquity, stands out for its six thousand years of history. This is the city in which such concepts as Democracy and Freedom were born, the city where thousands of scientists and philosophers with their works and research "opened the eyes" of other peoples and is one of the cities that created the Greek civilization. The name of the city comes from the name of the goddess Athena (beloved daughter of Zeus) - the goddess of wisdom and protector of the city.

Attica is washed by the waters of the Gulf of Euboea from the northeast, Petalian from the east and Sardonic from the south. In fact, it is an area of ​​over 3800 square kilometers connecting the Archipelago and the Balkan Peninsula. Its neighbors are the Peloponnese and Megaris to the west, Boeotia to the north. In ancient times, Attica was referred to as a "coastal country", which fully reflects its location on the shores of three bays of the Aegean Sea.

Beaches of Attica

Local resorts delight their guests with well-groomed beaches and a huge number of all kinds of entertainment. Most tourists who want to fully enjoy their Greek summer choose hotels located on the Athenian Riviera as their beach "doing nothing". Very popular with Russian tourists enjoy the following resort villages and cities of Attica:

• Lagonissi: shady lemon groves, golden sand, uplifting sunny aura and clear sea water - what else is needed for people looking for a quality tan and pleasant memories. This resort is considered ideal for vacationers who come to Greece with the whole family. For them, Lagonissi has prepared cozy and inexpensive hotels, various options for fun, all kinds of entertainment on the water.
• Glyfada: but already this resort of Attica is focused on tourists who prefer an upscale European vacation in luxury hotels. Glyfada has extensive golf courses, many establishments that open their doors at nightfall, luxury boutiques and luxury restaurants. The infrastructure of the city is really high-quality and very developed, therefore, as a rule, the “cream” of European society and well-to-do tourists, who do not count the costs of their holidays in Attica, are having fun here.
• Sounion: Greek resort, which is known, first of all, to lovers of effective anti-aging and revitalizing treatments. In local hospitals and hotel centers, the latest preparations from the field of cosmetology are used. They are created from flowers and herbs collected in Attica, algae and salts from the sea, unique minerals that can only be found in this part of Greece. Perhaps, it is in Sounion that there are the most opportunities for a great holiday for those who want to soak up the relaxing body jacuzzi and special pools with programs of "water elixirs".
• Loutraki: Also popular among fans of a healthy lifestyle, the resort of Attica, on the territory of which there are many hydrotherapy centers. They use a wide variety of thermal waters - alkaline, containing the required amount of chlorine, radon. The effect of warm baths and medical treatments is complemented by magnificent landscapes of nature and a mild climate throughout the year. Mental balance and shattered physical strength in Loutraki will return you quickly!

sights

These lands are full of legends and ancient myths, they literally come to life before the admiring eyes of travelers. And it is not difficult at all during your travels to local places of interest to mentally travel back to those times when Greece was ruled not by mortal people, but by the omnipotent ancient deities. We will tell you what to see in Attica in order to see all the "best":

• Temple of Poseidon: a unique structure on Cape Sounion, in which in the old days the Greeks made sacrifices to the formidable and fickle god of the sea, trying to appease him. The sanctuary impresses with its slender columns that frame the massive temple building. This combination of subtlety and power embodies the union of sea and land.
• Daphni Monastery: For many tourists, this is the main attraction of Attica, located about 11 kilometers from the city of Athens. The monastery was built on the site of the pagan sanctuary of Apollo of Daphnia in the 6th century. Currently, the Daphni monastery has the status of a historical monument and is visited daily by thousands of guests of Greece.
• Aegina Island: a small piece of land in the middle of the Sardonic Gulf with a transparent crystal sea ​​water and the most luxurious beaches... This island in Attica is known for the fact that more than 360 temples were erected on it. Now, of course, not a trace has remained of many of them, but the existing historical buildings will fully satisfy the aesthetic and cultural needs of tourists who love antiquity. Also on Aegina there is a slightly mystical Paleochora, called the "ghost town", in which no one has lived for many decades.
• Temple of Demeter (museum): located in Eleusis, it delights tourists with its special aura. The guides will tell you everything about the ancient rites and the purposes for which they were carried out.
• Mount Immitos: It is not the mountain itself that is of interest to travelers, but the monastery that is hidden on it. It is hidden from prying eyes by forests with cypresses, and very close to it flows a magical spring, which is considered to be healing. Resting in Attica and not visiting this mountain is simply unrealistic.
• Hydra Island: Hundreds of thousands of travelers literally fall in love with this islet of Attica, seeing its images on the pages of glossy publications printed specifically for potential guests of local resorts. It is not cheap to rest and relax here; Hydra has long been considered an elite place, which was chosen for themselves by the Greek nouveau riches.

And, of course, you definitely need to take enough time to explore the main city of Attica - Athens with its ultra-modern trade centers, ancient buildings, antique sculptures and other unusual things.

About whose name the city will receive: Poseidon created a horse, Athena gave an olive tree (a source of wealth, since oil was made from its fruits), and the city was named Athens in honor of the goddess. The myth of Theseus is purely Athenian. Legend attributed to this hero the unification of the whole of Attica into one state by merging separate communities into one city. According to legend, Attica was also invaded by the Doryans during the return of the Heraclids (in the middle of the 11th century), but was saved by its king Codrom. The Delphic oracle announced that the side on which the king would be killed would win. Kodr in the clothes of a shepherd made his way into the enemy camp and was killed there. No longer hoping for a victory, the Dorians retreated, and the Athenians announced that after Codru no one could be worthy of the royal dignity. This is how the poetic legend explained abolition of royal power in Athens.

107. Geography of Attica

Attica, the southeastern part of Central Greece, juts out into the sea in a triangle, one side of which adjoins the land. This small country was in a very close proximity to the states in which navigation developed earlier in European Greece. One side of Attica was adjacent to the same Saronic the bay, near which lay Megara and Corinnef and whose waters washed the island Aegina, the other coast of Attica was only separated by a narrow strait from the island of Euboea, on which almost opposite Attica were Chalcis and Eretria. Suni the cape, which forms the southern tip of the country, is closer than other points of the Greek mainland to the Cyclades. Thus the position of Attica on the sea was very favorable for the development of trade, but nevertheless Athens took an active part in the trade of many later the cities of Euboea and Isthmau islands of Aegina. Attica was far from being able to boast of its fertility and did not produce enough bread to feed its inhabitants. The best area was the plain (Pedion) off the Saronic Gulf against the island Salamina: here were the cities Athens and Eleusis, of which one was surrounded by places with horticultural culture(grapes, olives, figs, etc.), and the other lay in the center of that part of the plain where the best grain fields.(This is where the cult of Demeter developed). North and northeastern Attica (Diacria) was filled with mountain spurs and was distinguished by dryness and sterility, as well as the southern coastal part (Paralia). But the mountains of Attica abounded in mineral wealth. Pentelikon in the north he delivered fine white marble, Gimet(famous for its beekeeping) contained a bluish marble, Lavrion in the south it was famous for its silver mines, on the proceeds of which the Athenians later built their first fleet. The Athenian plain was irrigated by the river Kefissom, at one of the tributaries of which, which dried up in summer, and stood main city Attica. Athens was built in a hilly area, and on one of its hills was the Athenian Kremlin, Acropolis, containing the temple of the goddess Pallas Athena and royal palace... The city was from sea ​​coast about seven versts and had three harbors. The oldest of them was Phaleron, but this harbor was open and therefore not as convenient as Munychia and especially Piraeus, which are closed bays on both sides of the isthmus small peninsula(Piraeus).

108. Population of Attica

The population of Attica was assigned to the tribe Ionian and prided himself on never being conquered. Initially, there were several states here (according to legend 12), but they merged into one state, making it the focus of Athena and even settling some of its inhabitants in this common center. (synoikism). In memory of this event, a special holiday was established in Attica, called Panathenes. Also in historical time the inhabitants of Attica were divided into four tribal phyla with three phratries in each, and these phratries and phratries had their own gods and their chiefs. In addition to citizens of the state, newcomers from other places lived in Attica, who were engaged in fishing and trade, who paid taxes and even who were obliged to participate in the army, but were not considered citizens; their name was meteki. Compared to the citizens, there were, of course, much less. The citizens themselves were divided into three classes: landowning nobility, small landowners and artisans. The Athenian nobility was a noble class, or eupatrides(i.e., having good fathers), whose clans occupied a leading position in the life of individual phratries, phyla and the entire state. Free peasants who lived on their small plots were called geomores, artisans - demiurges: geomors and demiurges, taken together, made up the demos.

109. The oldest state structure of Athens

At the head of Athens was originally Tsar, who ruled with advice, consisted of elders of the most important Attic families and bearing the name areopagus. The royal power, however, gradually passed to elected dignitaries, moreover, the very title of the king, however, has never been canceled. First of all, they began to elect a special commander as assistants to the king in the war, polemarch, then they began to entrust part of government and court cases to a special dignitary, archon(to the ruler), who was appointed by the Areopagus, and even later created the office of six judges, fesmofetov. The post of the king after this was limited only to the performance of priestly duties, and basileus the name was no longer the ruler of the state, but the high priest of Athens. Thus, the royal power was divided between nine dignitaries, who all began to be called archons.(In their collegium, the first place belonged not to the Basileus and not to the polemarch, but to the archon-eponym, by whose name the Athenian year was designated). In the middle of the 8th century, when there were only the first three archons, they began to be elected for ten years, and not for life, as before, at the beginning of the 7th century. - only for one year. At first, the choice of the king was made only within one clan, but little by little this title (and in general archonship) became available to all noble families. As the tsarist power split between individual dignitaries, the former tsarist council, Areopagus, on the contrary, got everything more and more meaning. It began to be replenished by archons who performed their duties well and were already becoming lifelong members of this institution. Athens became a real oligarchy, in which the Areopagus was nothing more than the focus of interests, aspirations and traditions of the Eupatrides estate. All religious and government offices were in the hands of the landowning nobility; they owned the interpretation of all divine and human laws; they carried out the judgment, guided exclusively by the old customs and their understanding. It is clear that oligarchic rule could only be the oppression of the demos.

The political history of Attica is a classic example of the emergence of the state. Since ancient times, Athens, the main city of Attica, has been inhabited by a people ethnically close to the Asia Minor Greeks.

Attica, a region of Central Greece, is a peninsula protruding in a triangle into the Aegean Sea and washed from the west by the Saronic Gulf, the Euripus Strait separates it from the island of Euboea. The central region of Attica (Mesogeia) is surrounded by mountain ranges... The Kefis River cuts the valley in two and connects the plain with the sea. On the western coast, Attica has several natural harbors: Faler, Piraeus (Munichia). The nature of the country has had its influence on the history of Attica. Mainly remaining an agricultural country of gardeners, pastoralists, gardeners and beekeepers, Attica in the presence of good bays and harbors developed a great trade and industry, which won her fame throughout the Hellenic world and beyond. Sparta in this respect cannot be compared to any comparison.

The oldest history of Attica is little better known than the history of Sparta. Like Sparta, Attica and Athens have their historical roots in the Cretan-Mycenaean world. In the post-Lemikenian period, Attica was covered with small fortresses of basleys, as evidenced by the remains that have survived to this day. In the myths, the names of the most ancient semi-legendary Attic kings and heroes have been preserved: Kekrop, Aegeus, Theseus, Codra, etc.

In myths and legends, the formation of the Athenian state is presented in the form of a long-term struggle with each other of the Basilees, who were sitting in their policies, scattered across the territory of Attica. Subsequently, this process of struggle began to be imagined in the form of a peaceful unification, or synoykism. Legends say that after he received the royal power Theseus, combining strength with intelligence, he put the country in order, abolished the councils and officials of other cities and united all the inhabitants around one city by means of syneikism, establishing one council and one pritania. In memory of the unification of Attica, an All-Finnish holiday was established Panathenaea, dedicated to the memory of the patroness of the city Pallas Athena, the goddess of war and olive groves. Subsequently, the Panathenaeans became a national holiday, accompanied by games, gymnastic and musical competitions.

Socio-economic system of Attica XII-VIII centuries. can be defined as the Homeric system.

The four tribal unions, or phylae, inhabiting Attica, were divided into phratries, phratries-into clans. According to the general law, the growth of productive forces, the division of labor and exchange disintegrated the tribal organizations, putting forward in their place other organizations - neighboring, professional and property. Longest of all, the tribal organization was preserved among the upper stratum of "noble and rich" aristocrats, who were called in Attica eupatrides, that is, having noble parents.

Athenian landscape.

In the distance, the valley of the Kefisa river and the Aegalean mountain pass with "Sacred road» to Eleusis. To the right is the Erechtheion.

Most of the population was made up of medium and small farmers - geomors, artisans - demiurges, merchants and fetas. The lowest stratum of Attic society was made up of slaves, whose number increased with every century.

Under the influence of the same factors that destroyed the clan, separate localities and clans merged into a single Athenian state. The process of the formation of the Athenian state, long and diverse, ended approximately at the beginning of the 6th century. BC NS.

The unification of Attica, caused by the growth of productive forces, on its part, was a factor contributing to further socio-economic and cultural progress. As well as local customs, institutions, cults, etc., there were general (Athenian) institutions. In this way, Athens from a fortress, the seat of the basileus and his squad, turned into a city-city in its own sense.

The supreme power over the united Attica for several centuries belonged to the Athenian Basilees. Around the VIII century. royal power in Athens disappears. The last Athenian king was, according to legend, Codr. After the abolition of royal power, Athens was headed by rulers elected from the Eupatrides - archons. At first, this post was for life, then the archons were elected for 10 years and, finally, for one year. Initially, only one archon was elected, around the middle of the 6th century. formed college of nine archons: 1) the first archon, archon-eponym, initially had great power, but later his functions were limited; 2) the archon-basileus performed mainly priestly functions, as well as judicial functions in matters related to the cult; 3) the archon-polemarch was the leader of the Athenian militia and 4) six archons of the Thesmophetes - keepers of the law, chairmen of various judicial boards. The archons sent public posts free of charge. Archonism was considered the highest honor and honor not only for the archon himself, but also for his entire family, phratry and phyle, to which he belonged.

Upon completion of their term of office, the archons entered into Areopagus, the supreme council of state. The Areopagus dealt with criminal cases, especially murder cases. The Areopagus was the keeper of traditions, the highest judicial and regulatory body. He belonged to the recommendation and control of the archons. The Areopagus sat on a rock dedicated to the god of war Ares. From here, apparently, the name itself comes.

Archons and members of the Areopagus could only be Eupatrides, members of the most influential Athenian families. Possessing wealth and having at their disposal a mass of servants and dependent people, the Eupatrides could live in Athens and engage in public affairs.

The economic basis of the power of the Eupatrides was the land located in the fertile area near Athens. The remnants of the clan system were still very strong: the land could not be alienated, and all property remained in the clan. However, new relationships were already making themselves felt. Some Eupatrides were engaged in usury and trade, especially since geographical position Afpn, located only 5 kilometers from the sea, predisposed to overseas trade. The number of wealthy and influential aristocratic families in Attica, as in all of Greece in general, decreased with each generation. The monetary economy corrupted not only the clans in the lower strata of Attica, but also captured the upper stratum of the "noble". A smaller part of the Eupatrides grew richer and rose, becoming even more noble and noble, while the larger part grew poorer and fell into the category of the artless. "The clan system is absolutely incompatible with the monetary economy" 1. The further, the more and more gentility became a symbol and sign of wealth. The number of influential Eupatridian clans and families in Athens in the 8th-7th centuries, on the eve of the great reforms, was small, but they had wealth, strength and power in their hands.

The impact of the ongoing economic changes - the growth of the money economy and the growth of slavery - was most painfully felt in the countryside. The trade and usury that penetrated the countryside mercilessly broke the patriarchal relations consecrated by deep antiquity, inseparable from the natural economy.

"... The developing monetary economy penetrated, like a corrosive acid, into the primordial way of life of rural communities based on subsistence farming."

The position of the rural masses, geomors and fetas, in the 7th-6th centuries. in Attica it was extremely difficult, both materially and legally. There is absolutely definite evidence of this from our main sources, the Athenian Polity of Aristotle and Plutarch (in the biography of Solon). Despite the well-known schematism and one-sidedness of their coverage, the very fact of the ruin of the Attic village is beyond doubt. The main scourge of the countryside was usury and the growing slavery, which supplanted free labor.

Plutarch and Aristotle report that in Attica, on the eve of the Solonian reforms (6th century), a large number of small landowners were in debt to the wealthy Eupatrides. Debtors cultivated the land of the rich or took money on the security of their own person. Lenders had the right to enslave the debtor or sell it abroad.

“The fact is,” says Aristotle in the “Athenian Politics” (“History of the Athenian Constitution”), “that at that time the state system in Athens was oligarchic, the poor were in slavery to the rich, they themselves and their families. They cultivated the lands of the Eupatrides, giving them five-sixths of the income received from the land, and leaving one-sixth for the personal use of themselves and their families. Therefore, they were called six-lovers (hectomores). All the land was in the hands of a few. If the debtors did not pay the payment due from them on time, then they themselves and their family members were allowed to be taken into bondage. "

Against the Eupatrides, who had political power and strength in their hands and firmly held on to the tribal order, not only the enslaved six-lovers, but also other social strata of Attica, including some of the "noble" ones, spoke out. In other words, all the elements of the emerging slave-owning polis, among them a part of the "noble" ones, who for some reason divorced from their class, opposed the rule of the Eupatrides. Class contradictions in the 7th-6th centuries in Attica were as sharp as in other Greek city-states mentioned above.

"The collision of the newly formed social classes is blowing up the old society, which rests on generic alliances" 1.

“The clan system was coming to an end. Society every day grew more and more out of its framework; even the worst negative phenomena that arose before everyone's eyes, he could neither weaken nor eliminate. In the meantime, the state has developed imperceptibly ... "

The long accumulated dissatisfaction with the existing system finally broke through in the form of the so-called Kylon Troubles in the 30s of the 7th century. The essence of the Kylon Troubles is as follows: Kylon, an aristocrat by birth who won the Olympic Games, the son-in-law of the Megarian tyrant Theagenes, was very popular in Athens. Taking advantage of the gathering of people during the holiday in honor of Zeus, Kylon with a group of adherents decided to carry out a coup d'etat in order to seize the supreme power. The adherents of Kylon managed to capture the Acropolis, but they could not stay in it due to the weak support of the people. “Having learned about this, the Athenians rushed from the fields against Cylon and his accomplices and, having settled down at the Acropolis, began to besiege him. The siege dragged on, and most of the Athenians, weary of it, left, leaving the archons to guard Cylon and giving them unlimited powers to do everything else at their own discretion. At that time, most of the administrative functions belonged to the archons. " The Eupatrides were able to quickly organize themselves and laid siege to the Acropolis. Kylon himself managed to escape, and his followers, who sought refuge at the altar of Athena? life was promised if they left the temple. However, this promise was not fulfilled. On leaving the temple, Kylon's accomplices were killed, some even at the altar of the Eumenides.

At the head of the besiegers were representatives of the family Alcmeonides."Kplon's filth" left an indelible mark on the Alcmeonid family. Throughout Athenian history, the Alkmeonids were considered a cursed clan that did not keep their promise to free the besieged and shed blood at the altar of the patron goddess of the city. Their political and personal enemies took advantage of this circumstance at every opportunity.

Kplon's attempted coup d'état failed due to the immaturity of the movement, but still the impetus was given. The class contradictions deepened, and the class struggle intensified with them. The “turmoil” started by Kylon continued after his expulsion. All this indicated that public discontent and unrest in Attica in the middle of the 6th century. were very strong.

The first major concession of the Eupatrides was the publication of written laws -Laws of the Dragon. In 621 one of the archons, Draconus, was commissioned to revise and write down the current customary law. The assignment was carried out. This is how the Draconian Laws came into being.

The laws of the Drakont, according to legend, were distinguished by their extraordinary severity ("draconian laws!"), Which testified to the coarseness and cruelty of the morals of this era. The death penalty was imposed even for such crimes as idleness, theft of vegetables and fruits. "The laws of the Draconis are written not in ink, but in blood," - this is how the Greeks themselves characterized the Drakontian laws. It was said that when the legislator himself was asked why he prescribed the death penalty for almost all crimes, Draconte allegedly replied that minor offenses, in his opinion, deserve this punishment, while for large ones he could not think of more. The punishments for violation of private property rights were especially fierce: theft, arson, murder and other civil offenses.

And nevertheless, for all the ferocity, technical imperfection and primitiveness of legal consciousness, Drakont's laws had a great historical meaning as a victory of the emerging (slave-owning) democratic polis over the elements of the tribal system, they had, if only because some of their articles were definitely directed against blood feud. The upper layer of the demos, in particular the foreigners living in Athens (metekp), received most of the benefits from the introduction of written law. The meteks (or metoiks), merchants and artisans, were interested in fixing firm legal norms for trade and monetary transactions. The written law protected private property and brought order to property and business relations.

• Engels, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State, 1938, p. 106.
• In the same place.
• Engels, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State, 1938, p. 4.
• Ibid, p. 109.
• 8 Thucydides, 1, 126.

tier (strip) above the main cornice in the antique facade.

(Ancient culture: literature, theater, art, philosophy, science. Dictionary-reference / Edited by V.N. Yarho. M., 1995.)

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Attica

Attica, region in the southeast. parts Center. Greece. In ancient times, there were several. small settlements, to-rye gradually merged into the city-state of Athens. This process was completed by the 7th century. BC. Families of large landowners continued to live outside the city, although during the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC) the countryside was often plundered by invading Spartans. Armenia was rich in natural resources, especially clay, which was necessary for a flourishing pottery industry, as well as marble, lead, and silver, which was required to finance the Athenian fleet.

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ATTIC

Titus Pomponius (110 - 132 BC) - wealthy and influential. Rome. horseman, received the name A. due to the fact that he lived in Athens for more than 20 years. Being composed. landowner., merchant and financier, tried to take in troubled political. point of view time is neutral. position between confrontations. in batches. This is a fence. A. from encroachments on his condition and provide. mediator. role. Letters written. Cicero, with whom A. connected. many years. friendship, represent the historian. document of that era. A. yavl. high-images. and enlightened. man, he gained a well-known. publication and distribution. lit. manuf. For this purpose, he disposed educated. slave scribes. His own. op. "Chronicle" - a short chronological. an essay on the history of Rome from the day of its foundation. A.'s life is described in detail. by his friend Cornelius Nepos.

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Attica

peninsula in the south-east central Greece, bordering Boeotia in the north and Megara in the west; pl. peninsula 2200 km2, relief predominantly. mountain. Mountains Kiferon (1409 m) and Parnassus (1413 m) with spurs form natures. border of the Attic region. Other significant Mountain peaks, famous for marble quarries - Pentelikon and Gimet. South the tip of the peninsula forms Cape Suniy. Athens is located in the flat part of the peninsula. Eleusis and Marathon. Pp. Kefis and Iliss, who are in summer time tend to dry out. Soils in A. preim. calcareous, therefore Ch. agriculture. crops in ancient times were grapes, olives and figs. Main mineral deposits were located in Lavrion, they mined pottery clay, silver and iron ore. The first inhabitants came to A. apprx. 1900 BC NS. Since the great resettlement of the Doryans in the end. 2nd millennium BC NS. A. was not affected, the inhabitants of this area considered themselves autochthonous. OK. 1000 BC NS. the population of Albania was united under the rule of Athens. Other significant settlements in Armenia include Piraeus, Eleusis, Forikos, Bravron, and Ramnunt.

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ATTICA

Ancient (´Attikn) - the area of ​​Dr. Greece. Inhabited since the Neolithic era. The spurs of Kyferon and Parnet divide Armenia into small plains: the Athenian, Eleusinian, Mesogean, and Marathon plains, which are suitable for the village. x-va. In addition to the flat, terrace farming was widespread. Ch. s.-kh. grapes and olives were the ancient cultures of Albania. The yields of barley and wheat were low, and there was not enough bread. Sheep and goats were raised on mountain pastures. Armenia was rich in salt, marble, clay, and silver (it was mined in the Lavrion mountains in the south of Armenia). Crafts were developed in Armenia (pottery, metalworking, and shipbuilding). The ruggedness of the banks of A., its middle position in dr. Greece, the need to import bread contributed to the development of the pestilence. trade in A. (harbors - Piraeus, Phaleron). By the 5th century. BC NS. A. gradually became the most developed socio-economic., Political. and the cultural area (center - Athens) Dr. Greece. In modern Greece A. forms one of the administrative-terr. units - nom. Lit .: Kolobova K.M., Gluskina L.M., Essays on the history of Ancient Greece, L., 1958; Wrede W., Attika, Athen, 1934. - *** - *** - *** - Attica of the time of Cleisthenes

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Attic

Titus Pomponius Atticus) - a wealthy and influential Roman landowner, merchant and financier, historian, publisher and philanthropist of the 1st century. BC Born 110, died 32 BC Atticus, a representative of the equestrian class, was a highly educated and enlightened person; he received his nickname due to the fact that he lived in Athens for more than 20 years. Consisted of many years of friendship and correspondence with Cicero (the texts of these letters have survived to this day), also corresponded with Octavian and Mark Antony in the 30s. BC He became widely known among the educated strata of Roman society as a publisher and distributor of literary works, including the works of his contemporaries. For these purposes, Atticus kept a whole staff of educated scribe slaves at home. Titus Pomponius Atticus himself was the author of the "Annals" ("Liber annalis") - a work that was a short chronological sketch of the history of Rome from the day of its foundation, as well as individual works on the genealogy of noble Roman families, now lost. The biography of Atticus, written by one of his friends, the historian Cornelius Nepotus, survived millennia.

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Attic

1. Titus Pomponius (110 - 32 BC), wealthy and influential Rome. horseman, received the name A. due to the fact that he lived in Athens for more than 20 years. As a wealthy landowner, merchant and financier, he tried to borrow in troubled political life. point of view being a neutral position between the opposing parties. This protected A. from encroachments on his fortune and provided an intermediary. role. The letters written by Cicero, with whom A. had a long-term friendship, represent a historian. document of that era. A. was highly educated and enlightened. man, he gained fame for the publication and distribution of lit. works. For this purpose, he disposed of educated scribal slaves. His own. composition "Chronicle" ("Liber annalis") - a short chronological. an essay on the history of Rome from the day of its foundation. A.'s life is described in detail by his friend Cornelius Nepos.

2. low built-up wall, located over the cornice crowning the structure (in Roman architecture, usually on triumphal arches) and is intended. for a bas-relief or inscription. It is also found in the art of the Renaissance, Baroque and Classicism.

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Attica

from Greek- coastal country)

peninsula, one of the largest areas in the southeast of the Middle. Greece. Its mountains are branches of Kiferon, a steep rocky ridge that formed the natural border of Africa with Boeotia and Megara. Among the mountain ranges are the plains: Eleusis, Kekrop, Mesogei and Marathon. The small rivers A. Kefis and Asop were shallow, the land was barren. But the industriousness of the farmers compensated for the scarcity of the land: olives, grapes, figs, millet, spelled, and barley were grown in Armenia. There was a lot of limestone and marble in the mountains, suitable for building. Silver, iron ore and clay were mined in Lavrion, which contributed to the early development of crafts, and thanks to the large reserves of table salt, the population began to preserve food, initiating the development of an entire industry.

The population of Albania considered themselves to be autochthonous. OK. X century. BC, under the legendary king Theseus, it began to unite under the rule of Athens, but this process was long and stretched for centuries. By the VI century. BC. Athens became the center of economic and political transformations in A. Major centers A. were Eleusis, Piraeus, Forikos, Ramnunt, and others.

(IA Lisovy, KA Revyako. The ancient world in terms, names and titles: Dictionary-reference book on the history and culture of Ancient Greece and Rome / Scientific ed. AI Nemirovsky. - 3rd ed. - Minsk: Belarus, 2001)

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ATTIC

church in Constantinople, which was built in the IX century. in the traditions of Eastern early Byzantine architecture, dating back to the throne rooms of the Babylonian and Assyrian kings in ancient Mesopotamia. Its Byzantine name has not survived. As the researchers suggest, the church was not intended for ceremonial cult actions, but was used as a prayer room. It was a five-nave cross-domed building with a low dome (5 m in diameter), which was supported not by pillars, but by massive walls with small openings leading to the corner rooms. Her plan was based on a square. From the original outer walls, only wide, squat apses have survived, each having three sides without protrusions and ornaments. At the eastern end of the cross there was an altar room, to which an apse adjoined. The worshipers were located in front of the altar at the lateral ends of the cross, spread apart in breadth, and the western end was longer than the north and south, which strengthened the direction towards the altar. The domed square and the narthex had vaulted ceilings, in the extreme side naves, turned into isolated chapels with images of saints, there were wooden floors. The masonry of Attica did not differ from similar religious buildings of this and subsequent eras: 6 - 6 rows of massive masonry made of stone blocks, characteristic of the architecture of Asia Minor, alternated with 4 - 4 rows of bricks. After the conquest of Byzantium, the Turks turned this church into a mosque, laying down the windows and destroying the extreme side aisles.

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ATTIC

roman cognomen. The most famous was

1. T. Pomponius Atticus, born in 109 BC, came from an ancient family of Roman horsemen and received an excellent education. He was adopted by his uncle Q. Caecilius, and therefore was called Kv. Caecilius Pomponian A. To avoid participating in the strife during the unrest caused by Sulpicius and Cinna, he went to Athens and studied science there. He lived in Athens for many years and from this he got the name Atticus. The Athenians loved him (Ner. Att. 2) both for his generosity and sympathy, and for his generous support of the poor and needy, and expressed their respect for him by constructing in honor of his statues. When Sulla, upon his return from Asia, lived in Athens, A. enjoyed his great favor. Soon afterwards he returned, to the great sorrow of the Athenians, to Rome, about the time when he inherited the property of his uncle Q. Cecilia; Here he used part of this property to support his friends, including Cicero and Hortensky, and did not refuse to help even those whose political conviction he did not sympathize with. A.'s position among the most influential men of his time was very peculiar. He did not interfere in politics; he managed at the same time to be on the best terms with the leaders of different parties; being a friend of Cicero, he enjoyed the favor of Antony, being in friendship with the younger Marius, he did not lose the respect of Sulla. Thus, his good fame and his life were not affected by the wild quarrels of the parties, because his courteous nature and his rare education put him above them. He never looked for positions or occupied. He died in 32 BC, at the age of 77, respected by all his contemporaries. He did a great service to literature by multiplying and distributing the works of his contemporaries and friends; were engaged in the correspondence of essays ( Nep. Att. 13) his many slaves. He himself wrote historical writings, between which the liber annalis, dedicated to Cicero, contained the history of Rome from its founding to its time, arranged in chronological tables by officials. Nep. Att. 18 Cic. Brut. 3, 5. I. Nepos (18, 5) also mentions imagines and one Greek work about the consulate of Cicero. Cic. ad Att. 2, 1, 1. Plin. n. h. 35, 3, 11. Wed: Boissier, Cicero and Friends;

2. Tib. Claudius Herodes, son of a wealthy marathon man, was born c. A.D. 103 and was engaged in rhetoric under Marcus Aurelius, who showed him great respect. Having been brought up by excellent teachers, A. entered the civil service and in 143 he held a consular post. Subsequently, however, he left the civil service and devoted himself entirely to scientific pursuits. He founded an oratory school, from which excellent students came, and was himself an excellent orator. Gell. 19, 12. Emperors L. Ver and Marcus Aurelius also used his teaching. About his relationship to Pediment, not always friendly, Wed letters of the last p. 61. 111. 138. Of his many works, none have survived; the authenticity of the writings attributed to him cannot be proven. Its main advantage, it seems, was the simplicity and fluency of the language. Possessing great wealth, he was a benefactor of the poor and founded many magnificent useful buildings in Athens, Rome and other cities. He died in 179 at Marathon.

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? ?????? (from ?????, instead of ???????), previously also called ????, "Coastal country", and the poets have ???????, or ?????, or ?????????? and was the most important of the 8 regions that made up its own (middle) Hellas. It had the shape of a triangle, the apex of which was facing the southeast, bordered in the north with Boeotia, in the east with Aegean Sea, in the southwest - with the Saronskiy Gulf (n. Aeginskiy Gulf), in the west - with Megara and occupied an area of ​​approximately 1960 sq. versts Armenia is a mountainous country and is covered by separate, but frequent, mostly bare groups of mountains and hills, between which there are only a few and insignificant plains. All mountains represent the spurs of Kiferon (????????, n. Of the same name, highest peak called Elatia), a wild, steep and rocky ridge, reaching up to 4000 feet in height, known from the myths of the hunt for the Cithaeron lion, the hunt of Actaeon, and Oedipus, and which formed the border of A. on the side of Boeotia and Megara. The sharp contrast between him and the neighboring Helikon gave rise to the myth of two brothers turned into mountains; the meek and kind Helikon became the abode of the muses, the cruel Citheron, who killed his father and mother, became the abode of the Erinyes. A passage wound through the wildest places of Kiferon ?????? ??????? or?????? ???????, n. Gifto Kastro. To the south of Kiferon stretched a lower range of mountains, probably called ??????? ??????, representing the Megarian border and ending near the coast, opposite the northern part of Salamis with two horn-shaped peaks (n. ??????). To the east of Kiferon, the country is cut through by Parnephus (??????, n. Ozea), the most significant in height (over 4000 feet) and the length of the mountain range A. deciduous trees and shrubs, partly pine. He is rich beautiful views... To the south, its continuation is a much lower chain of mountains, n. ?????????, separating the Athenian plain from the Eleusinian plain from the west; the middle part of this chain, through which the sacred road to Eleusis led, had the name ??? ???????? ??????, extreme, southwestern part, with a cape ??????? - ??????????, according to one of the demos. From the summit of Koridall, Xerxes watched the battle of Salamis. Hdt. 8, 90. Brilette (?????????) or ??? ??????????? ??????, according to DeMouy ???????; it was famous for its marble. Adjacent to it and heading to the south, but closer to the city, also rich in marble Gimette ???????, n. Trelo-Vuni, still famous today for its fragrant thyme and excellent honey. Gimette ends with a cape ?????? (n. Cape Helikes). Mount Lycabettus (??????????, n. Hagios Georgios) is a separate rocky cone, reaching in the northeast to the walls of Athens; adjoining it, heading to the north, a rocky chain of mountains, probably ancient ????????. The southern part of Africa is also covered with chains of mountains, which form the Lavrian Mountains (???????? or ???????) with rich silver mines ( Hdt. 7, 144. Plut. Them. 4), which constituted for ancient Athens main source wealth. There were three plains in A.

1. Eleusinian (?????????? ??????), between Kiferon and the marshy coast of the Gulf of Eleusis, the granary of Athens, as a result of which, at the beginning of the Peloponnesian War, the first was devastated by the Spartans. The western part of it was called ´ ?????? ??????, eastern, most of - ???????? ??????; The part adjacent to Megara, the inalienable property of Demeter, bore the name ??? ???? or??????;

2. Cecrop plain, northeast of Athens, simply called ??? ?????? (n. Calandrian plain), was surrounded by Aigaley and Hymettus and irrigated by Kefis; in the northeast, Dekelia towered over it, which was occupied as a result of this by the Spartans in the Peloponnesian War;

3. Mesogean Plain (????????), n. Mesoghia, located in the east off the coast near Bravron.

In addition, there were even smaller plains - the Marathon and the plain at the mouth of the Asop. Irrigation of the country was scarce; almost all rivers and streams were very shallow in summer. A. belongs to Asop, flowing from Boeotia, in its lower course. The country's most important river, Kefis (??????? n.Kiphissos) flows out of the southwestern slope of Brilette, joins a few streams originating in Parnef and flows through the Kecrop plain, on the western side of Athens (cutting through long walls) ; in winter, it emerges from the coast at the mouth near the Faler's harbor. Ilissos flows out of the Hymettus, joins the Eridanus stream, flows from south side Athens and is lost in the plain. Another Kephis (n. Sarandopotamos), which originates on Cithaeron, flows into the sea east of Eleusis. To the east of it were ´ ??????, flowing salt waters, fishing in which belonged to the Eleusinian temple. Athens and its surroundings were not richer in water than the rest of A. Good water was delivered, except for Ilis and Kephys, only the springs of Panop and Kallirroi (?????????, near Odeon), also called ?????? ?????? or?????????????; now this key also gives muddy water. Only Adrian (117-138) arranged an aqueduct from Ankhesma for the eastern part of the city. The rest of the wells gave bad water and therefore were sometimes also called ??????? ( Hdt. 8, 55). The Well Overseer (?????????? ???????) was an important person who made sure that no one drained water without having the right to do so. Of the bays, the most important were: on the east side - a shallow marathon bay, on the west - the harbor of the city of Athens ( cm. below) and the Eleusinian bay. Although today it is difficult to form a correct understanding of the state of the country in antiquity, since due to the disappearance of forests and the shallowing of rivers, its dryness has reached a high degree, it can still be argued that Albania was not fertile in ancient times, with the exception of only a few parts of it; and now still noticeable terraced fields show that they tried to use every piece of land. The layer of fertile land (chernozem) was so insignificant that in the lease agreements, a special clause prohibited the removal of land; however, the scarcity of soil was rewarded with the diligence of the inhabitants and an excellent climate. Agriculture, sanctified by religious regulations and the cult of the Eleusinian Demeter, was an honorable occupation even for the noble Athenians. The bread (barley) was excellent, but the harvest only yielded? grain necessary for the population (during the prosperity of the state, 500,000 inhabitants - 140,000 free and up to 400,000 slaves - destroyed 3 million medims of bread). In the same way, the olive oil, which was the subject of export, was excellent (in the temple of Athena Poliades, the first olive tree was planted by Athena herself, which remained unharmed even during the Persian wars. Hdt. 8, 55). Wine was plentiful, but not particularly good; better were the figs born in great numbers; hence the proverb: ??? ????? ???? ?????? to express something useless. The often mentioned prohibition on their export ( cm.??????????, Sycophant) should be considered fiction. In addition, mulberry, laurel and almond trees, well-known omegas, etc., oak, beech, pine, spruce, cedar grew well; the latter covered the slopes of Parnephus and Citheron, from where the Athenians received firewood and coal (Aharna). The mountains are composed of limestone, slate and marble; Pentel marble was especially prized for its whiteness and its fine-grained composition. In the Lavrian region there were significant silver mines, so rich that every Athenian citizen received a net income of 10 drachmas (about 2.5 gold rubles) annually. Good clay was mined at Cape Koliada; besides, emeralds and other stones and the famous Attic forces, golden paint like ocher. Salt mined in Albania was good quality that has become a proverb. Among domestic animals, especially sheep, goats were raised, horses were only on the marathon plain; draft animals, on the basis of ancient decrees, were dedicated to triptolemus; kept many donkeys and mules. Of the wild animals in former times, wild boars, wolves and bears were found in the mountains. Especially many owls nested in the crevices of the Acropolis (hence the proverb: ??? ???????? ???????, which had the same meaning as the above mentioned ??? ????? ???? ??????). The sea was teeming with fish. The climate in the plains is already suffocating from March, reaching in August the unbearable heat of 28-32 ° Rehom .; he is especially suffocating in Athens under the influence of the rocky Acropolis; however, in some areas cool sea winds moderate the temperature. When all the vegetation dries up, the shrill singing of countless filly begins to be heard from the olives. Snow stays on the mountains for a long time in winter, and this time of the year is especially cool due to the moderate temperature. The air of A. is usually extremely pure; the light is distinguished by a peculiar brilliance due to the strong reflection of rays from the mountains, which are mostly treeless. The dryness of the air contributed a lot to the preservation of ancient buildings and other art objects. The inhabitants of the Ionian tribe, in all likelihood, migrated by sea from Asia Minor, they were joined, in addition to other settlers, by the Peloponnesian Ionians. Before them, the country was probably inhabited by the Pelasgians, who were conquered by the Ionians and merged with them. At first, the population of Armenia was divided into 4 phyla ( cm.????, Phil), then, since the time of Kleisfen, into 10 fil, split into 174 demos ( cm.??????, Demos); in addition, the country was divided by the nature of the terrain into ?????? - "Plain", north and northwest of Athens; ??????? or???? - "Coastal", a strip by the sea between Athens and Sunius (this strip was adjacent to ????????) and ??????? or??????? - « mountainous country» , which occupied most of the eastern coast. This division was also of political significance, cm. Pisistratus. ?, Pisistarat. ? ?????? there was 1) the Athenian plain with the city of Athens (?? ???????), the capital of Armenia and the greatest city of Greece. Athens consisted of two parts: the city and the harbors, which since the time of Cimon were connected by long walls (??? ?????). Nothing reliable can be said about the size of the city before the Persian Wars. The main founder of its greatness should be considered Themistocles, who, after the destruction of Athens by the Persians, restored the city in a more magnificent form, surrounded it with walls and built the important harbor of Piraeus. The direction of the walls erected by Themistocles is still clearly visible in the south and west, while in the north and east only insignificant traces of them are noticeable. Their perimeter was, according to Thucydides (2, 13), 174, 5 stadia or 30 versts, of which the harbor accounted for 56, 5 stadia, the long connecting walls 75, the city itself 43. Hence it is clear why Athens, almost equal in circumference of Rome, occupied only 0.25 of its area. In Athens, there were up to 10,000 houses ( Xen. Socrat. 3, 6, 14) and, according to Boeckh's calculation, 180,000 inhabitants, according to others - slightly more than 100,000. With the exception of public buildings, there were hardly many beautiful buildings; most of the houses were made of beams and adobe, especially in the western part of the city, inhabited by the poorest citizens; the streets were wrong and narrow (????????).

The names of the 11 city gates (counting from west to south) were:

1. Dipil (???????), originally the Friasian or Kerameik gate, of considerable size ( Liv. 31, 24);

2. Sacred gate (?? ????? ?????), on the road to Eleusis;

3. The rider's gate (?? ??????? ?????), through which, probably, the periegetus Pausanias entered the city and from which he took his walk;

4. Piraeus Gate (????????? ?????);

5. Melita Gate (?? ????????? ?????);

6. Eton Gate (?? ??????? ?????);

7. Aegean Gate (?? ?????? ?????); probably near the Panathenian stage;

8. Diokharov's gate (?? ???? ????????? ?????),

9. Diomean gate (? ??????? ?????), on the way to Kinosarg;

10. Barrow gates (?? ????? ?????);

11. Acharn Gate (?? ????????? ?????).

The position of some of the gates is questionable. Almost in the middle of the city there was an immense steep cliff 150 feet high, accessible only from the western side, and at the summit was 900 feet long (from west to east) and 400 feet wide (at its widest point). On this rock, the Kremlin was built, which was called under the Pelasgians ??????, under Kekron ????????, under Erechtheus ??????, - later, when the city began to be called ????? ??, - ?????????. According to legend, the northern side of it was already fortified by the Pelasgians ( Hdt. 6, 137), while the southern one was fortified by Cimon. The space between these walls represented ´ ???? in the proper sense, and at all times constituted the center of the city in religious, artistic and political terms. On the western, accessible side of Pericles in 435-430. with the help of Mnesicles, he built for decoration and protection the famous magnificent Propylaea [The names of the buildings from which the remains have survived are indicated] (?????????) with a beautiful staircase leading from the Acropolis to the base of the rock. The Propylaea was a sumptuous building made of Pentel marble, with 5 aisles; their construction, which lasted 5 years, cost 2012 talents. On the right side - the entrance to the Propylaea, a small staircase leads to the bastion, on which is located a well-preserved small * temple of Athena Nike, usually called ???? ´ ???????. There were extensions on the right and left sides of the Propiley; left, large (northern), well-preserved, served picture gallery(??????????), which, by the way, contained the famous paintings of Polygnotus ( cm. pictores, Painting, 2); the right one, the smaller one (south), represented the quarters for the watchmen and gatekeepers. On the Acropolis Square, dotted with sanctuaries, sacred offerings, statues, etc., were placed: a colossal copper statue of Athena made by Phidias (?????? ????????), whose helmet and spear were visible in the distance distance ( Paus. 1, 28, 2), and two famous temples, the Parthenon and the so-called Erechtheus. * The Parthenon (????????), the temple of virgin Athena, was built of marble under Pericles in 438 by Ictinus and Callicrates. Despite the fact that the Venetians with their bombardment in 1687 inflicted great damage on the temple, and at the beginning of the 19th century. Lord Elgin took away many metopes, bas-reliefs and other objects that adorned him (Elgin marbles in the British Museum), yet this magnificent building still causes our surprise today. In the Parthenon stood a statue of Athena, 26 Greek cubits (39 feet) high, made by Phidias from gold and ivory. The clothing of the statue, which was removed and weighed 44 talents, was stolen by the tyrant and demagogue Lahar in 299 during the time of Demetrius Poliorketus. Paus. 1, 25. On her right hand, the goddess held her face to the viewer, Nika, 4 Greek cubits high, made of ivory and dressed in a golden dress. The rear compartment of the Parthenon (???????????) served to store the sacred money of Athena and other gods and the state treasury ( Wed: Michaelis, Der Parthenon, 1871 and architecti 4.5). North of the Parthenon was oldest temple Acropolis, which belonged to Athena Poliades and was usually named after one of its sections * Erechtheus (?? ?????????). It was built during the Peloponnesian War; it contained: an ancient wooden image of Athena, the alleged tomb of Cecropus, a well with salt water (????????? ???????), formed from Poseidon's blow with a trident, and a sacred olive tree (? ??? ?????), planted by Athena herself. The city that surrounded the Acropolis was formed from a combination of several demos, which retained their names in subsequent times: Kerameika, in the northwest; Scambonides, Keyriad, Melita - in the west, Koyly, Colita - in the south-west; Kidafeneya - in the south; Agr and Diomei are in the east. To the west of the Acropolis rose a rocky hill ´ ????? ?????, Areopagus, so close range from him that the Persians, with the help of burning arrows, lit the Acropolis from it, which then consisted of wooden buildings ( Hdt. 8, 52). On the eastern side of the hill was the court of the Areopagus and the temple of Erinius (??????? ????) with the tomb of Oedipus, near the hill - Kiloneus (?????????), built to atone for the killing committed by the Athenians Kilona ( cm. Cylon, Cylon) and his supporters; in the south of Kyloneus stood the temple of Areus, and closer to the Acropolis - the temple of the 12 gods and the statues of Harmodius and Aristogateon. On the outskirts of the city, in the south-western part of it, there was a high, rather steep rocky hill called Musey (?? ?????????), named after the singer Mussey buried there, according to legend. This hill was turned into a Macedonian fortress by Demetrius Poliorketes. Adjacent to this hill from the north is another elevation, commonly called Pnyx (????, Gen. ??????); this elevation served as a meeting place for the people. There and now one can still see the scaffolding carved into the rock, as it was believed, for the orators, facing the semicircular square designated for the people. But recently Welker, Urlichs, E. Curtius and others have given strong arguments in favor of the opinion that the altar of Zeus (????? ?????????) was located on the hill bearing the name of Pnyx, and the name Pnyx (according to Curtius) was only another name for Museo and that the place of popular assembly was the plain between Museo and the Acropolis. Later, the Dionysus Theater was used for this. Between the Acropolis, Areopagus, Pnyx and Musaeus, there was an Agora (?????) decorated with many statues, in the part of the city called the inner Kerameik. It housed the Stoa Poikile, or picture gallery. with paintings by Polygnotus, Kolonos Agoraios, small mound, Stoa Basileios, office building of archon Basileus, Stoa of Zeus Eleutherios, temple of Apollo Patroos, temple of the mother of gods (????????), Council building (??? ?????????), where the council of five hundred met, and the so-called Tholos (?????) is a round building with a domed roof. Between the Agora and Pnyx stood the temples of Aphrodite Urania, Hephaestus and the sanctuary of Euryzacus. To the east of the Agora, on the southern slope of the Acropolis, lay: Odeon of Herodes Atticus ( cm. Atticus, 2, Atticus), built by this wealthy Athenian in honor of his wife, the temple of Asclepius, Stoa of Eumenes, * the main theater dedicated to Dionysus; this building was opened only in 1862 by the Prussian scientific expedition headed by Strack, E. Curtius and Betticher; from the south it is adjacent to the Lenion Theater, where the lazy people were celebrated in honor of Dionysus; finally, on the southeastern slope of the rock occupied by the Acropolis, there was an Odeon built by Pericles for musical performances, smaller in size than the theater, but similar in shape, with a wooden hipped roof. In the part of the city lying to the east of the Acropolis (later called the Hadrian's Castle), near the source of Kallirroi, by the Ilissa River, stood Olympion, the grandiose temple of Olympian Zeus, 4th stage in a circle, begun by Pericles, but ended only by Emperor Hadrian; 16 colossal columns of this temple still stand today. At the north-western end stood the Triumphal Gates of Hadrian, in the east - the temple of Aphrodite in the gardens (??? ??????). On the small island of Ilissa was the temple of Demeter and Cora; beyond Ilissus, therefore, outside the city limits, is the magnificent Panafenaikon Stadium, arranged by the orator Lycurgus for the Panathenian games and decorated with Pentelian marble by Herod Atticus; The stadium was so large that Adrian once arranged a hunt for 1000 wild animals in it. The rocky hill to the south of the Stadium was probably the Ardette (????????) on which the Heliast judges were sworn annually by lot. Somewhat to the east of the Odeon of Pericles, where the street on the eastern side of the Acropolis turns to the north (Tripod street), stands * the choregic monument of Lysicrates, now called Demosthenes lantern, - a small beautiful temple, round in shape, with 6 slender Ionian columns, whose domed roof was crowned with a copper tripod, erected as a gift to the gods and for the glory of one choregic victory ( cm.??????????, 2, Liturgy); this temple was built in 334, Pritaneion, where ambassadors and honored citizens were treated, was located at the northeastern foot of the Kremlin, next to the Sarapis temple; to the west of it is the sanctuary of the Dioscuri (?????????, ?? ´ ??????), and above this sanctuary, at northern slope Kremlin - the sanctuary of Aglavra, in a grotto communicating through a crevice in the rock with the upper square of the Acropolis. To the west of here was (and still is) a cave with a source; the cave is the Grotto of Apollo and Pan, and the source was called ???????? or ??????, as it was thought that it flows underground from Athens to Phaler; through a plumbing, it was connected to the water clock of Andronicus Kirrest, a monument still known now under the name "Towers of the Winds"... Between Pnyx and Musaeus, the road to the Piraeus Gate ran in a south-western direction: there lay: the Gymnasium of Hermes, the temples of Hercules Alexicacus and Demeter and Pompeion, which served as a repository of sacred gold and silver vessels that constituted the necessary accessory for solemn processions; between Pnyx and Areopagus there was another road in the northwest through the inner Kerameik to the gate of Dipilu; to the left of this was the so-called Hill of Nymphs (in ancient times it was probably ranked as Pnyx), to the right was the magnificent Stoa of Attalus, now unjustly called the Gymnasium of Ptolemy, and further, to the north of it, * Theseion, which is now unjustly considered by some to be the temple of Areus; the building is well preserved. To the east of it - * Stoa of giants, Hadrian's gymnasium and the sanctuary of Athena Archegetida. Outside the city, on the northwestern edge of the outer Kerameiko (this suburb was actually a residence for the poorest classes, but also served especially as a burial place for citizens who died in the war or provided other services to the state, for example Miltiada, Cimon, Thucydides; as a result, on both sides long rows of tombs with "Steles", that is, marble plaques of a regular quadrangular shape, serving as gravestones and decorated with inscriptions and bas-reliefs) was 6 stages from the city wall Academy (?????????), a perfectly arranged gymnasium, surrounded by a beautiful garden where he taught Plato; slightly to the north - Hippios Kolonos - the birthplace of Sophocles. Distinguished archaeologists Otfried Müller and Letronne are buried here. Behind the eastern Diomean gate, south of Lycabettus, was Kinosart (??????????), a gymnasium. dedicated to Hercules, taught by Antisthenes, founder of the school of cynics. To the south of here is Lyceion (???????) - an institution consisting of a park and gardens, at the temple of Apollo of Lycea, with a gymnasium where Aristotle taught. About the topography of Athens Wed Leake, Topographie von Athen. 2 Aufl. ? bers, von Baiter und Sauppe (1844). Forchhammer, Topogr. von Athen (1842). C. Wachsmuth, die Stadt Athen im Alterthum (Bd. I. 1874). E. Curtius und Raupert, Atlas von Athen (1878). Long walls (?????? ????? or ??? ?????) from 456 connected the city with its harbors; north wall, 40 stadia long, ??? ??????? ??????? or??? ???????? (because it was more open to enemy attacks) went to the northern wall of Piraeus; the southern wall is 5 stadia shorter than the northern one, - ?? ?????? or????????? - led to Fahler. Between these two walls, however, another third was built 12 years later, ??? ????? ???????, which also went to Piraeus and had the purpose of maintaining the communication of the city with one of the harbors in the event that the other is in the hands of the enemy; this also explains the traces of internal fortifications between the two harbors. Since the construction of this inner wall, the Phaler wall has been abandoned. The harbors of Athens are formed mainly by a rocky spit, in the middle of which there is the Munychia Hill, and at the very end - the Piraeus Hill. On the southern coast of this peninsula, two almost circular natural basins open up, connected by narrow straits with the sea; the Munychia basin is more adjacent to the mainland, and the Zea basin extends partly between the mentioned hills. Both harbors served as military ports (Zea housed about 200 ships), along with the Kanfar basin located on the other side of the peninsula (o ???????? ?????), which forms part of the vast Piraeus harbor; the rest, much more of this latter served for some commercial purposes (?????????). One branch, I think, was called Aphrodision. The general raid for warships was the vast Phaleron Bay, perfectly protected from storms. This bay was the most ancient Athenian harbor; other harbors came into use only from 493; the last one was Piraeus. The whole part of the city could be fully surveyed from the Munichi hill. These superbly fortified harbors had their temples, theaters, etc. In Piraeus there was a large storeroom for goods (???????), a large ????????? (shop) Philo, a dockyard for 400 ships, an extensive grain store (?????????????) Pericles and a theater: in Munychia, the alleged tomb of Themistocles was indicated (Plut. Them. 32, Paus. 1, 1, 2). Often mentioned judgment seat ??? ??? ????????? ???????????, judging people expelled for murder and accused of a second murder committed by them after the exile, must have been placed at the entrance to the Zeya harbor (the accused came to the court in boats). To the west of Piraeus lay still a small harbor o ?????? ?????, identical, no doubt, with the so-called ?????? ????? (thieves' harbor), one of the favorite sites of smugglers.

1. Of the towns located on the Athenian plain, one must also name:

Aharny (???????), 60 stadia north of Athens, the most significant dem, engaged in agriculture and especially the burning of coal; Kefissia, near the springs of Kefis near Pentelik; Pallena, with the famous temple of Athena, where Pisistratus defeated the Athenians ( Hdt. 1, 62); Gargett, near Hymettus, birthplace of Epicurus; Alopek, home of Aristides and Socrates, 10 stages east of Athens, on Anhesme; Galimunt, home of the historian Thucydides, north of Cape Coliada, famous for its potting clay; on the cape stood the temple of Aphrodite;

2. Eleusinian and Friassian plains, west of Athens, where a sacred road led, decorated with many all kinds of monuments.

Here were: Fria on the Eleusinian Kephis; Eleusis or Eleusis (n. Lepsina) on the northern shore of the gulf of the same name, opposite Salamis, is one of the most ancient and most important cities in the country, famous for the magnificent temple of Demeter, built under Pericles, in which the great Eleusis was celebrated; Alaric destroyed it, but even now large ruins are still visible. Eleuthera, near the Boeotian border, on the Eleusinian Kephis, from where the cult of Dionysus of Eleutheria passed to Athens, in whose honor the Great Dionysias were celebrated; Oinoya, Drimos and Panacton - fortresses that defended the plain from the side of Boeotia; the last of them dominated one of the mountain passages of Citheron; Phila (n. Fili), a small mountain fortress, from where Thrasybulus set out to overthrow 30 tyrants, 100 stadia from Athens. Xen. Hell. 2, 4, 2. The last of the named places are reckoned in part already to II. Diacria, a northeastern mountainous strip that runs across the entire marathon plain. In it: Dekeleia, 120 stadia from Athens (Dekeleia is visible from there), - on the northeastern edge of the Athenian plain, - a very important fortified place during the Peloponnesian War (ruins at Tatoi); Oropus, who belonged now to the Athenians, now to the Boeotians, not far from the mouth of Asop, on its right bank, with the harbor of Delphinion; near it (to the southeast) the temple and oracle of Amphiaraus, which, according to legend, was swallowed up here by the earth, while fleeing from Thebes; Ramnunt (Tavrokastro), on Evripus, with the famous temple of Nemesis (Rhamnusia virgo); Afidna and further in the west of Trinemeus - at the main source of Kephis. Towns Tricorif (near Suli), Marathon (n.Vrana, cm. Marathon, Marathon), Oinoya (do not mix with the above) and Probalinf (N. Vasilipirgi) made up ??????? ??????????. On the now almost completely treeless marathon plain (about 2 hours long and 0.5-1 hour wide), where Theseus killed the marathon bull, one can see, in the southern part, an artificial earthen hill, about 200 feet in circumference and 36 feet in height probably the common grave of the Athenians who fell here in 490 BC; opposite another small burial mound, under which the corpses of the Plateians and slaves were buried ( Paus. 1, 32, 3), disappeared without a trace. The place of the battle was a narrow, flat valley, which favored the actions of a small army against a large one. Nearby are the source of Macarius and Mount Pana with a grotto and an oracle. III. In Paralia (western coast) and Mesogeia (slope south of Pentelikon and east of Paralia), as well as on east coast: Gali Arafenids (???? ??????????), harbor of deme Arafen, south of the mouths of Yerasin, famous for the cult of Tauride Artemis. The nearby Bravron (n. Vraona) was, they say, the place where Iphigenia first entered the coast, returning from Taurida with the idol of Artemis; that is why the Tauride (Bravron) Artemis enjoyed special veneration here and in her honor there were annual festivities (?????????); the oldest statue of the goddess was taken away by Xerxes. Dionysias were also celebrated here every 5th anniversary. Further south - Styria, where the Styrian road led from Athens; the homeland of Feramenos and Thrasybulus; Prassia (Prassa at the bay of Porto Rafti) with the temple of Apollo and the tomb of Erisichfon, the son and heir of Kekrop; he died, however, before his father and Kranai seized power; Potamos with the tomb of Jonah; Torikos (Teriko), one of ancient settlements in Attica, with a beautiful harbor (n. Porto Mandri) and an acropolis, at the foot of which there are still significant ruins. Sounion - in the north-west of the cape of the same name (n. Cap Colonna), strongly fortified, with the famous temple of Athena now lying in ruins, at which naval battles with triremes were presented during Panathenes. In the mining district of Lavrione lay Anaflist (n. Anaviso) with a well-fortified harbor, at the entrance to which was the island of Eliussa (n. Lagonisi); further - Sfettos, Lampry, Fora, Anagirunt, near Cape Zostra, with the temple of the mother of the gods; from the fetid bush growing here ´ ???????? the saying goes back to ???????? ???????; Gala Exxonid with salt pans; Exona is a significant place, which has become notorious for the quarrelsomeness of its inhabitants; finally, aside from the Styrian road - Peania (n. Liopesi), the birthplace of Demosthenes. Of the islands belonging to Attica, the most significant is Salamis (??????? - ??, N. Kuluri), near the mainland, in the shape of a horseshoe, forming an Eleusinian bay with the coast. In ancient times, it was an independent state ( cm. Aeacus, Eak), then belonged to the Megaras and for a long time served as a bone of contention for the Megarians and the Athenians, until it was conquered by Solon and, by the verdict of the Spartans, was recognized for Athens. It did not, apparently, constitute a deme, but was a special state, supremely dependent on Attica. The ancient main city stood on south coast, and later Novosalamin (n. Ambelaki) was founded, in the east, opposite Mount Egaleos in Attica. The nearest part of the island to Attica is the Kinosur spit, with the grave of the faithful Themistocles dog, which threw itself into the sea when the fleet sailed, and the trophy that Themistocles erected in honor of the great victory won by him (480) over the Persian fleet. The battle took place in a narrow strait between Novosalamin and Attica, the Athenians were locked in the Salamis bay. Hdt. 8, 84 sl. Near Salamis - the islands of Farmakus and Psittaley (N.Lipsokutali); on the last detachment of the Persian ground forces, he was destroyed by Aristides. Hdt. 8, 95. Aesch. Pers. 422. sl. The island of Gelena or Makrida (n. Makronisi) was close to Sounion, where, they say, Helen came ashore, either after her abduction, or on her return from Troy. Wed generally Bursian. Geographie von Griechenland, I. 251 sl.

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Attica triangle Is a tiny but highly saturated concentrate of Greece. Here there was a place for ancient gods, brave heroes, outstanding philosophers. Here democracy was born and culture was created. A peninsula with a stunning history and picturesque nature... The southeastern tip of the Balkan Peninsula, washed by three bays: Euboean, Saronic and Corinth. Cape Sounion, which is the apex of the triangle, completes the beautiful landscape. Three mountains separate the base of Attica from the mainland: Pastra, Parnifa and Kifenonas (all more than a kilometer high).

The peninsula is part of Central Greece. Attica is one of the seven administrative-territorial units, which is at the same time a historical and geographical region. Attica consists of the southeastern section of Greece, the Peloponnesian Trizinia (the Argolis peninsula, the majority of the Argosaronic islands, as well as Kythyra and Antikythera. territory there are two speeches: Kafisos and Ilisos.

The population density of Attica is the highest among the Greek regions. This is explained by the fact that the capital of Athens is located on the peninsula, where one third of the population of the state lives. Geographically, Attica is divided into the Athenian periphery and other lands of the peninsula. The first includes all metropolitan municipalities.

Attica is an extremely important region for the country's economy. More than a third of the gross national product (38%) falls on the peninsula. The largest share here is the service sector, which is not surprising for tourist country... Industry occupies a little less, and a small, but not in importance, part is the agricultural sector (almost 2% of the cultivated land is located here). Attica is 71% of construction companies in the country, 69% of processing enterprises and 58% of commercial organizations. Visitors to the country also often choose Attica as their place of residence.

History

Historical data indicate that the settlement of Attica took place during the Neolithic. Then its name was somewhat different: Akti, Aktiki. The first king of the land was Cecrops, who united 12 separate tribes. It was then that the capital city of Athens was created.

The history of the region is, by and large, the history of Athens. Then Athena argued with Poseidon for the protection of the city. Having presented the inhabitants with an olive branch as a gift, she earned the favor of the people, and the city was named after her. No less useful was a gift from the god Dionysus, which became a real symbol of Attica - a vine.

The finds found on the Acropolis and in the numerous city-states located here only confirm the various myths that tell about ancient history region. The lands of Athens united around 800 BC. NS. Starting from the VIII century, Attica became the largest maritime and economic center. Under the tyrannical rule of Pisistratus, the region began to actively develop thanks to the promotion of trade to Sicily, Pontus Euxine (now the Black Sea) and Egypt. During this period, Athens reached its artistic and cultural heyday, numerous monuments were erected that adorned the city.

Under a democratic government, Athens becomes the main city of Greece, being the center of the Attic state. It is here that the battles with the Persians flare up. The "golden" period of the capital is the era of the reign of Pericles. Science, art, culture, power - everything has reached its heights. Ancient Greek civilization received the most powerful centers: Eleusis, Megara, Egostenon, Pages. It was destroyed during the Peloponnesian War, and at the same time the naval power of Athens fell into decay. From now on, Salamis and Attica were subordinate to the capital. This weakening of the forces of Greece led to the conquest of territories by Macedonian troops. Almost 200 years later, the state passed to the Romans, who, however, treated Athens with great respect, recognizing their significant contribution to the development of education.

The arrival of Christianity was a difficult period for Attica. Numerous destruction due to the raids of the Goths affected the appearance of Athens. The introduction of the Byzantine religion led to the closure of schools of thought, and ancient temples became Christian shrines. After that, Attica many times passed into power to various conquerors: Catalans, Neapolitans, Venetians, Turks. The latter crossed the boundaries of what was permissible, making the Parthenon a mosque and the Erechtheion a harem. 1834 was the time when Athens was declared the capital of Greece. Then the city was a small village, and the number of inhabitants did not even reach a thousand. All around were ruins and stones. However, it was on the wreckage of its former greatness that they began to rebuild the city. New buildings harmoniously intertwined antiquity with modernity, restored the Acropolis. Following Athens, they began to revive other parts of Attica, the importance of which was great in the ancient period: Sounion, Ramnund, Torikos, Vravron, Eleusis, Marathon, Oropos, Porto Rafti.

Attica combines all the elements Greek history... The Romans, Byzantines, Franks, Ottomans left their mark here, modernity has also touched the region. These prints are fresh, as if history is on a par with the present.

The proximity of beautiful resorts is the feature of Attica that tourists will appreciate. Paleo Faliro is located just 5 kilometers from the capital. There is not only a magnificent promenade and wonderful beaches, but also numerous cafes, bars, taverns, restaurants that open their doors to everyone who wants to have a good time. The resort's shops offer souvenirs that will remind you of your return home journey, local goods and quality products. Organized excursions to greek islands- another advantage of Paleo Faliro.

Vouliagmeni

Vouliagmeni- a resort of the luxury segment. Luxurious hotels, luxurious apartments, expensive villas are not the only advantages. Unique lake with mineral healing springs allow you to relax with health benefits. Conifers make the air clear and rich in beneficial aromas.

Those wishing to receive medical treatment can go to Loutraki. The healing springs are located here, and the wonderful beneficial climate helps to feel the full merger with nature. Cape Sounio is an interesting location. Extreme southern point Attica gives you the opportunity to see the Temple of Poseidon, especially beautiful at sunset.

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sights

Attica is a region of Greece located directly on the peninsula. It is in this part of the state that the capital Athens is located, numerous resorts with beautiful beaches, as well as various interesting places where you can just walk. It is not difficult to find in Attica excursion program for every taste, and all types of tourism (be it sports or gastronomic) are open to those who wish.

Religious monuments

Due to the fact that Athens is located in this region, it is better to start excursions from the main city of Greece. The fascinating history of the state attracts even those who have little interest in antiquity. The real historical symbol of Athens is truly considered Acropolis... This landmark is architectural complex, which includes a number of places of worship, sanctuaries, temples. Most of the buildings are destroyed and lie in ruins, however, even from the fragments that have survived to this day, you can see the greatness antique monuments architecture.

Another must visit architectural structure which is unique of its kind - Parthenon temple... Also, attention should be paid to Erechtheion temple as it is shrouded in many secrets and legends. Getting to know Athens and the history of Ancient Greece, you shouldn't miss the opportunity to visit Archaeological Museum... The collection of the cultural center includes historical artifacts that were discovered by researchers in different regions country. Some of the exhibits are several millennia old, for example, ancient jewelry, religious objects, as well as amazing statues of gods. Scientists have also discovered numerous household items of the population of the territory of Greece of the ancient period, which are now presented in the museum.

Leaving Athens, you can discover just as much historical monuments... So, nearby is Daphne monastery... This building from the Byzantine era has interesting story... The fact is that at the time of construction it was supposed to become the temple of Apollo of Daphnia. With the advent of Christianity, the building was used as a fortification, and after a while there was a psychiatric hospital. After a complete reconstruction, the Daphne Monastery has become one of the most important historical buildings in Greece.

Attica is rich in religious buildings, so attention should be paid to temple of Poseidon with which various stories are associated. For a long time, until recently, sailors made offerings so that the sea element was favorable to them on long voyages. And now sailors and travelers come to the god of the sea with olive and magnolia branches to appease the deity.

Temple of Demeter located in Elekvsin. Now this religious building serves as a museum, the collection of which contains the most important artifacts belonging to different eras. It is worth taking a walk around the island of Aegina. Here the traveler will discover unique natural attractions. One of the most significant places this area is considered the ghost town of Palayochora. The inhabitants died here many hundreds of years ago, but all buildings have been preserved in excellent condition. There is even an old monastery, as well as 28 churches, each of which amazes visitors with its interior decoration.

Natural monuments are rich not only Aegina island, but also the slopes of Mount Imittos. Pristine nature will give guests peace of mind after the constant tourist bustle of Athens, and here you can also find a healing spring. According to legend, Hephaestus presented it as a gift to people. An ancient monastery is located nearby, which belongs to the monuments of antiquity. It amazes with elaborate decorations and unique religious artifacts.

Athenian Riviera

Greece is not only history. This state is rich in various beach activities and resorts, the most comfortable of which are located within the Athenian Riviera. This is a number of amazing beaches and small resorts, it is here that the famous Paleo Faliro and Cavuri are located. In this part of Attica, tourists will find the most expensive resorts with the best hotels and numerous entertainments for every taste. On Athenian Riviera there will be a place for those who love leisure as there are yacht clubs and diving centers and many sports activities. Selected beaches equipped for a wonderful holiday with the family.

Just half an hour's drive from the center of the capital, travelers get the opportunity to walk along the picturesque bays, go shopping in search of expensive brands and various souvenirs, relax in one of the many cafes and clubs overlooking the sea. In this place everything is located, for which many people love Greece so much.

Faliro Is a truly special suburb of Athens. Although it is located close to the capital, it is very far from the constant bustle and noise, so the Athenians themselves often come to rest here. There is always something to do here, since the establishments are open almost round the clock. The bay is considered to be a real business card of this area, but it is better to take a leisurely walk or ride a bike in the local park, which is perfect for this purpose. The magnificent view of the Saronic Gulf, which opens from the embankment, is mesmerizing. Restaurants and shops, playgrounds and parks are all open until the end of September. Interestingly, from Wednesday to Saturday, from 17:30 to 20:30, you can get a bike for free and go on an exciting ride. This event is held within the framework of the local program “Tram - Bicycle. Coastal Routes ".

Equally wonderful is suburb of Glyfada... Landscaped beaches, plenty of sunshine, date palms right in the recreation area - all these beach pleasures are complemented by a truly endless nightlife in clubs. Young people will appreciate the fun in this town. There are many expensive shops and hotels here, and local restaurants offer a taste of the whole of Greece.

After a couple of kilometers from Glyfada, you can look into Voula area... It is considered an adornment of the Athenian Riviera. Voula is two beaches with embankments: A and B. Here you can not only swim and have a wonderful rest. All tourist infrastructure and the opportunity to do aquatic species sports allow you to combine relaxation with active entertainment. Mostly water skiing, beach volleyball and roller coaster are practiced in Voula, so at first glance the atmosphere resembles an amusement park. From expensive entertainment Glyfada is famous for its golf centers, so here you can feel like a real aristocrat.

Lake Vouliagmeni famous for its rich vegetation and picturesque beaches. Luxury restaurants and hotels in Attica are represented here in a wide variety. Local chefs are ready to surprise everyone with the delights of traditional Greek (and not only) cuisine. Night entertainment centers will also delight even those who, it would seem, have already seen everything.

One of the most famous beaches of Vouliagmeni is Asteras. Ideally pure water and the unique natural landscape provide an opportunity to relax under the warm Greek sun. The beach area has been marked Blue flag, which only confirms its quality.

Popular tourist Varkiza resort, which is located along the coast. Perfectly clean water, all kinds of water sports, landscaped areas for every taste, including free ones - every traveler will find something to his liking. You should definitely visit the taverns, where the freshest sea fish and seafood are served to the table. Windsurfers will especially like Varkiza, for whom all the necessary infrastructure is organized here.

The Athenian Riviera stretches along the Saronic Gulf to Cape Sounion, so on the way, tourists will also meet Lagonisi popular for family vacations thanks to clean beaches and fragrant lemon groves, and Saronida, worthy of attention not less.

Already moving away from beach holiday on the Athenian Riviera, you can improve your health in Attica. This region is home to the famous health resort Loutraki... This place is known for its healing springs, the properties of which were noted by ancient philosophers and scientists. Modern medicine allows you to reveal unique qualities and influence various diseases with the help of innovative programs.