How high is Kyrgyzstan above sea level. Seven highest mountain peaks in Kyrgyzstan

At the foot of the snow-white mountains of the Kyrgyz Ala-Too, at an altitude of 750 m above sea level, 25 km from the border with Kazakhstan. This is the soul and heart of the republic in the full sense of the word, its political, economic, scientific and Cultural Center, the main transport hub.

The population of the city as of 2010 is 846.5 thousand inhabitants. Unlike southern regions republics, a high percentage of the population are Russian and Russian-speaking residents.

In terms of climatic conditions, Bishkek occupies the extreme southern position in the continental climate of temperate latitudes. The maximum monthly sunshine duration is in July - 322 hours, the shortest in December - 126 hours. The climate in Bishkek is sharply continental, the average annual air temperature is + 10.2 ° C. The coldest month of the year is January (-4 ° C), the warmest is July (+ 24.7 ° C). The average monthly relative humidity increases from 44% in June and July to 74% in March. The rivers Ala-Archa, Alamedin and the Big Chuisky Canal flow through the city.

The capital of Kyrgyzstan is a unique young city unique and mysterious mountainous country... Yes, perhaps there are no ancient or medieval historical monuments, but this is absolutely not a reason to consider this city boring and uninteresting. You can't blame a child, for example, for being small. As for Bishkek, the city was founded only in 1825, which is not more than a second for history. Therefore, in the absence of the past, the Kyrgyz capital, respectively, does not have monuments of the past. Where do they come from? Nevertheless, the city is quite interesting, beautiful and extremely welcoming. And absolutely special and unique emotions arise at the sight of the majestic and alluring ridge of the Kyrgyz Alatau. Therefore, being in the city, it is quite difficult not to succumb to the temptation and not to rush into the mountains at any convenient opportunity.

An individual feature of the city is the strict layout of streets that intersect only at right angles. Residents of the capital are always proud that these streets are densely planted with trees and bushes, which creates a special comfort and invigorating coolness. Therefore, it is not for nothing that they say that Bishkek is one of the greenest cities in the world.

Bishkek is the center of the national culture of Kyrgyzstan. Museum visitors are always welcome Fine Arts, Museum. M.V. Frunze, Opera and Ballet Theater, Russian and Kyrgyz Drama Theaters, Bishkek City Drama Theater, the building of the State Philharmonic named after T. Satylganova and other places for not boring leisure activities.

Science and education in the capital are represented by the National Academy of Sciences and a large number of secondary specialized and higher educational institutions. Among them - 18 universities, 20 institutes, 9 academies, which graduate annually up to 5.5 thousand qualified specialists.

Name
Various legends have circulated about the name of the city for hundreds of years. According to one version, "Bishkek" is the name of the local hero, Bishkek-Baatyr, who did a lot of useful things for the common people; he lived here in the 18th century.

In general, the word "Bishkek" from Kyrgyz means "a stirrer for whipping kumis (a drink made from mare's milk)".

But, in addition, according to some historians and writers, the word "Bishkek" means "the front, front part of the happy, beautiful mountain(Mount Baytik), as well as a five-walled fortress ”.

City `s history
The city of Bishkek (or rather the territory on which modern city) has been known since the 7th century as the settlement of Dzhul (Blacksmith Fortress).
However, it was only in 1825 that the Kokand fortress Pishpek was formed on the territory of the Chui valley, in which the largest garrison was located. Twice - September 4, 1860 and October 24, 1862 - the fortress was taken by Russian troops. In November 1862, it was destroyed, and a Cossack picket was erected in its place two years later, then a bazaar began to gather here. Later, in April 1878, in connection with the transfer of the district center to Pishpek, the village received the status of a city.

Since October 1924, the city has become administrative center Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Region, then the administrative center of the Kirghiz Autonomous Region. In 1926, Pishpek was renamed Frunze in honor of a native of the city, a Soviet military leader. Since 1936, Frunze had the status of the capital of the Kirghiz SSR. And after gaining independence, on February 1, 1991, by the decision of the Supreme Council of Kyrgyzstan, the city was renamed Bishkek.

Tourism
Bishkek, being the center international tourism in Kyrgyzstan, it often serves as a transit point and resting place on the way to or and at the same time can offer tourists a large number of attractions.

The main thing and favorite place recreation and walks of guests and tourists of the capital - this is the center of Bishkek. Most of the museums, galleries, shops, parks, squares, squares, restaurants and cafes are concentrated here. By the way, Bishkek is the only city in Central Asia, where to this day there is a monument to Lenin. True, now it is located not on the main square, but behind it, but even this is already a striking difference from other cities of the Central Asian region.

The city has 20 national parks, 4 artificial reservoirs, 6 swimming pools, 10 theaters, 5 memorial museums under open air, 8 specialized museums, as well as other culture and recreation parks.
One of such objects is an oak park, where it is always cool under the dense crowns of trees, and fluffy, frisky squirrels scurry along the trunks, peering into the faces of vacationers in anticipation of receiving a treat. Oak Park is a kind of open-air museum of sculptures. Sculptures made in stone, metal and wood are located here alone and in groups along park alleys, paths, and some just among the trees on green lawns.

Adjacent to the oak park is the so-called "Bishkek Vernissage" - Erkindik Gallery, where you can admire the work of local craftsmen and artists.

Behind the gallery opens main square countries - Ala-Too. Ala-Too Square is fraught with a large tourism potential- the white marble Government House is located here. The square is adorned with fountains, a stage was also built where mass concerts and discos are held. It is here that people flock in mass during the holidays and festivities. Military parades and demonstrations are also held here.

The capital's sights include the Museum of Arts, which displays exhibits of Kyrgyz folk art and contemporary Russian and Soviet art. Some paintings and exhibits try to combine Kyrgyz images and European technology. There are also examples of elegant traditional Kyrgyz wall carpets (tushkis, bashtiyks) of various sizes.

The Bishkek Philharmonic hosts concerts of classical and modern Western music, as well as concerts of Kyrgyz traditional and popular music. The Philharmonic Hall consists of two halls, the larger of which is usually used for concerts of Kyrgyz music and various shows.

The shops of the capital can offer tourists a variety of souvenirs and folk art products produced in such large organizations as Kyyal, NPO Zengi-Baba, Altyn-Beshik, Shaarbek, which constantly hold exhibitions and fairs of souvenirs and decorative products. applied arts in the city squares.

Also, tourists here in Bishkek will not only be able to relax in yurts, get acquainted with the applied arts of the nomadic Kyrgyz people, gain impressions of national customs, cooking, games, taste Kyrgyz cuisine, purchase handicraft souvenirs, but also get information about tourist routes throughout the republic.
In Bishkek, as in any other Central Asian city, one of the most striking attractions is the oriental bazaar, where generous gifts of land and goods from all over the world are presented in abundance at any time of the year, and you can also admire the beauty of mosques and Orthodox cathedrals here.

Attractions of the surroundings
Baytyk Valley - stretches behind the counters, against which the southern outskirts of the city abuts. The valley is named in honor of its former owner - the manap of the Kyrgyz Orlto tribe - Baytyk Kanaev, who at one time contributed to the voluntary entry of Kyrgyzstan into Russia. Some of the slopes of the valley are planted with pistachios, while others are in their natural state. There are a lot of bird species here. Boz-Peldek Mountain (1395 m) is located to the south-west of VDNKh of Kyrgyzstan, which can be reached by city buses. From its top, like a plan on paper, you can see the whole city.

Khan's Graves is a Kyrgyz cemetery located at the southern foot of Boz-Peldek Mountain. The former ruler of the Baytyk Valley and his son Uzbek are buried here, over whose grave a magnificent forged lattice tower with a dome was erected.

State Botanical Reserve Chon-Aryk - is located southeast of the city in the Besh-Kyungey tract. Plants such as saffron Alatavsky, Kolpakovsky's iris, Juno Kumakevich, several types of tulips and others are strictly protected here. The surroundings of the city are rich in mineral springs.

The deposit of peat therapeutic mud is located near the village of Kamyshanovka. Healing mud here they are used to treat support organs, peripheral nervous system, respiratory organs, gastrointestinal tract, gynecological diseases.

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Kyrgyzstan is unique country in a world that, so to speak, is all in the mountains. Judge for yourself, the lowest point of Kyrgyzstan is at an altitude of 132 meters above sea level, and the territory below 1000 meters above sea level is only 5.8 percent of the entire territory of Kyrgyzstan.

Suusamyr mountains

The majestic Pamir mountains

For your information, 22.6 percent of the country's territory is at an altitude of 1 to 2 km above sea level, slightly more than 30 percent - at a level of 2 to 3 km, 34 percent - from 3 to 4 km, and 7 percent - at an altitude of over 4 km from sea level.

Scarlet poppies against the background of the snow-white mountains of the Kyrgyz Alatoo

In this regard, Kyrgyzstan is a favorite place for pilgrimage for many climbers, mountain lovers. active rest, as well as supporters of ecotourism fashionable today. For these purposes, Kyrgyzstan has a full list of required attributes. In particular, there are numerous mountain peaks and peaks designed for both beginner climbers and those with a high cross-country ability. There are countless different mountain trails at your service, which are accessible even for young children. And the beautiful, striking landscapes opening from the mountains will not leave anyone indifferent.

Alpine lake Karasuu

But most importantly, all the mountains of Kyrgyzstan are located in close proximity to passable transport roads, which makes them even more accessible.

"Fairy Tale" Teskey Alatoo

Kyrgyz horsemen on the background of the Talas mountains

Major mountain systems of Kyrgyzstan

The mountains of Kyrgyzstan belong to the mountain systems of the mighty Tien Shan and the equally majestic Pamir. At the same time, the Tien Shan, which in translation means "heavenly mountains", occupies a significant part of the country's territory.

The majestic peak of Victory above the cloud

Khan-Tengri is one of the seven-thousanders Central Asia

On the territory of Kyrgyzstan there are 3 out of 5 7000 meters of Central Asia, in particular, Pobeda Peak (7439 meters above sea level), Lenin Peak (7134 meters) and Khan Tengri Peak (7010 meters). Two more seven-thousanders are in Tajikistan (Communism peak - 7495 m. And Korzhenevsky peak - 7105 m.). For your information, climbers who have conquered all of the 5 7000-peaks receive the honorary title "Snow Leopard" and the corresponding certificate.

Kemin mountains

The snow-white peaks of Teskey Ala-Tau

The main mountain ranges in Kyrgyzstan are as follows (sorted by ridge length):

Kyrgyzstan is a state in Central Asia. Capital - Bishkek, big cities- Osh, Karakol, Naryn. This is a country with an oriental flavor, nomad yurts, noisy bazaars, archaeological monuments from the times of the Great Silk Road.

Nature is one of the main treasures of the country. Kyrgyzstan surprises with its mountain rivers with waterfalls, unique mountain lakes and hot springs. Only here you can see the world's only fruit and nut relict forests. Almost the entire territory of the country is occupied by mountains; the most prominent peaks of the Tien Shan and Pamir are located here. Climbing and trekking routes of varying difficulty are popular with tourists. In winter, ski resorts are active.

The cuisine is rich in meat and dairy dishes, among which kumis is in a special place. Tea drinking is a traditional ceremony, accompanied by local sweets and dried fruits. Handicrafts will be excellent souvenirs: felt garments and carpets, jewelry and wood carvings.

The best hotels and hotels at affordable prices.

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What to see in Kyrgyzstan?

The most interesting and Beautiful places, photos and a short description.

A very large and deep lake, the largest in the country. The maritime climate and comfortable beaches have made Issyk-Kul a popular tourist destination. The infrastructure on the coast is very well developed and offers various opportunities for recreation. The fauna of the reservoir is diverse, represented by many species of fish. The water is mineralized and has healing properties.

A large mountain system, part of it is located on the territory of Kyrgyzstan. On the border with China there is the most outstanding peak - Pobeda, its height is more than 7000 meters. The landscape is represented by deserts, glaciers, mountain rivers and lakes.

Nature reserve in the mountains. Forests untouched by man, mountain rivers with waterfalls, glacial lake- the gorge is very beautiful at any time of the year. There are many hot healing springs in it. Mineralized water, radon water, hydrogen sulphide water - in one area the springs are all different. Thermal baths are available all year round.

The mountain in the south of Kyrgyzstan is the country's first UNESCO monument. Appearance Suleiman-Too is unusual - it is an elongated five-domed massif of limestone rocks, more than a kilometer long. On the mountain and its elephants, there are several historical sites and buildings dating back to different eras. There is also a museum of its history.

In the mountains there is a village of the same name, a resort, a natural boundary, waterfalls and a unique relict walnut forest. This is one of the most beautiful resorts south of the country. The area is picturesque and unique in its own way. Tourists at the resort are offered both hiking trails and sightseeing trips on SUVs.

Natural park in the river valley. It is located near Bishkek and is its main attraction. Everything can be found in the gorge climatic zones Kyrgyzstan. Vegetation and fauna are very diverse, with many rare representatives. Popular place for hiking and mountaineering.

Picturesque gorge on the southern shore of Issyk-Kul. The long wooded valley is famous for its thermal springs(Jety Oguz resort) and picturesque red rocks. The Seven Bulls Ridge and the Broken Heart Rock attract many tourists.

An archaeological and architectural complex, including an ancient minaret - the only surviving structure of the ancient settlement. The height of the tower was about 40 meters, now only half of it has survived. The building consists of several levels, all made of red bricks. Nearby there is a collection of stone tombstones and statues.

A structure built in the 15th century on the site of an even more ancient monastery. Located in a secluded valley among the mountains, near the border with China. Monument medieval architecture... Later it was used as a caravanserai for merchants following the Great Silk Road.

Most ancient monument republic, a unique architectural structure of the XIV century. The building is the tomb of one of the daughters of the local ruler, Amir Abuk. The mausoleum is made of bricks and terracotta, decorated with carvings and inscriptions.

In the Saimaly-Tash tract, in the depths of the Fergana ridge, there is an ancient sanctuary for fire worshipers. Many stones are decorated with ancient petroglyph drawings, their age is determined at several thousand years. In total, there are about 20 thousand stones with images in the valley.

One of the Tien Shan glaciers, the largest of all. Its shape resembles a tree, the crown of which is formed by about 70 other, large and small, glaciers. Inylchek's area is about 500 km², and the length of the "tongue" is almost 50 kilometers.

A large alpine lake located between the Tien Shan ridges. A popular ecological tourism destination. Part of the coast of the reservoir is part of the state reserve. There are a lot of fish in the lake, and a variety of birds nest on the shore.

A deep and extended freshwater lake, the second largest in Kyrgyzstan. Located high in the mountains, on the territory of a biosphere reserve. Formed about 10 thousand years ago. The banks are wooded, very picturesque. Popular route for ecological tourism.

A real oriental bazaar with many goods and sellers, not only local, but also from neighboring countries. There is more choice here than anywhere else in Central Asia. The market is the same age as the Great Silk Road, which ran in this place earlier. The bazaar is more than 2000 years old and has not changed its place during this time. It is very large, almost a kilometer long. It works every day, seven days a week.

The photos were taken during a trip to Kyrgyzstan in the spring of this year, somehow all hands did not reach them. It's just a set beautiful views this wonderful mountainous country. As usual, we will accompany the photo with a short story.

More than three quarters of the territory of Kyrgyzstan is mountainous. Pobeda Peak, 7439 m high, is the highest point of the country (the northernmost 7000-meter peak on Earth from the side of China Pobeda Peak is called Mount Tomur). The territory of Kyrgyzstan is located within two mountain systems. Its northeastern part, which is larger in area, lies within the Tien Shan, and its southwestern part lies within the Pamir-Alai. The state borders of Kyrgyzstan run mainly along the ridges of mountain ranges. Only in the north and south-west, in the densely populated Chui and Fergana valleys, along the foothills of the mountains and foothill plains.
2.

The entire territory of the republic lies above 401 m above sea level; more than half of it is located at altitudes from 1000 to 3000 m and about a third - at altitudes from 3000 to 4000 m. Mountain ranges occupy about a quarter of the territory and extend in parallel chains mainly in the latitudinal direction. In the east, the main ranges of the Tien Shan converge in the area of ​​the Meridional ridge, creating a powerful mountain knot. Here (on the border with China and Kazakhstan) the peaks of Pobeda (7439 m) and Khan Tengri (6995 m) rise.
3.

Geographically, Kyrgyzstan is conditionally divided into two parts - south (southwest) and north. The northern and southern regions are connected by the high-mountainous Bishkek-Osh highway. On the way of the north-south highway, the Tyoo-Ashuu pass (3800 m above sea level), the Suusamyr valley, the Ala-Bel pass (3200 m), the protected area - the Chychkan gorge, the Toktogul reservoir, the Kok-Bel pass (2700 m) and exit to the Fergana Valley.
4.

The population of Kyrgyzstan is 5.5 million people (January 2010). This is significantly more than the population in the country in 1959 (2.065 million), 1970 (2.935 million), 1979 (3.523 million), 1989 (4.258 million), 1999 (4.823 million). Until the 1960s, the population of the republic grew rapidly due to migration and natural growth, which was especially significant among rural Kyrgyz, Uzbeks and other Central Asian peoples.
5.

The core of the country's population - 72.16% - are Kyrgyz. Kyrgyz live throughout the country and are dominant in most rural areas. Russians make up 6.87%, dispersed mainly in cities and villages in the north of the republic. Uzbeks, who make up 14.34% of the population, are concentrated in the south-west of the country in the regions bordering with Uzbekistan.
6.

Part of the Germans lived in the region already in the 19th century, when the first German Mennonites began to settle in this region, who left their homes due to religious persecution. There were only a few thousand people living in the north, in the Talas region, where they founded the village-settlements of Nikolaypol, Vladimirovka, Andreevka, Romanovka, later united with Nikolaypol. Back in 1944, about 4,000 Germans lived in the Kirghiz SSR. In 1941-1945, about 500,000 Germans were resettled to the republics of Central Asia. In 1989, 101,000 Germans lived in the Kyrgyz SSR, which constituted 2.4% of the total population of the republic.
7.

At the end of the 19th century, soon after the suppression of the Dungan uprising by the central government of China, thousands of Dungans (Muslim Chinese) migrated to Kyrgyzstan from northwestern China. Traditionally, the Dungans were valued as good farmers and gardeners, and their irrigated gardens served as a model for their neighbors. (It should be noted that the ethnonym "Dungan" is used mainly on the territory of Russia and other CIS countries: in China, their self-name is "Hui." The region of the predominant settlement of this minority is the Chuy valley (Tokmok, the village of Aleksandrovka, Milianfan, Ken-Bulun), the village of Tashirov (Osh region, Kara-Suu district) and the area of ​​Lake Issyk-Kul (Karakol, the village of Yrdyk). street in Bishkek used to be called Dunganskaya.
8.

The overwhelming majority of believers in Kyrgyzstan are Sunni Muslims. There are also Christians: Orthodox, Catholics.
10.

Since ancient times, the Scythians, also called Saks, have lived on the territory of modern Kyrgyzstan. At the beginning of our era, the Usuns migrated to the territory of modern Kyrgyzstan from the east (Xinjiang), who were replaced by the Hephthalites ("White Huns"), and then the Sassanids. In the early Middle Ages, the Turks, direct descendants of the Saks, lived on the territory of modern Kyrgyzstan. In the 7th century, the territory of modern Kyrgyzstan became part of the Western Turkic Kaganate, and in the 8th century - into the Turkic Karluk Kaganate. In the XII century, the city of Uzgen ( oldest city on the territory of modern Kyrgyzstan) and Balasagun become the centers of the Karakhanid state, which is being replaced by the Karakitai Khanate. In the XIII century, the lands of modern Kyrgyzstan were conquered by the Mughals and entered the Chagatai ulus, from which in 1347 the semi-nomadic Mogolistan emerged, where the hegemony belonged to the Dulats.
11.

The first state formations on the territory of modern Kyrgyzstan emerged in the second century BC. e., when the southern agricultural regions of the country became part of the state of Parkan. In the IV-III centuries. BC, the ancestors of the Kirghiz were part of the powerful tribal unions of Central Asian nomads, which worried China very seriously. It was then that the construction of the Great Wall of china... In the 2nd - 1st centuries. BC part of the Kyrgyz tribes left the Huns (Hunnu) power to the Yenisei. It was here that they formed their first state, the Kyrgyz Kaganate. It was the center of the consolidation of the Yenisei Kyrgyz, the formation of their culture. The first ancient Türkic runic script originated here. Runic inscriptions have survived on stone monuments. The destruction of the state under the blows of the conquerors led to the loss of writing. The epic "Manas", unprecedented in volume, is a true encyclopedia that has absorbed the events of history, information about the society, customs and life of the Kyrgyz.
12.

From the middle of the 9th to the beginning of the 10th century, the Kyrgyz Kaganate covered South Siberia, Mongolia, Baikal, the upper reaches of the Irtysh, part of Kashgaria. The heyday of the state of the Yenisei Kyrgyz was not only a period of conquest, but also a trade exchange with the Chinese, Tibetans, peoples of South Siberia, Central and Central Asia. It was during this period that the ancestors of the modern Kirghiz, after the victory over the Uyghur Kaganate, first entered the territory of the Tien Shan. However, in the 10th century, only Southern Siberia, Altai and Southwestern Mongolia remained under the rule of the Yenisei Kyrgyz. In the XI-XII centuries. their possessions were reduced to Altai and Sayan. Meanwhile, parts of the Kyrgyz tribes scattered over the vast space took an active part in the events that are rich in the history of the countries of Central and Inner Asia.
14.

Resisting the power of the Kokand khans, individual Kyrgyz tribes took Russian citizenship and became the conductors of Russian expansion in Central Asia. In 1855-1863, the territory of modern northern Kyrgyzstan was conquered from the Kokand Khanate by the detachments of Colonel Chernyaev and became part of Russian Empire... A number of Kyrgyz leaders resisted the Russian conquest. One of the most powerful uprisings against Russia was the movement of the Kyrgyz mullah (the uprising of Pulat Khan) in Fergana in 1873-76.
15.

On the Kyrgyz lands was founded in the outpost Przhevalsk. Southern Kyrgyzstan (together with Fergana and northern Tajikistan), after the defeat of the Kokand Khanate in 1876, was incorporated into the Russian Empire as the Semirechensk region (the administrative center is the city of Verny).
16.

In Russia, it was difficult to distinguish Kazakhs (Kirghiz-Kaisaks) from the Kirghiz proper (Kara-Kirghiz), many of whose tribes continued to engage in nomadic cattle breeding, in contrast to the Ferghana Kyrgyz, Kypchaks, Tajiks, Turks and Sarts.
17.

In 1910, on the territory of modern Kyrgyzstan, the first mines were opened and industrial production of coal (Kok-Zhangak) began. The miners were immigrants from Russia, who very early fell under the influence of revolutionary social democratic circles.
18.

For the time being, the tsarist government did not interfere in the life of the Kirghiz, but the First World War led to the need to mobilize the population for trench work. As a result, on August 10, 1916, an uprising broke out that engulfed Russian Turkestan, including the nomad camps of the Kyrgyz and Kazakhs. The anger of the rebels first of all fell on the Russian settlers, who were killed up to 2000 people. The uprising was brutally suppressed. Almost half of the Kyrgyz population of the Issyk-Kul region was exterminated. Part of the Kirghiz fled to China, where later in the border province of Xinjiang, the Kyzylsu-Kyrgyz Autonomous Region was even formed.
19.

The revolutions in Petrograd in 1917 were met ambiguously on the territory of modern Kyrgyzstan (southern Semirechye). It is known that not only Russian miners, but the "feudal elite" of the Kyrgyz tribes supported the revolution. Whereas Russian peasant settlers were nominated as "kulaks" and they rebelled against the surplus appropriation policy. The uprising was suppressed, and the territory of modern Kyrgyzstan was included in the Soviet Turkestan, the administrative center of which was Tashkent. In 1924, the Turksib railway (the construction of which was started back in tsarist times) connected Pishkek with Alma-Ata and Novosibirsk
20.

On the national-state demarcation of the Soviet republics of Central Asia, on October 14, 1924, the Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Region (from May 25, 1925 - the Kyrgyz) Autonomous Region was formed as part of the RSFSR (headed by Kamensky and Aidarbekov), on February 1, 1926 it was transformed into the Kyrgyz ASSR (one of the first chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars the republic became J. Abdrakmanov), and on December 5, 1936 - in the Kirghiz SSR. In 1936, Kyrgyzstan received the status of a union republic (SSR), the capital of which was the city of Frunze (formerly Pishpek).
21.

In a short time, the Kyrgyz (like many other Turkic peoples of the USSR) changed the alphabet three times: from Arabic to Latin, and from Latin to Cyrillic.
22.

During the years of Perestroika, on all the national outskirts of the USSR, there was an increase in national revival on the one hand and interethnic tension on the other. Coupled with the ineffectiveness of command and control, this often led to bloody excesses, one of which was the Osh massacre of 1990.
23.

In the wake of the crisis in the USSR, which culminated in the defeat of the State Emergency Committee, the Supreme Council of Kyrgyzstan proclaimed the republic's sovereignty on August 31, 1991. Two years later, on May 5, 1993, the first Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic was adopted, which enshrined the presidential form of government. Like Russia, Kyrgyzstan has gone through a stage of confrontation between the president and the pro-communist parliament. In 1993, the country was shaken by the first corruption scandal associated with the name of Prime Minister Tursunbek Chyngyshev, as a result of which the representative of the old party nomenklatura Apas Dzhumagulov (1993-1998) became the new head of government. On May 10, 1993, Kyrgyzstan introduced its own national currency - the som.
24.

At the turn of the millennium, the republic was involuntarily involved in the fight against terrorism, which was anticipated by geopolitical instability along its southern borders. In 1999, Kyrgyzstan was shaken by the Batken events, when militants of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan tried to break through from Tajikistan through the territory of Kyrgyzstan to Uzbekistan. In 2001, the American Manas airbase was located in Kyrgyzstan. The first symptom of the crisis was the Aksy events of 2002. Then came the Tulip Revolution on March 24, 2005, which ended the 15-year rule of Askar Akayev (1990-2005). The new president was a representative of the "poor south" Kurmanbek Bakiev (2005-2010), who failed to stabilize the situation in the country.
25.

Bakiyev was overthrown during another revolution on April 7, 2010. Power passed to the interim government headed by the leader of the last revolution, Roza Otunbayeva. Clashes between supporters of the new and the old government provoked an interethnic conflict between Kyrgyz and Uzbeks in the south of the country, during which more than 200 people died and hundreds of thousands of Uzbeks fled the country. On June 27, 2010, a referendum was held in Kyrgyzstan, which confirmed the powers of Roza Otunbayeva as head of state for a transitional period until 2011, and a new constitution was adopted, approving a parliamentary form of government in the country.
26.

On October 30, 2011, presidential elections were held, out of 16 candidates, A. Atambaev won with 63.24% of the vote. In total, about 1,858,596 (61.28%) citizens voted.
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Mountain peaks

• Aitmatov Peak
  Mountain peak in Kyrgyzstan, located in the central part of the Kyrgyz ridge, in the area of ​​the Salyk glacier. The height of the peak is 4650 m. The mountain got its name in 2000 in honor of the outstanding Kyrgyz writer Chingiz Aitmatov. Until that moment, it was nameless.
• Boris Yeltsin Peak
  Mountain peak in Kyrgyzstan. The peak is located on the Terskey Ala-Too ridge of the Tien Shan mountain system. Located on the territory of the Issyk-Kul region. Renamed in 2002 in honor of the first President of the Russian Federation Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin.
• Peak of Vladimir Putin
  Mountain peak V. The peak is located in the Tien Shan mountain system. Located in the Chui region. Named in 2011 in honor of the second President of the Russian Federation, Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin.
• Lenin Peak
  A mountain peak located on the border of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. One of the "seven-thousanders" - highest peaks the former USSR... One of the highest peaks in Central Asia, located in the Pamir mountain range.
• Victory Peak
  Mountain peak, the highest point of the Tien Shan (7439 meters). It is located on the border of Kyrgyzstan and the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, in the Kokshaal-Too ridge, east of Lake Issyk-Kul, 16 km south-west of Khan Tengri peak. It is one of the five seven-thousanders of the USSR (now the CIS), climbing which gives the right to receive the honorary title "Snow Leopard".
• Free Korea
  A peak located in the Tien Shan mountains in the Kyrgyz ridge, in Kyrgyzstan, in the Chui region, on the territory national park Ala-Archa. Its height according to various sources is 4740-4778 meters.
• Semyonov Peak
  Mountain peak in the Central Tien Shan in Kyrgyzstan. The highest point of the Saryjaz ridge (5816 m). It rises above the valley with the North Inylchek glacier. The peak was named after Peter Petrovich Semyonov, who explored the Central Tien Shan in 1857.
• Sulaiman-Too
  Sacred mountain in the Kyrgyz city of Osh, which became the country's first monument in June 2009 World heritage... The mountain is a five-domed limestone outlier stretching from west to east. Its length is more than 1140 m, width - 560 m. Since ancient times, it had a sacred significance, as evidenced by the preserved petroglyphs.
• Khan-Tengri
  Pyramidal peak in the Tien Shan on the Tengri-Tag ridge on the border of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, etc. Height - 7010 meters (with a glacier), excluding the ice layer - 6995 m. Its name in translation from Turkic means "Lord of the sky". Tien Shan (Heavenly Mountains) are located in the center of the area of ​​residence of the ancient Turks.

Mountain ranges

• Alai ridge
  The mountain range of the Pamir-Alai mountain system in Kyrgyzstan and partly in Tajikistan. Height up to 5539 meters. Separates the Fergana and Alay valleys. The length of the granite-gabbro Alai ridge, between the Zeravshan mountain knot in the west and 74 ° 48 "E in the east. Length is about 400 kilometers; the ridge is almost completely covered with eternal snow and abounds in glaciers, especially in the west. The total area of ​​glaciation is 568 km² the passes are very high and difficult.
• Atbashi
  A mountain range in the southern part of the Inner Tien Shan in Kyrgyzstan. Separates the Atbashinskaya depression in the north from the Chatyrkolskaya depression and Aksai syrts in the south. The length of the ridge is 135 km, the maximum height is 4786 m.
• Borkolda
  A mountain range in the Inner Tien Shan, in the southeastern part of Kyrgyzstan. The ridge is about 100 km long. The average height is 4300 m, the maximum elevation (in the western part) is 5049 m. There is significant glaciation on the northern slope. The ridge is composed of crystalline schists, marbles and granites. Semi-desert vegetation predominates on the slopes, above - rocks and talus with sparse xerophytic vegetation.
• Jamantau
  A mountain range in the Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan, located northwest of Lake Chatyr-Kul. In the west, behind the gorge of the Arpa River, it adjoins the Fergana Range. The length of the ridge is about 70 km, the highest point is Karamoinok (4121 m). The ridge is composed of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. The northern slope is gentle, the southern one drops abruptly to the Arpa valley. The ridge is covered with sparse steppe vegetation, higher - alpine meadows.
• Jetim
  Mountain range in the Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan, south of Terskey-Ala-Too. The length of the ridge is about 120 km, the maximum height is 4931 m. The Naryn River flows along the southern foot. Steppe, meadow and meadow-steppe vegetation grows on the slopes. In the eastern part there are glaciers.
• Jumgaltau
  Mountain range in the northern part of the Tien Shan, in Kyrgyzstan. The ridge stretches in the sublatitudinal direction for more than 100 km. The maximum height is 3948 m. In the west, by the gorge of the Kökömeren River, it is separated from the Susamyrtau ridge. Jumgaltau is composed of tuffaceous sandstones, calcareous-mica schists and granites. On the slopes there are meadows with juniper dwarf trees, meadow steppes with shrubs, areas of juniper and spruce forests.
• Trans-Alai ridge
  The ridge of the latitudinal direction separating the Pamirs and the Alai Valley. The highest point of the Trans-Alai Range is Lenin Peak. The ridge has significant glaciation. From the tops of the ridge, views of the Central Pamir open up, in particular, the peaks of Communism and Korzhenevskaya.
• Zailiyskiy Alatau
  Mountain range in the northwest of the Tien Shan (on the border with Kyrgyzstan). Extends 360 km along 43 ° N lat. NS. The prevailing heights are 4000–4600 m, the highest point is Talgar peak (4973–5017 m). The northern slope is relatively gentle, strongly dissected by the left tributaries of the Ili River, the southern slope drops abruptly to the valleys of the Chilik and Chon-Kemin rivers (the right tributary of the Chu).
• Inylchektau
  Mountain range in the Central Tien Shan in Kyrgyzstan. Located in the basin of the left tributaries of the Sarydzhaz. The ridge stretches in a sublatitudinal direction between the Inylchek and Kaindy valleys. Its length is about 65 km, the maximum height is 5697 m. The ridge is composed of metamorphic shales, limestones; covered with eternal snows and glaciers. On the slopes there are numerous rocks and talus, at the foot in the west there is a high-mountain semi-desert.
• Kaindy-Katta
  Mountain range in the Central Tien Shan in Kyrgyzstan. Located in the basin of the Sarydzhaz River, stretches south of the Kaindy Valley. The ridge is about 65 km long. The maximum height is 5784 m. The ridge is composed of metamorphic shales and limestones. Covered with eternal snows and glaciers, especially in the eastern part. The slopes are dominated by rocks and talus, at the foot in the west there is an alpine semi-desert.
• Kakshaal-Too
  A mountain range in the Central Tien Shan system, on the border of Kyrgyzstan and China. The length of the ridge is about 400 km, the highest point is Pobeda Peak (7439 m). The ridge is composed of clay shales, sandstones, limestones, broken by granite intrusions. Alpine relief with a total glaciated area of ​​983 km² prevails. On the northern slope - steppes, on the southern - meadow steppes and alpine meadows.
• Kyrgyz ridge
  A mountain range bordering the Chuy valley and the Moyynkum desert from the south. Kyrgyz is one of the mountain ranges of the inner Tien Shan on the territory of Kyrgyzstan, partly on the territory of neighboring Kazakhstan.
• Koksuy ridge
  Located in the Western Tien Shan, on the border of Kyrgyzstan and. The length is about 70 km, the average height is about 2000 m. From the southeast, it is limited by a valley, along which the Koksu River flows, which flows into the Charvak reservoir.
• Kuylyutau
  Mountain range in the Central Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan. Located between the rivers Kuylyu and Uchkol (Sarydzhaz basin). The length of the ridge is about 50 km, the maximum height is 5203 m. The ridge is composed of limestone, metamorphic shale, granite.
• Kyungoy-Ala-Too
  Mountain range. Along with the Zailiyskiy Alatau, it forms the Northern Tien Shan. The ridge is elongated in latitudinal relation (from west to east) and has a length of 275 km in a straight line. From the north, it borders the hollow in which Lake Issyk-Kul is located (from the south, the same hollow is bordered by the Terskey Ala-Too ridge).
• Moldotau
  A mountain range in the Inner Tien Shan, in the central part of Kyrgyzstan, south of Lake Sonkol. The ridge stretches generally from west to east, between the valleys of the Kökömeren and Naryn rivers. The ridge is about 150 km long. The maximum height is 4185 m. It is mainly composed of limestone. On the lower slopes there are mountain steppes and meadows, higher - areas of spruce forests, juniper forests.
• Naryntau
  Mountain range in the Inner Tien Shan in Kyrgyzstan. It stretches almost latitudinally along the left bank of the Naryn River. The ridge is about 130 km long. The maximum height is 4530 m. The ridge is composed of limestone, granite, metamorphic shale. The northern slope is steep with rocky gorges, the southern one is more gentle, with clay-sandy hills at the foot. Mountain-meadow and meadow-steppe landscapes, rocky highlands with rocks and talus on steep slopes dominate. Plots of spruce forests have been preserved in the gorges.
• Saryjaz
  A mountain range in the Central Tien Shan, on the territory of Kyrgyzstan and partly Kazakhstan. It is located between the Saryjaz River in the north and its left tributary, the Inylchek River in the south. The ridge is 113 km long and up to 16 km wide. The average height is 4370 m, the highest point is Semyonov Peak (5816 m). The ridge is composed of metamorphic schists, granites, and marbled limestones. Permafrost is widespread from an altitude of 3000 m.
• Sonköltau
  Mountain range in the Tien Shan, in the southeastern part of Kyrgyzstan. In an arc-like manner it frames the basin of Sonköl Lake from the north. The length of the ridge is about 60 km, the maximum height reaches 3856 m. It is mainly composed of limestone. Alpine meadows are located on the northern slope and at the summit of the ridge, and subalpine meadow-steppes and steppes on the southern slope.
• Susamyrtau
  A mountain range in Kyrgyzstan, in the Inner Tien Shan system, southeast of Talas Ala-Too. The length is about 125 km; the maximum height is 4048 m. The ridge is composed mainly of granites and metamorphic shales of the Lower Paleozoic. There are glaciers. In the western, lower part, the ridge is cut through by the through gorge of the Chichkan River (the right tributary of the Naryn). The landscapes of mountain meadows and stony highlands prevail.
• Talas Ala-Too
  A mountain range located in the Western Tien Shan system. Most of it is located on the territory of Kyrgyzstan, and some in southern Kazakhstan). This ridge separates the Talas Valley from other ridges and valleys of the Western Tien Shan and the western part of the so-called Inner Tien Shan. The length of Talas Ala-Too is about 270 km, the most high peaks up to 4.482 m - Mount Manas.
• Terskey Ala-Too
  A mountain range bordering the Issyk-Kul basin from the south. The Terskey Ala-Too ridge is located in the northeastern part of Kyrgyzstan and closes the Issyk-Kul lake basin in the south. Its ridge stretches, in a latitudinal direction, for 375 kilometers and rises in its upper part, located south of the city of Karakol (formerly Przhevalsk), 5281 meters above sea level (Karakolsky peak). The average height of the ridge is about 4500 m. The Terskey Ala-Too ridge is very beautiful in its variety of landscapes. In one day, you can see the beauty of red sandy cliffs, wild forest and snowy peaks stretching wide over the greatest lake Issyk-Kul. Each gorge is unique and inimitable in its performance.
• Turkestan ridge
  A high-altitude ridge with a latitudinal direction, about 340 km long, belonging to the Gissar-Alai mountain system. Through the Matcha mountain knot, the ridge joins the Alay ridge in the east, and extends to the Samarkand plain in the west. The northern slope is long and gentle, with juniper forests and woodlands, the southern one is short and steep, with rocks and talus. In the south, the valley of the Zeravshan River is separated from the Zeravshan Range.
• Fergana ridge
  A mountain range in the Tien Shan, which stretches from southeast to northwest, separating the Fergana Valley from the Inner Tien Shan. The ridge is 225 km long. In the southeast, where the ridge is most elevated, it adjoins the Torugart and Alaikuu ridges through the Seok pass. The ridge has an asymmetric structure with long and gentle southwestern slopes and steep northeastern slopes. The spurs of the Fergana Range include the Babash-Ata, Sugan-Tash, Seryun-Dobyo, and others.
• Chatkal ridge
  The mountain range in the Western Tien Shan, bordering the Fergana Valley from the north-west, has a length of about 200 km, a height of more than 3000 meters, for example, the Big Chimgan mountain 3309 m high, the Kyzylnura mountain 3267 m high and the Okhotnichy (Aukashka) peak, 3099 m high , coniferous-deciduous forests, juniper woodlands, alpine meadows. It is located on the territory of the Tashkent region of Uzbekistan and the Jalal-Abad region of Kyrgyzstan.

Glaciers

• Korzhenevsky glacier
  A complex valley glacier on the northern slope of the Trans-Alai Range (Pamir). Located east of Lenin Peak, at the headwaters of the Dzhanaidartak River in Kyrgyzstan. The glacier is 21.5 km long and has an area of ​​73 km². The feeding area is located at altitudes up to 6200 m, the firn line - at an altitude of 5100 m. The glacier flows in a deep valley and descends to 3840 m. The tongue is two-thirds covered by a moraine cover.
• Lenin glacier
  Mountain hollow glacier on the northern slope of the Zaalaysky ridge (Pamir), in Kyrgyzstan. The glacier is 13.5 km long and has an area of ​​55.3 km². An extensive firn basin lies at the foot of Lenin Peak (7134 m), the firn line - at an altitude of 5300 m. The glacier tongue descends to 3760 m, from where the Achiktash River, the left tributary of the Kyzylsu, begins. The right tributary of the glacier is pulsating: in 1945 and 1969 it cracked and moved 500 and 1000 m.
• Mushketov glacier
  Valley tree-like glacier in the Central Tien Shan in Kyrgyzstan, located on the northern slope of the Sarydzhaz ridge, in the headwaters of the Adyrtor River, the left tributary of the Sarydzhaz River. The glacier is 20.5 km long and 1 to 1.8 km wide. Area - 68.7 km². The feeding area lies in a huge circus at an altitude of 4500–5500 m, the firn line at an altitude of 4100 m. The tongue of the glacier ends at an altitude of 3440 m. The lower part of the glacier is covered with moraine for 5 km.
• Petrov glacier
  Glacier in the Central Tien Shan in Kyrgyzstan, located in the Akshiirak mountains. It gives rise to the main source of the Naryn - the Kumtor River. The glacier area is 73.9 km². Length - 14.3 km, width in the lower part - up to 1.8 km.
• Semyonov glacier
  Glacier in the Central Tien Shan in Kyrgyzstan. Located on the northern slope of the Saryjaz ridge in the upper reaches of the river of the same name. The glacier is about 21 km long and up to 1.5 km wide. The glacier was discovered in 1857 by the Russian explorer Petr Petrovich Semyonov (later Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky), after whom it got its name.
• Northern Inylchek
  Complex valley glacier in the Central Tien Shan in Kyrgyzstan, in the upper reaches of the Inylchek River, the left tributary of the Sarydzhaz. The glacier is 38.2 km long and has an area of ​​181.2 km². Previously, North Inylchek merged with the South Inylchek glacier, and now it is connected with it by a section of dead ice that serves as the bottom of Lake Mertsbacher and Lake Verkhny.
• South Inylchek
  Valley tree-like glacier in the Central Tien Shan in Kyrgyzstan, in the upper reaches of the Inylchek River, the left tributary of the Sarydzhaz. South Inylchek is the largest glacier in the Tien Shan. Its length is 60.5 km, area - 567.2 km². The glacier begins in huge circus-like firn basins at an altitude of 7440 m. The tongue of the glacier, which is 43.2 km long with an average width of 2.2 km, descends to 2800 m.

Passes

• Bedel
  Pass in the Tien Shan mountain system, across the Kokshaaltau ridge. Located on the border of Kyrgyzstan and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China, at an altitude of 4284 m above sea level. There is a road connecting the pass with the village of Barskaun, located on the southern coast of Lake Issyk-Kul. The source of the Yshtyk River is located near the pass. Historically, the pass served as an important caravan road, being on the Great Silk Road.
• Kyzyl-Art
  Pass in the Zaalayskiy ridge on the Pamir tract on the border of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. The Osh-Khorog road goes through the pass. The height of the pass is 4280 meters above sea level. From the north, from the Alai Valley, the ascent to the pass is rather gentle, along a picturesque gorge, where panoramas of glaciers and snow-capped peaks open up. The descent from the pass to the south into the wide deserted valley of the Markansu River is relatively steep.
• Taldyk
  The pass in the Alai ridge is oriented from north to south and connects the valley of the Gulcha river in the north with the Alai valley in the south. The height of the pass is 3615 m. A highway, a section of the Eastern Pamir Highway, connecting the city of Osh with the village of Sary-Tash in the Alay Valley, passes through the pass.

The mountains

• Akshyrak
  Mountain range in the Tien Shan, on the territory of Kyrgyzstan. It forms a watershed between the headwaters of the Naryn and the rivers of the Sarydzhaz basin. The massif consists of three en-echelon parallel ridges of sub-latitudinal strike. The length is about 50 km, the maximum height is 5126 m. It is composed of metamorphic shale, limestone, granite. Alpine - subnival and glacial-nival landscapes dominate.
• Gissar-Alai
  Mountain system in Central Asia, part of the Pamir-Alai. Gissar-Alai is located west of the Pamir, between the Fergana Valley in the north, the Karshi steppe, the Tajik depression and the Alai valley in the south. Eastern The system is located on the territory of Kyrgyzstan, the middle one is in Tajikistan and the western one is in Uzbekistan. The length of Gissar-Alai from west to east is about 900 km, width in the western part - up to 150 km, in the east - up to 80 km.
• Pamir-Alai
  Mountain system in the southeast of Central Asia. Administratively located on the territory of Tajikistan, partly in Kyrgyzstan (in the north-east), Uzbekistan (in the west) and Turkmenistan (in the south-west); eastern and partly south edge enters China and Afghanistan.
• Tien Shan
  A mountain system located in Central Asia on the territory of four countries: Kyrgyzstan, China (Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region), Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.