The first round the world voyage of the expedition of Fernand Magellan. Fernand Magellan's first trip around the world Fernand Magellan's expedition circled the globe in motion

February 12, 1908 the first in the world started in New York round the world motor rally- a very bold and risky event in the spirit of that era of great technical discoveries and achievements. But adventurers have always existed - they lived before 1908, they were after it, they feel great in our time. And today we will tell you about history of travel around the world from Magellan to the modern brave knights of the compass and map.

Magellan's circumnavigation (1519-1522)

Already at the very beginning of the sixteenth century, it became clear that discovered by Christopher Columbus lands are neither India nor China. But it was assumed that Asia, with all its many riches, was not so far from America. There is little to do - to find a strait, swim across the "South Sea" (this was the name of the reservoir that became known as the Pacific Ocean in those days) and get to the desired lands full of spices and silk. The Portuguese and Spanish navigator Fernand Magellan took up this business.

On October 20, 1519, five ships under his command left the Spanish port of Sanlúcar de Barrameda. On board the ships, there were a crew of more than two hundred people. The expedition led by Magellan, indeed, managed to round the American continent from the south, overcome the Pacific Ocean, reach the Moluccas (Spice Islands) and return on September 6, 1522 to Seville.

But during a round-the-world voyage, the expedition lost four ships, and out of 235 personnel, only thirty-six returned to Spain (18 on the last remaining ship and the same number in different ways over the next months and even years). Magellan himself and most of the commanders were killed in skirmishes with the natives. And the expedition was completed by Captain Juan Sebastian Elcano - the only surviving officer.

Cycling around the world (1884-1886)

Thomas Stephens became the first person to commit trip around the world on a bike. And it should be understood that it was not a bike in the modern sense - light, sporty, ergonomic, but the standard for those times "penny and farthing" (when the front wheel is eight times larger than the rear). And the situation with the roads was much more complicated.

Starting his journey in San Francisco, Stevens crossed America from west to east to New York. Then he traveled pretty much through his native England, drove through Europe, Ottoman Empire, spent the winter in Tehran as a personal guest of the Shah, visited Afghanistan, returned to Istanbul, sailed by sea to India, checked into China and Japan, and then returned to the starting point of the journey, having spent more than two and a half years on the trip.

Yacht cruise around the world (1895-1898)

Joshua Slokam's legendary round-the-world trip started on April 25, 1895 in Boston. The 10-meter yacht Sprey, on which the Canadian-American traveler and adventurer sailed alone, first crossed Atlantic Ocean, approaching the Iberian Peninsula, then walked along west coast Africa, crossed the Atlantic again, passed through the Strait of Magellan, reached Australia, visited New Guinea, circled the cape Good Hope, and on June 27, 1898, she finished in Newport, Rhode Island.

But the traveler did not wait for magnificent honors upon his return to the United States. The raging American-Spanish War at that time drew all the attention of the press and the public. So they started talking about the achievement of Slokam only after the conclusion of peace. And in 1900 he published the book "Alone Sailing Around the World", which became a worldwide bestseller and is still reprinted today.

Joshua Slokam went missing while sailing on a yacht in 1909 in the Bermuda region, which was one of the reasons for the emergence of the legend of the Bermuda Triangle.

First round the world motor rally (1908)

On February 12, 1908, the first round-the-world motor rally started, organized by the American New York Times and the French Matin. This event was timed to coincide with the 99th anniversary of the birth of Abraham Lincoln. It was planned that 13 crews will take part in it, but seven of them were removed at the very last moment, before the start of the trip.

The main problem in the first weeks of the race was the cold. Cars of that time were not equipped with heaters, and some were without a roof at all. At the same time, it was originally planned that the crews would move from the United States to Russia through the frozen Bering Strait. But creepy weather in the North, they were forced to change the route - the cars were loaded onto a ship in Seattle and transported to Vladivostok.

The rally participants crossed all of Eurasia. The first to reach the finish line in Paris was a German crew in a Protos car. It happened on July 11, 169 days after the start. But it turned out that the Germans violated the terms of the competition, for which they received a fine of 15 days. So the winners were the Americans in a Thomas Flyer, who arrived at the last point on July 26th. For the American participants, the race became round the world - after the triumph in Paris, they returned to New York, thus closing the circle.

Travel around the world by plane (1924, 1957)

It is now possible to fly around the globe on an airliner in a little over a day. And in 1924, four Douglas World Cruisers took almost six months. Rather, it flew out of Seattle on April 6 four aircraft, and returned back on September 28, only two - the rest crashed on the road.

And the first non-stop round-the-world flight was made in January 1957, spending 45 hours and 19 minutes on it. Along the way, they replenished fuel supplies from a refueling aircraft three times.

Travel around the world on foot (1970-1974)

On June 20, 1970, brothers David and John Kunsta left their home in Waseka, Minnesota, and hiked around the world. They reached New York, where they boarded a ship to Lisbon. Then they crossed the whole of Europe on foot and reached Afghanistan. But there they were attacked by bandits, John was killed, and David was hospitalized for four months.

Having recovered, Kunst continued his campaign exactly from the place where his relative died. But now their third brother, Peter, has joined him. However, he traveled "only" for a year - he had to return home to work.

David Kunst returned to his native Minnesota on October 5, 1974, having covered about 25 thousand kilometers on the way, becoming a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador, having removed 21 pairs of shoes and met Australian teacher Jenny Samuel, who first became his travel companion, and then in life ...

Non-stop hot air balloon round the world (1999)

Late twentieth century Balloons practically ceased to exist. There were only those that were used for advertising, tourism, sports and scientific (stratospheric) purposes. But there were also balloons created specifically to set records. For example, Breitling Orbiter 3, on which in March 1999 Bertrand Picard and Brian Jones made a non-stop round-the-world flight 45755 kilometers long and lasting 19 days 21 hours and 47 minutes.

But this record is not enough for Picard! An adventurer worthy of his grandfather, father and uncle is going in 2015 to make the first ever round-the-world flight in an airplane powered exclusively from solar panels installed on it.

Fernand Magellan (Fernand de Magalhães) - (born 20 November 1480 - died 27 April 1521)

What Magellan Fernand discovered

Outstanding Portuguese navigator Magellan Fernand, his expedition made the first ever voyage around the world, which involved the search for a western route to the Moluccas. This proved the existence of a single world ocean and provided practical proof of the spherical shape of the Earth. Magellan discovered the entire coast South America south of La Plata, circled the continent from the south, discovered the strait that was named after him, and the Patagonian Cordillera; first crossed the Pacific Ocean.

Biography of Fernand Magellan

Among the people who made global upheavals in the minds of people and the development of mankind, travelers could also play a significant role. The most striking figure of them is the Portuguese Fernand de Magallays, who became known throughout the world under the Spanishized name Fernand Magellan.

Fernand Magellan was born in 1470 in the area of Sabroza, in the remote northeastern province of Portugal, Traz osh Leontis. His family belonged to a noble but impoverished knightly family and were respected at court. It was not for nothing that King João II of Fernand's father, Pedro Rui di Magallais, appointed the senior mayor * of the strategically important harbor of Aveiro.

(* Alcalde - a judicial or municipal official who possessed executive power. His main task was to monitor the maintenance of public order).

Education

The connections at the court made it possible for the mayor in 1492 to attach the eldest son to the page of Queen Eleanor. So, Fernand received the right to be brought up in the royal residence. There, in addition to the knightly arts - horse riding, fencing, falconry - he was able to master astronomy, navigation and cartography. At the Portuguese court, these items have been compulsory for the study of young courtiers since the time of Prince Henry the Navigator. It was they who had to go on long sea expeditions with the aim of conquering and discovering new lands. No wonder their lessons were watched by King Manuel himself, who replaced João on the throne.

The ambitious Fernand became seriously interested in sailing. In an effort to get away from palace intrigues, in 1504 he asked the king to let him go to India under the leadership of the Viceroy of India Francisco de Almeida and, having received consent, left Lisbon in the spring of 1505.

Career Magalhäins seafarer

Almeida's expedition was purely military in nature and had the goal of pacifying the rebellious Muslim rulers from Sofala to Hormuz and from Cochin to Bab el-Mandeb. It was necessary to wipe out Muslim fortifications from the face of the earth and lay Portuguese fortresses in their place.

Magalhaes took part in sea and land battles at Kilva, Sofal, Mombasa, Kannanur, Calicut, as well as in the plundering of these cities, and over time turned into a valiant warrior, experienced and accustomed to any cruelty and misadventures of his harsh era. He quickly gained a reputation as a brave captain, skillful in battle and navigation. At the same time, even then, caring for brothers in arms became one of the main features of the future pioneer of circumnavigation of the world.

1509 - during the battles near Malacca, Magalhaes became famous, almost single-handedly coming to the aid of a handful of his compatriots who were attacked by the Malays. He did the same noble thing during his return from Malacca to India. At the head of only 5 people, Fernand rushed to the aid of the Portuguese caravel and helped to win.

At the very beginning of 1510, the career of Magalhäins as a navigator almost came to an end: during the unsuccessful assault on Calicut, he was seriously wounded, and a second time. The first wound he received during the campaign against Morocco made him lame for life. Dejected Fernand decided to return to his homeland.

Magellan's route

In the spring, a small flotilla of three ships left Cochin for Portugal. On board one of the ships was also Magalhaes. But this time he never got home. A hundred miles off the Indian coast, two ships ran into the underwater rocks of the dangerous Padua shoal and sank. The officers and noble passengers decided to return to India on the remaining ship, leaving their rootless companions, who had no place on the ship, without water and food on a narrow sandy shoal. Fernand refused to sail with them: nobility and high rank were a kind of guarantee that help could be sent for those who remained. In the end it happened. Two weeks later, the crashed victims were rescued and upon arrival in India they told everywhere about the extraordinary firmness of their patron, who, under difficult conditions, managed to awaken hope in people and strengthen resilience.

Fernand remained for some time in India. According to the documents, he boldly expressed his opinion on those occasions when the other captains were silent. This, probably, could be the main reason for his disagreements with the new Viceroy Afonso de Albuquerque.

Portugal

Summer 1512 - Magalhaes returned to Portugal. This is evidenced by an entry in the payroll of the royal court, according to which he was assigned a monthly royal pension of 1,000 Portuguese reais. After 4 weeks, it was almost doubled, which may indicate that the merits of the valiant captain were recognized by the court.

During the war with the Moors Azamora (modern Azemmour in Morocco) Fernand was appointed major, that is, he received a rather prestigious and lucrative position. The prisoners and all captured trophies were at his complete disposal. The post provided unlimited opportunities for personal enrichment, so Magalhäns had no shortage of ill-wishers.

After some time, he was groundlessly accused of organizing an attack by the Moors on a herd and allowing him to steal 400 head of cattle, receiving a lot of money for this. After a while, the charge was dropped, but the offended Fernand resigned.

Left without sufficient means of subsistence, the warrior known for his valor hoped for the mercy of the king. He asked Manuel to increase his pension by only R $ 200. But the king did not like people with a strong character and, according to the chronicler Barrusha, "... always disgusted him," and therefore refused. The outraged Magalhães secretly left his homeland in 1517 and moved to Spain.

Spain

From that time on, the history of an unprecedented sea voyage around the Earth begins, the sphericity of which was then only assumed. And the merit of its organization and implementation belongs entirely to Fernand Magallains, who henceforth became Fernand Magellan.

Later, King Manuel caught himself and, with perseverance worthy of better use, began to hinder Magellan in the implementation of his plans. But the mistake could not be corrected, and Portugal, for the second time after history, lost the chance to benefit from the discoveries of its great sons, underestimating their potential.

"Moluccan Armada" - ships of Magellan

It is known that even in Portugal, he carefully studied nautical charts, made acquaintances with sailors and dealt a lot with the problems of determining geographic longitude... All this helped him a lot in realizing his idea.

According to the papal bull Inter cetera of 1493, all new territories opened to the east of the demarcation line established in 1494 belonged to Portugal, and to the west to Spain. But the method of calculating geographic longitude, adopted at that time, did not provide an opportunity for a clear demarcation of the Western Hemisphere. Therefore, Magellan, as well as his friend and assistant, astrologer and cosmographer Rui Faleiro, believed that the Moluccas should not belong to Portugal, but to Spain.

1518, March - they presented their project to the Council of India. After lengthy negotiations, he was accepted, and the Spanish king Carlos I (aka the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V) undertook to equip 5 ships and allocate supplies for 2 years. In the event of the discovery of new lands, companions were given the right to become their rulers. They also received 20% of the income. In this case, the rights were to be inherited.

Not long before this significant event, serious changes took place in the life of Fernand. Arriving in Seville, he joined a colony of Portuguese emigrants. One of them, the commandant of the Seville fortress of the Alcazar, Diogu Barbosa, introduced the valiant captain into his family. His son Duarte became a close friend of Fernand, and his daughter Beatrice became his wife.

Magellan really did not want to leave his young, ardently loving wife and newly born son, but duty, ambition and the desire to provide for his family persistently called him to sea. Faleiro's unfavorable astrological forecast could not stop him either. But it was because of this that Ryu refused to participate in the voyage, and Magellan became its sole boss and organizer.

Magellan's circumnavigation

In Seville, 5 vessels were trained - the flagship Trinidad, San Antonio, Concepcion, Victoria and Santiago. On September 20, 1519, Fernand Magellan said goodbye to the pregnant Beatrice and the newborn Rodrigo at the pier and ordered the anchor to be raised. They were not destined to see each other again.

In the lists of the small flotilla there were 265 people: commanders and helmsmen, boatswains, gunners, ordinary sailors, priests, carpenters, caulkers, coopers, soldiers and people who did not have specific duties. All this motley multinational crew (in addition to the Spaniards and the Portuguese, it also included Italians, Germans, French, Flemings, Sicilians, British, Moors and Malays) had to be kept in check. And the dissatisfaction began almost from the first weeks of the voyage. The agents of the Portuguese king infiltrated the ships, and by the diligence of the Portuguese consul in Seville, Alvaris, the holds were partially filled with rotten flour, moldy breadcrumbs and rotten corned beef.

On September 26, the sailors reached Canary Islands, October 3 headed for Brazil, and December 13 entered the bay of Rio de Janeiro. From here, travelers headed south along the South American coast in search of a passage to the "South Sea", while moving only during the day so as not to miss it in the dark. 1520, March 31 - the ships entered the San Julian Bay off the coast of Patagonia for wintering.

Mutiny

Fernand Magellan - Rebellion Suppression

Soon Magellan had to give the order to reduce the diet. But part of the crew opposed this decision and began to demand a return to Spain, but received a decisive refusal. Then, during the celebration of Easter, the leaders of the rebels, taking advantage of the fact that the bulk of the crews went ashore, were able to capture three ships.

Magellan decided to use force and cunning. He sent several loyal men to Victoria with a letter to the rebellious treasurer Luis de Mendoza. He was stabbed to death while reading the letter, and the crew offered no resistance. The next day, two rebel captains, Gaspard de Quesada and Juan de Cartagena, tried to withdraw their ships from the bay, but their way was blocked by the Trinidad, Santiago and the Victoria, which was repulsed from the rebels. San Antonio surrendered without resisting. Quesada, who commanded them, was immediately arrested, and after some time Cartagena was also captured.

By order of Fernand Magellan, Mendoza's dead body was quartered, Quesada's head was cut off, and Cartagena and the traitor-priest Pedro Sanchez de la Reina were left on the shore. But the rebel sailors were not hurt. They were given life, mainly because they were needed for ship work.

Strait of Magellan

Soon the squadron, which had lost the "Santiago" during the reconnaissance, moved further south. But the betrayal did not stop there. On November 1, when the squadron was already navigating the desired strait, later named Magellanov, the helmsman Ishteban Gomish, taking advantage of the fact that his ship was out of sight from the rest of the ships, captured the San Antonio and fled to Spain. Magellan never learned about the betrayal, nor did he learn what fateful role Gomish played in the fate of his family. Arriving in Spain, the deserter accused his captain-general of treason to the king. As a result, Beatrice and her children were placed under house arrest and interrogation. She was deprived of state benefits and left in severe need. Neither she nor her sons lived to see the return of the expedition. And Gomes was awarded a knighthood by the king for "outstanding services rendered to the Magellan flotilla".

Opening Mariana Islands

On November 28, Fernand Magellan's ships entered the ocean, on which no European had yet sailed. The weather, fortunately, remained good, and the navigator called the ocean Pacific. Crossing it, he walked at least 17 thousand km and found a lot small islands, but imprecise calculations did not allow identifying them with any specific points on the map. Only the discovery at the beginning of March 1521 of two inhabited islands, Guam and Rota, the southernmost of the Mariana Islands group, is considered indisputable. Magellan called them the Rogues. The islanders stole a boat from the sailors, and the captain-general, having disembarked with a detachment ashore, burned several native huts.

This voyage lasted almost 4 months. Despite the absence of hurricanes characteristic of the area, people had a very hard time. They were forced to feed on rusk dust mixed with worms, drink rotten water, eat cowhides, sawdust and ship rats. These creatures seemed to them almost a delicacy and were sold for half a ducat apiece.

The crew was tortured by scurvy, many people died. But Magellan continued to confidently lead the squadron forward and somehow, on the offer to return, said: "We will go forward, even if we had to eat all the cowhide."

Discovery of the Philippine Islands

1521, March 15 - the expedition ended up near the island of Samar (Philippines), and a week later, continuing to the west, arrived at the island of Limassava, where Magellan's slave, Malay Enrique, heard his native speech. This meant that the travelers were somewhere near the Spice Islands, that is, they had almost completed their task.

And yet the navigator strove to reach the coveted islands. But he decided to stay for a while to convert Filipinos to Christianity.

1521, April 7 - the flotilla dropped anchors off the island of Cebu, where a large port and residence of the Rajah was located. The sincerely religious Magellan insisted that the islanders accept Christianity without relying on any material benefits, but, unwillingly, convinced the natives that they could count on a favorable attitude from the powerful Spanish king only if they renounce the old faith and they will worship the cross.

On April 14, the ruler of Cebu, Humabon, decided to be baptized. The cunning raja, now called Carlos, enlisted the support of Magellan against his pagan enemies and, thus, in one day, subjugated all who challenged his power. In addition, Humabon secured a promise that when Magellan returned to the Philippines at the head of a large fleet, he would make him the sole ruler of all the islands as a reward for the Raja's first adoption of Christianity. Moreover, the rulers of the nearby islands began to be brought into obedience. But the leader of one of these islands, Mactana, by the name of Silapulapu, did not want to submit to Carlos-Humabon. Then the navigator decided to use force.

Death of Magellan

1521, April 27 - 60 armed men in armor, with several small guns, boarded boats and headed for Mactan. They were accompanied by several hundred of Humabon's warriors. But luck turned away from the Spaniards. The captain-general underestimated the enemy, not remembering in time the history of the conquest of Mexico, when a handful of Spaniards were able to capture the whole country. In the battle with the warriors of Mactan, his battle-hardened companions were defeated, and the captain-general himself laid down his head. While retreating to the boats, the natives overtook him in the water. Wounded in the arm and leg, the already lame Magellan fell. The rest is eloquently described by the expedition chronicler Antonio Pigafett:

“The captain fell face down, and immediately they showered him with iron and bamboo spears and began to strike with the cleavers until they ruined our mirror, our light, our joy and our true leader. He kept turning back to see if we all had time to plunge into the boats ... "

The further fate of the sailors

Subsequent events testified to the correctness of Pigafetta, who called Magellan "the true leader." As you can see, only he could keep in check this greedy pack, ready to betray at any time.

His successors were unable to hold on to the conquered positions. The first thing they did with feverish haste was to deliver the traded goods to the ships. Then one of the new leaders thoughtlessly insulted the Malay Enrique, and he persuaded Humabon to betray. The raja lured some of the Spaniards into a trap and ordered them to be killed, and demanded a ransom for the surviving captain of the Concepción Juan Serrau. Seeing him as a rival, the temporarily appointed commander of the flotilla, João Carvalu, abandoned his comrade and ordered to raise the sails.

About 120 people survived. On three ships, by touch, often changing course, they nevertheless reached the Moluccas, destroying the worm-eaten Concepcion along the way. Here they, not thinking about the possible danger from the local population, where the Spaniards were not very fond of, and the difficulties of the way home, rushed to buy spices. In the end, the Victoria, under the command of Esteban Elcano, left Molucca, while the heavily laden Trinidad remained to be repaired. Finally, his crew, who made an unsuccessful attempt to get to Panama, was captured. For a long time, its members languished in prisons and on plantations, first in the Moluccas, and then on the Banda Islands. Later they were sent to India, where they lived on alms and were under the watchful eye of the authorities. Only five in 1527 were lucky enough to return to their homeland.

And "Victoria" under the command of Elcano, diligently bypassing the route of the Portuguese ships, crossed the southern part Indian Ocean, circled the Cape of Good Hope and through the Cape Verde Islands on September 8, 1522 arrived in the Spanish harbor of San Lucar. Only 18 people survived from her crew (according to other sources - 30).

At home, the sailors had a hard time. Instead of honors, they received public repentance for one "lost" day (as a result of movement in time zones around the earth). From the point of view of the churchmen, this could only happen as a result of breaking the fast.

Elcano, however, was honored. He received a coat of arms depicting a globe with the inscription “You were the first to go around me,” and a pension of 500 ducats. And no one remembered Magellan.

The true role of this remarkable man in history was appreciated by descendants, and, unlike Columbova, she was never disputed. His voyage revolutionized the concept of Earth. After this travel, any attempts to deny the sphericity of the planet were completely stopped, it was proved that the world ocean is one, ideas about the true dimensions of the globe were obtained, it was finally established that America is an independent continent, and a strait was found between the two oceans. And it is not for nothing that Stefan Zweig wrote in his book “The Feat of Magellan”: “Only he enriches mankind, who helps him to know himself, who deepens his creative self-awareness. And in this sense, the feat accomplished by Magellan surpasses all the feats of his time. "

The man under whose leadership the first round the world trip took place was Fernand Magellan. From the very beginning, when, before sailing, part of the command staff (primarily sailors) refused to serve the Portuguese, it became obvious that this circumnavigation turns out to be extraordinarily difficult.

The beginning of the trip around the world. Magellan's path

On August 10, 1519, 5 ships left the port in Seville and set out on a voyage, the goals of which relied only on Magellan's intuition. In those days, no one believed that the Earth was round, and naturally, this caused great concern for the sailors, because moving further and further from the port, their fear of never returning home grew stronger.

The expedition included ships: "Trinidad" (under the command of Magellan - the head of the expedition), "Santo Antonio", "Concepcion", "Sant-Iago" and the Victoria Karakka (later one of the two ships that returned back).

The most interesting thing for you!

The first clash of interests occurred near the Canary Islands, when Magellan, without warning and coordination with other captains, changed course slightly. Juan de Cartagena (captain of "Santo Antonio") harshly criticized Magellan, and after Fernand refused to go to the previous course, he began to persuade officers and sailors. Upon learning of this, the head of the expedition summoned the rebel to him, and in the presence of other officers ordered him to be shackled and thrown into the hold.

One of the passengers on the first round the world trip was Antonio Pythaghetta - a man who described all the adventures in his diary. It is thanks to him that we know such exact facts of the expedition. It should be noted that riots have always been a strong danger, so the sailing ship Bounty became famous thanks to the mutiny against her captain William Bligh.

However, fate decreed Bly otherwise, he still managed to become a hero in the service of Horatio Nelson. Magellan's voyage around the world was about 200 years earlier than the year of birth of Admiral Nelson.

The hardships of sailing around the world for sailors and officers

Meanwhile, some officers and sailors began to express open dissatisfaction with the voyage, they convened a riot demanding that they return back to Spain. Fernand Magellan was determined and suppressed the uprising by force. The captain of the Victoria (one of the ringleaders) was killed. Seeing Magellan's decisiveness, no one disagreed with him anymore, but the next night 2 ships arbitrarily tried to sail home. The plan failed and both captains, hitting the deck of the Trinidad, were put on trial and shot.

Having stood the winter, the ships moved back on the way along the same course, the round-the-world voyage continued - Magellan was sure that the strait in South America existed. And he was not mistaken. On October 21, the squadron reached the cape (now called Cape Cabo Virgenes), which turned out to be a strait. The fleet traveled along the strait for 22 days. This time was enough to hide from sight and go back to Spain to the captain of the ship "Santo Antonio". Coming out of the strait, sailing ships first entered the Pacific Ocean. By the way, the name of the ocean was invented by Magellan, since during the 4 months of difficult passage on it, the ships never got into a storm. However, in fact, the ocean is not so quiet, James Cook, who has visited these waters more than once after 250 years, was not happy with it.

Having left the strait, the squadron of discoverers moved into the unknown, where the round-the-world journey lasted for 4 months of continuous wanderings across the ocean, while not meeting a single piece of land (not counting the 2 islands, which turned out to be deserted). 4 months is a very good indicator for those times, but the fastest clipper in Thermopylae could cover this distance in less than a month, and Cutty Sark, by the way, too. At the beginning of March 1521, on the horizon, the pioneers saw the inhabited islands, which Magellan later named Landrones and the Thieves.

Voyage around the world: half the way

So, for the first time in history, sailors crossed the Pacific Ocean and found themselves on inhabited islands... In this regard, the trip around the world has begun to bear fruit. There were replenished not only fresh water supplies, but also food supplies, for which the sailors exchanged all sorts of trifles with the natives. But the behavior of the inhabitants of the tribe forced them to quickly leave these islands. After 7 days of sailing, Magellan found new islands, which today are known to us as the Philippine islands.

On the San Lazaro Archipelago (as the Philippine Islands were first called), the travelers met the natives, with whom they began to establish trade relations. Magellan became friends with the rajas of the tribe so well that he decided to help this new vassal of Spain in solving one problem. As the raja explained, on the neighboring islands, another raja of the tribe refused to pay tribute and he does not know what to do.

Fernando Magellan ordered to prepare for hostilities on a neighboring piece of land. It was this battle that would be the last for the head of the expedition, the trip around the world would end without him ... On the island of Mactan (the enemy's island), he lined up his soldiers in 2 columns and began to fire at the natives. However, he did not succeed: the bullets pierced only the shields of the natives and sometimes touched the limbs. Seeing this situation, the local population began to defend themselves even more vigorously and began to throw spears at the captain.

Then Magellan ordered to burn their houses in order to put pressure on fear, but this maneuver only angered the natives more and they took up their goal more tightly. For about an hour, the Spaniards fought off the spears with all their might, until the strongest onslaught on the captain bore fruit: seeing the position of Magellan, the natives pounced on him and instantly threw stones and spears at him. Until his last breath, he watched his people and waited until they all left the island in boats. The Portuguese was killed on April 27, 1521, when he was 41 years old, Magellan, with his trip around the world, proved a great hypothesis and changed the world.

The Spaniards failed to get the body. In addition, a surprise awaited the sailors on the island of the friendly rajah. One of the natives lied to his master and reported about the impending attack on the island. Raja called the officers from the ship to his home and there brutally dealt with 26 crew members. Upon learning of the carnage, the acting captain of the ships ordered to come closer to the village and shoot it with cannons.

The first voyage around the world under the direction of Fernand Magellan began on September 20, 1519 and ended on September 6, 1522. The idea of the expedition was in many ways a repetition of the idea of Columbus: to reach Asia, following to the west. The colonization of America had not yet had time to bring significant profits, unlike the colonies of the Portuguese in India, and the Spaniards wanted to sail to the Spice Islands themselves and get benefits. By that time, it became clear that America was not Asia, but Asia was supposed to lie relatively close to the New World.

In March 1518, Fernand Magellan and Rui Faleiro, a Portuguese astronomer, appeared in Seville to the Council of India, and declared that the Moluccas, the most important source of Portuguese wealth, should belong to Spain, since they are located in the western, Spanish hemisphere (according to the treaty of 1494), but it is necessary to penetrate these "Spice Islands" by the western route, so as not to arouse the suspicions of the Portuguese, through the South Sea, open and annexed by Balboa to the Spanish possessions. And Magellan convincingly argued that between the Atlantic Ocean and the South Sea there must be a strait south of Brazil.

After a long bargaining with the royal advisers, who had negotiated a substantial share of the expected income and concessions from the Portuguese, an agreement was concluded: Charles 1 pledged to equip five ships and provide the expedition with supplies for two years. Before sailing, Faleiro abandoned the venture, and Magellan became the sole chief of the expedition.

Magellan personally supervised the loading and packing of food, goods and equipment. As provisions were taken on board crackers, wine, olive oil, vinegar, salted fish, dried pork, beans and beans, flour, cheese, honey, almonds, anchovies, raisins, prunes, sugar, quince jam, capers, mustard, beef and fig. In case of collisions, there were about 70 cannons, 50 arquebusses, 60 crossbows, 100 sets of armor and other weapons. For trade, they took matter, metal products, women's jewelry, mirrors, bells and mercury (it was used as a medicine).

Magellan raised the admiral's flag on the Trinidad. The Spaniards were appointed captains of the remaining ships: Juan Cartagena - "San Antonio"; Gaspar Quesada - Concepcion; Luis Mendoza - Victoria and Juan Serrano - Santiago. The staff of this flotilla numbered 293 people, there were 26 more freelance crew members on board, among them a young Italian Antonio Pigafetga, a historian of the expedition. An international team set off on the first round the world voyage: in addition to the Portuguese and Spaniards, it included representatives of more than 10 nationalities from different countries Western Europe.

On September 20, 1519, the flotilla, led by Magellan, left the port of Sanlúcar de Barrameda (the mouth of the Guadalquivir River).

Fernand Magellan (1470-1521) - Portuguese navigator. He was the first to circumnavigate the world and cross the ocean, which he called the Pacific. Proved the existence of a single World Ocean and provided practical evidence that the Earth has the shape of a ball. Born in Portugal into a noble family.

An expedition of five ships ("Trinidad", "San Antonio", "Santiago", "Concepcion" and "Victoria") was organized under the leadership of Magellan, which went to sea in the direction of Rio de Janeiro. Moving south of the mainland, he discovered everything atlantic coast South America. We moved only during the day, so as not to miss the strait. In March, the expedition had to winter in a convenient bay. On the same night, a riot began on the ships, led by the commanders of the ships: the difficulties and hardships that befell them greatly embittered people. The riot was brutally suppressed by Magellan himself, and in early October the fleet headed south. In October of the same year, south of La Plata, they circled the mainland and entered the bay named after St. Julian. He examined it for about a month, but found no passage to the South Sea. On the shore of the strait, the expedition once saw fires and Magellan named the place Tierra del Fuego. Soon the expedition approached the eastern mouth of the strait, which now bears his name.

The first crossing of the Pacific Ocean began on November 28. On the remaining three ships, Magellan went out into an unknown ocean, circled America from the south along the strait he opened. Since the weather at that time was very good, he named the ocean Pacific. The voyage continued for almost 4 months, during which people had to eat crackers dust mixed with worms, drink rotten water, eat cowhide, sawdust and ship rats. Hunger and scurvy soon began, and many died. Crossing the ocean, he traveled at least 17 thousand km, but discovered only two islets - one in the Tuamotu archipelago, the other in the Line group. On March 6, 1521, Magellan discovered the island of Guam.

Only 115 people remained on the three ships - there were not enough people, and the ship "Concepcion" had to be burned. For several months the ships wandered in search of spice islands. From the island of Tidore, the Spaniards cheaply bought a lot of cloves, nutmeg, etc., and split up: the Victoria with Captain Juan Elcano moved west around Africa, and the Trinidad, in need of repairs, remained. Captain Elcano, fearing a meeting with the Portuguese, kept much south of the usual routes. He was the first to cross the central part of the Indian Ocean and, having discovered only the island of Amsterdam, proved that the "southern" mainland did not reach this latitude. September 6, 1522 "Victoria" completed a round-the-world voyage and returned home, a little later returned "Trinidad". But so many spices were brought on it that their sale compensated for the loss of the rest of the ships.

Magellan's voyage is considered one of the greatest events of the 16th century: expeditions to the west returned from the east and thus proved that the Earth is in the shape of a ball; for the first time, Europeans crossed the largest of the oceans, the Pacific, opening a passage from the Atlantic. In addition, the expedition found out that a much larger part of the earth's surface is occupied not by land, as Columbus and his contemporaries thought, but by the oceans. Two star clusters (Large and Small Magellanic Clouds) and the strait are named after Magellan. All Magellan's travels were described by the historiographer and expedition member Antonio Pifacetta.

21. Results of the VGO.

As a result of the VGO, the sphericity of the earth and the unity of the world ocean were confirmed. Continents and countries were discovered, landscape parameters and economic possibilities of the previously known eastern countries, primarily China and India. Appeared new information about the resources, opportunities of the two Americas and island territories.

Date of publication: 2015-02-03; Read: 596 | Page copyright infringement

04.12.2017 23:32

Science and discoveries

Having overcome the dangerous straits near South America, the Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan entered the Pacific Ocean with three ships, becoming the first European explorer to reach the Pacific Ocean from the Atlantic.

On September 20, 1519, Magellan set out from Spain, trying to find a western sea route to the Spice Islands of Indonesia.

He commanded five ships with a total crew of 270 men. The first point of the route was the port at West Africa, then the navigator visited Brazil, where he explored the South American coast in order to find a strait into the Pacific Ocean.

On October 21, Magellan finally discovered the strait he had been looking for so hard. The Strait of Magellan (then, of course, it was not called that), was located near the southern continental border of South America, separating Tierra del Fuego and the mainland.

Only three out of five vessels crossed the strait. It took the crew 38 days to sail the entire treacherous strait.

Magellan's fleet crossed the ocean westward in 99 days. During the entire period of the expedition, the ocean was calm enough to be called "Quiet", from the Latin word "pacificus", which means "calm."
By the end of the expedition, the team was experiencing a catastrophic shortage of food.

On March 6, 1521, the expedition landed on the island of Guam. Ten days later, they dropped anchor on the Philippine island of Cebu, just 400 miles from the Spice Islands.

After the death of Magellan, the rest of the team went on two ships to the Moluccas.

On September 6, 1522, only one ship of the expedition arrived back at the Spanish port of Sanlúcar de Barrameda. On the way back, the team crossed the Indian Ocean on the ship and rounded the Cape of Good Hope, thereby becoming the first to sail around the world. 1739: Russian ships reach Japan

22.06.2018 20:09

Science and discoveries

The Russian Empress Anna Ioannovna issued a decree according to which the imperial expedition was to explore the coasts and islands

The Far East, as well as, if possible, make contact with the inhabitants of the Japanese archipelago.

Such a decree was issued following the results of the first Kamchatka expedition, which took place under the command of Martyn Shpanberg, a Russian navigator. The first expedition was aimed at studying the possibilities of building ships in Kamchatka, as well as exploring waterways for the delivery of goods. Spanberg, as a report, provided the Empress with a note in which he indicated the possibility of studying potential sea routes to the coast. North America and Japan.

It was decided to send a second expedition, preparations for which began in 1737.

The construction of new ships took place under the close supervision of the Admiralty Board and Spanberg personally. Later he was assigned to an independent vessel with an individual assignment, the essence of which was to study the western coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula.

The expedition set out in the summer of 1738, and during the voyage, over thirty new islands were discovered, including Iturup, Shikotan and Zeleny.

Fernand Magellan

The expedition was interrupted by winter.
After waiting for it, Spanberg set off to study the sea routes again and on May 22 reached the shores of Japan.

Upon arrival, Spanberg's team made contact with the local population, clarifying information about the economy, politics and customs of the country, along the way exchanging goods. Nevertheless, due to the diseases spreading among the team, it was decided to stop the expedition, and deliver the sick to their home port.

Portuguese traveler Ferdinand Magellan(1480-1521) was the first European to make an expedition around the world. He traveled across the Atlantic Ocean, across the southern tip of South America, through canals and mountain bays, and then across the Pacific Ocean.

And in the end he returned to Spain, having made the first round the world trip in the world.

Magellan was born into a noble Portuguese family, and at a young age, was a royal courtier.

When he was 25, he enlisted in the Portuguese navy and spent the next six years participating in military battles. In 1513, during a battle with the Moors in Morocco, Magellan received a serious spear wound in his left knee, which led him to a lifelong limp.

And when he returned to Portugal in 1514, he learned that he was accused of illegal livestock trade with the Moors. The King of Portugal dismissed Magellan from the navy, and Magellan in his hearts announced the end of his allegiance to Portugal.

In 1517, he offered his services to Portugal's main rival, to the Spanish king Charles I, and began a new phase of his career as a Spanish explorer.

On September 20, 1519, 39-year-old Magellan and about 270 people sailed from Spain, on five ships: Trinidad, San Antonio, Concepcion, Victoria, and Santiago. Their goal was to reach the Moluccas by a western route - which avoided the Portuguese-controlled Cape of Good Hope.

The ships were sailing southwestward, crossing the Atlantic and ending up in South America, in Rio de Janeiro, three months later. They continued south along the coast, exploring all the bays and estuaries in what is now Uruguay and Argentina, trying to find a strait into the Pacific Ocean. On March 31st, a tired and disgruntled crew aboard three ships mutinied against their commanders.

Magellan quickly regained control of his crew, with the result that one of the captains was killed in close combat, and the rioters landed alone ashore.

Fernand Magellan's trip around the world

Finally, in October 1520, a passage was found - now known as the Strait of Magellan - this did indeed lead to the Pacific Ocean.

The second half of the journey was as difficult as the first.

Only three ships remained after one sank and the other deserted; there was very little food and people were dying of scurvy. Reaching the island of Guam in 1521, Magellan engaged in robberies of villages in revenge on the natives for theft. In the same year, in the Philippine Islands, Magellan was killed in a skirmish with the natives on the island of Mactan. Two of his ships continued their voyage, reaching the Spice Maluku Islands in November 1521. On September 8, 1522, only one ship, Victoria, whose captain was the Spaniard Juan Sebastian de Elcano, reached Spain, with 17 remaining crew members.

Columbus (left) and Magellan (right) (1480 - 1521)

Fernand Magellan's circumnavigation of the world became a real discovery of the Pacific Ocean.

Magellan (Fernando Magalhaens) - famous Portuguese navigator (1480 - 1521).

Fernand Magellan went down in history as the first person on Earth to travel around the world, that is, to circumnavigate the globe. Born November 20, 1480 in Portugal. Belonged to the nobility, in childhood he served as a page in the retinue of the Portuguese queen, received an education, studied cosmography, navigation and astronomy. Then he entered the navy.

At the age of 20, he set off on his maiden voyage to India, where he brought the Portuguese great benefit in suppressing the uprising of the natives on the Malacca Peninsula.

In 1505 he served in East Africa, participated in the war with India.

Upon returning to Portugal, he lost the trust of the king, as a result of which he retired to Spain and took Spanish citizenship. F. Magellan, like Columbus, wanted to find a shortcut to India. He turned with a proposal for an expedition to the Portuguese king Manuel, but he was not interested in the project.

This did not stop F. Magellan, and the navigator, together with his friend, the astronomer Ruy Falier, convinced Charles V of the existence of a passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean to the South of South America, the opening of which was to bring great benefits to Spain.

Charles V approved the project.

But Magellan still had to overcome many difficulties before he equipped an expedition and set out to sea. The Portuguese ambassador to the Spanish court, Alvar da Costa, hindered the implementation of his plan in every possible way. He tried to convince Magellan through his minions that his project was unfeasible, that untold suffering awaited him, that the Spanish government did not trust him as a foreigner, and the royal officials assigned to the expedition would obstruct and watch his every step, that King Manuel asks him return to Portugal and is ready to provide him with a lucrative position, etc.

The persuasion did not work, the Portuguese ambassador sent assassins to Magellan. And when the assassination attempt failed, Alvar da Costa and his henchmen did everything possible to disrupt the preparations for the expedition. Magellan received bad equipment, useless goods, spoiled food, at every step he faced unforeseen difficulties. Charles V appointed Magellan admiral and leader of an expedition of 265 men and five ships - Trinidad, San Antonio, Concepcion, Victoria and Santiago.

Finally, the preparations were over.

Having sworn allegiance to the Castilian crown and forced, in turn, officers and sailors to swear allegiance, Magellan on September 20, 1519 set sail from the harbor of Sanlúcar de Barrameda and headed west.

Magellan's flotilla consisted of five ships: "Trinidad" ("Trinity") with a displacement of 110 tons, which flew the admiral's flag; "San Antonio" with a displacement of 120 tons, under the command of Fleet Inspector Juan de Cartagena; "Con-sepsion" ("Conception") with a displacement of 90 tons, under the command of Gaspar de Quesada; "Victoria" ("Victory") with a displacement of 85 tons, under the command of the treasurer of the fleet, Luis de Mendoza, and "Sant Jago" with a displacement of 75 tons, under the command of "His Highness's helmsman" João Serran.

Magellan's relatively safe voyage lasted only a few days, to the Canary Islands.

The chief captain of the fleet refused the recommendation of the Portuguese sailings and, having reached the latitude of the Gulf of Guinea, his caravels turned to the south-west. The flagship's decision angered Juan de Cartagena, a relative of the king, the captain of the San Antonio, who was appointed inspector of the expedition by Charles V. As soon as the flotilla crossed the equator, the inspector declared that Fernand Magellan was violating royal instructions. A heated dispute ended with an order for the arrest of the inspector.

Cartagena harbored a grudge.

From the equator, Magellan turned to the "Land of the Holy Cross" (Brazil), and on December 13, 1519, the fleet anchored in the magnificent harbor of Santa Lucia, now known as Rio de Janeiro. However, Magellan was not the first European to visit this bay, as historians have long believed. From 1507 to 1510, one of Magellan's companions, Juan Lopes Carvalho, lived in the Santa Lucia Bouquet. His ten-year-old son, born to a woman of the Brazilian tribe Tamazhu, sailed with him as a cabin boy on the ship "Concepcion".

Other Portuguese sailors have also been to this bay.

On January 10, the caravels entered the mouth of La Plata. For the first time the name "Montvidi" is put on the map of the area (now the capital of Uruguay is located here - Montevideo).

The great discoverer Magellan is frantically looking for a strait in the South Sea. But neither La Plata nor the Gulf of San Matias met the expectations of the expedition. When a careful search for the strait in this place was not crowned with success, Magellan led his ships further south. On the way, the sailors entered all the bays, hoping to find this strait, and hunted penguins, despite the fact that the meat of these birds is tough and poorly nutritious.

The captain decided to take refuge in the harbor of San Julian for the winter.

The irony of fate: the sailors were literally next to the strait they were looking for.

Anticipating the length of wintering and not hoping to replenish food supplies in this harsh country, Magellan ordered to save provisions and establish a strict diet for people. It was necessary to hold out until spring, without subjecting the crew to great hardships, in order to then get to more fertile places. But this measure increased the discontent of the sailors, and several officers who stood on the side of Juan de Cartagena decided to provoke outrage.

There was little fresh water in San Julian Bay.

The sailors were oppressed by this dull, lifeless area. Therefore, in mid-May, despite the bad weather, Magellan sent the ship "Sant'Iago" to the south for reconnaissance, led by Captain Serran. A few days later, the Spaniards discovered the Santa Cruz River at 50 ° south latitude. On May 22, a strong storm arose, and the ship was smashed against the coastal rocks. The entire crew survived, with the exception of one sailor.

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The victims of the wreck made it with great difficulty to the Cove of San Julian, after which Serran was appointed captain of the Concepción.

After this unsuccessful attempt, Magellan decided to wait for the weather to improve. Only on 24 August did the flotilla leave San Julian Bay. Having reached the Santa Cruz River, the ships stayed here for about two months. The Spaniards rested, stocked up on firewood, and replenished as much food as possible. With the onset of spring, Magellan took the ships further south.

Following along the coastal strip, he carefully explored all the bends in search of the coveted strait.

However, the further journey was no longer so successful. Magellan's ships fell into a strip of Antarctic storms. The team was already ready to overthrow the captain, who led them to the "end of the world", but thanks to the strength and cunning F. Magellan managed to suppress the rebellion and restore order.

It was necessary to have strong-willed qualities in order to continue sailing with people who are ready for any betrayal for their own benefit.

Only three ships entered the strait: one was lost, the other treacherously left Magellan and returned to Spain. The strait was passed in a month and a half, and on November 16, Magellan's ships were already sailing in the Pacific Ocean.

It was the persistence of the captain of the flotilla that led to the opening of the passage from the Atlantic to the South Sea.

At 52nd South Parallel, a wide notch opened up, and a survey of two vessels confirmed that it was not a river - there was salt water everywhere.

From now on, a new sea route to the east was laid, and Magellan's hopes came true. However, the epic did not end there. The greatest difficulties and tragic events were still ahead.

In the vast ocean, the captain never met a storm. The ocean was surprisingly calm and calm.

It was named "Pacifico" - "Quiet", "Peaceful". In the 17th century, this name was finally established instead of the name "South Sea".

The travelers were haunted by severe hunger and disease. Food supplies were running low, and most of the crew were sick with scurvy. Nineteen people died, about thirty were out of action for a long time, exhausted by a terrible disease.

Everyone considered themselves doomed to die. In three months and twenty days, the ships traveled four thousand leagues, but the same boundless watery desert was spread all around. During this time, only once did seafarers come across rocky, barren islets, called the Unfortunate Islands, since there was nothing there that could support the forces of hungry people.

Many no longer hoped to see the earth alive.

The ships spent more than three months in the Pacific Ocean before the earth appeared on the horizon on March 4, 1521. These were the islands of the previously unknown Philippine archipelago. Here the team managed to replenish their supplies. The Spaniards were well received by the natives, one of whose leaders, Zebu, converted to Christianity and the citizenship of the Spanish king.

Magellan took part in the war of this leader against others and on April 27, 1521, he fell in battle, with 56 Spaniards. So the great navigator Magellan died.

After that, Zebu betrayed the Spaniards and treacherously killed some of them. The rest raised anchor and, having burned one of the ships, sailed out to sea. Of the five ships that set sail, only two ships completed the mission of Fernand Magellan - they saw the Spice Islands, located in the Moluccan archipelago.

The ships loaded with spices set off on their way back. "Trinidad" went to the shores of Panama across the Pacific Ocean, "Victoria" - across the Indian and Atlantic Oceans to Spain. For six months the ship "Trinidad" wandered in the waters of the Pacific Ocean and was forced to return to the Moluccas. The sailors were captured, where they died in prisons and on plantations.

The Victoria caravel, having withstood a fierce storm at the Cape of Good Hope, entered the Atlantic Ocean.

And only on September 6, 1522, in the outport of Seville, the inhabitants of Sanlúcar de Barrameda saw a lonely caravel. Having moored, 18 emaciated people went ashore - these were the remnants of Fernand Magellan's expedition.

Fernand Magellan's voyage is considered one of the greatest events of the 16th century. This expedition finally proved that the planet really has the shape of a ball, and the sailors became the first people who were able to make a round-the-world trip.

For the first time, Europeans crossed the largest of the oceans, the Pacific, opening a passage from the Atlantic.

The entire coast of South America south of La Plata, the Strait of Magellan, the Patagonian Cordillera, the island of Guam and the Philippine Islands were discovered. In addition, the expedition found that most of the earth's surface is not land, as Columbus and others thought, but the oceans. Two star clusters, Large and Small Magellanic Clouds and the Strait, are named after Magellan (Figure below).

Magellan's circumnavigation (for a better drawing of the Magellan route, see here).

Everything sea travel Fernand Magellan was described by the historiographer and expedition member Antonio Pifacetta, who participated as a volunteer in the Magellan expedition; the edition was translated into French (3 editions) and Italian; there is an English edition of "First voyage round the world by Magellan "(1874).
Cm.

also: The first sailors and travelers

Born in Portugal into a noble family.

In 1517 he moved to Spain and took Spanish citizenship. Even Pope Alexander VI, dividing the Earth by the meridian, commanded all the lands (both known and not yet discovered) to the west of the Canary Islands to be considered the property of Spain. This circumstance became an important reason for moving to the west.

An expedition of five ships ("Trinidad", "San Antonio", "Santiago", "Concepcion" and "Victoria") was organized under the leadership of Magellan, which went to sea in the direction of Rio de Janeiro.

Moving to the south of the mainland, he discovered the entire Atlantic coast of South America. We moved only during the day, so as not to miss the strait.

In March, the expedition had to winter in a convenient bay. On the same night, a riot began on the ships, led by the commanders of the ships: the difficulties and hardships that befell them greatly embittered people.

Fernand Magellan's first trip around the world

The riot was brutally suppressed by Magellan himself, and in early October the fleet headed south. In October of the same year, south of La Plata, they circled the mainland and entered the bay named after St. Julian. He examined it for about a month, but found no passage to the South Sea. On the shore of the strait, the expedition once saw fires and Magellan named the place Tierra del Fuego.

Soon the expedition approached the eastern mouth of the strait, which now bears his name.

But only three ships entered the strait: one ship was lost, the crew of the ship "San Antonio" deserted, returning to Spain. The commander of the ship slandered Magellan, telling the king about his alleged treason. A month and a half later, the expedition went to the Pacific Ocean.

When crossing the Atlantic, the navigator used his signaling system for the first time, and the ships of his flotilla never lost sight of each other.

On the remaining three ships, Magellan went out into an unknown ocean, circled America from the south along the strait he opened. Since the weather at that time was very good, he named the ocean Pacific. The voyage continued for almost 4 months, during which people had to eat crackers dust mixed with worms, drink rotten water, eat cowhide, sawdust and ship rats. Hunger and scurvy soon began, and many died. Crossing the ocean, he traveled at least 17 thousand km, but discovered only two islets - one in the Tuamotu archipelago, the other in the Line group.

Ten days later, Magellan's expedition reached the Philippine Islands (1521). The detachment was well received by the population, and one of the local leaders - Zebu - even converted to Christianity and Spanish citizenship. After that, Magellan intervened in the feuds of local tribes and died in one of the skirmishes with the natives. Zebu, having betrayed the Spaniards, killed some of them. The surviving crew members fled to their ships and went to sea.

Only 115 people remained on the three ships - there were not enough people, and the ship "Concepcion" had to be burned.

For several months the ships wandered in search of spice islands. From the island of Tidore, the Spaniards cheaply bought a lot of cloves, nutmeg, etc., and split up: the Victoria with Captain Juan Elcano moved west around Africa, and the Trinidad, in need of repairs, remained.

Captain Elcano, fearing a meeting with the Portuguese, kept much south of the usual routes. He was the first to cross the central part of the Indian Ocean and, having discovered only the island of Amsterdam, proved that the "southern" mainland did not reach this latitude. September 6, 1522 "Victoria" completed a round-the-world voyage and returned home, a little later returned "Trinidad". But so many spices were brought on it that their sale compensated for the loss of the rest of the ships.

In addition, the expedition found out that a much larger part of the earth's surface is occupied not by land, as Columbus and his contemporaries thought, but by the oceans. Two star clusters (Large and Small Magellanic Clouds) and the strait are named after Magellan.

All Magellan's travels were described by the historiographer and expedition member Antonio Pifacetta.

21. Results of the VGO.

As a result of the VGO, the sphericity of the earth and the unity of the world ocean were confirmed.

Continents and countries were discovered, landscape parameters and economic opportunities of previously known eastern countries, primarily China and India, were clarified.

There is new information about the resources, capabilities of the two Americas and island territories.

VGO accelerated the process of initial capital accumulation, and also laid the foundation for colonial trade and politics. In the colonies, one of the sources of the initial accumulation of capital was non-economic coercion - slavery.

Christopher Columbus at the very beginning of the era created the encomiendo system (Slave Plantations):

- Slavery became widespread in gold and silver mines.

- The price revolution, which further deepened the difference in the rate of development of capitalism in different countries Western Europe.

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