What is Crimea as a geographical object? Coursework: Physical and geographical features of Crimea

Crimea - the golden mean of the earth

This land is beautiful, washed by one of the most festive seas globe.
K. Paustovsky.

Each of us has the inalienable right to love our motherland and claim that there is no land more beautiful, more fertile, more unique. Only a fool would argue, but a wise person would agree, although he would add: “Of course, you are right, dear friend, but my homeland is also beautiful...”

Crimeans behave only this way and not differently: after all, millions of people from all over the world come to Crimea every year. Of course, Crimeans agree that there are still blessed corners of the earth somewhere. They don’t ask: “Why did you come to us, and not we to you?” Without a doubt, Crimeans are wise people, they say in such cases: “Of course, you are right, dear friend, but my Crimea is also beautiful, let me tell you about it.”

Let's open the map and get our bearings. The most southern point Crimea (44° 23") - Cape Sarych, near the village of Foros, located between Sevastopol and Alupka. The northernmost (46° 15") is located on the Perekop Isthmus, near the village of Perekop. This means that Crimea is located at latitude 45, midway between the North Pole and the equator. Perhaps someone has some other thoughts on this matter, but in the middle means in the middle, and not somewhere else. At latitude 45, by the way, there are geographical center France, European cities such as Budapest, Bucharest, Milan, Bern, the Canadian city of Montreal, and the American cities of Minneapolis and Portland. Their latitude is fine, but their longitude...

The westernmost point of Crimea (32°29") is Cape Priboyny (Kapa-Mryn) on the Tarkhankut Peninsula, the easternmost (36°39") is Cape Fonar on the Kerch Peninsula. So, Crimea is located near 30° east longitude, that is, in the middle between the Greenwich meridian and the Urals, separating Europe and Asia. Please open the world map, don’t be lazy. At what length is it bent in half, where is its middle? Of course, along the line of 30" east longitude. St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kharkov, Ankara, Cairo, Lake Victoria, the highest point in Africa - the Kilimanjaro volcano, the North and South Poles are located at approximately this longitude. They were lucky with longitude, but here they are lucky the latitude fell only to Crimea.

If you look at the sky, it will point to Crimea. The Milky Way is called Chumatskiy Shlyakh in Ukrainian. The nebula pointing to the south seemed to have been created for the correct orientation of our ancestors, the Chumaks, who went to the Crimea for salt.

Before closing the map, let's take another look at the peninsula depicted on it. What is Crimea like? Of course - in the heart. A heart shocked by the Creator's Plan. A heart delighted with the incomprehensible wisdom and endless beauty of Nature. Crimea also looks like arms outstretched for hugs and like a cross sent down to people to comprehend the great unity of Faith, Love and Hope. A cross connecting North and South, West and East. But most of all, Crimea is like a flower dropped by the Creator on Earth.

Of course, you are right, dear friend, your homeland is beautiful, but so is my Crimea! Let me tell you about it in a little more detail.

The area of ​​the Crimean Peninsula exceeds 26 thousand km2, the maximum distance from north to south is 205 km, from west to east - 325 km. Yes, it is smaller than Switzerland, the Netherlands or Belgium, but Crimea is almost 56 times larger than Andorra, 82 times larger than Malta and 165 (!) times larger than such a venerable European principality as Liechtenstein. With such small states, like San Marino, we will not compare Crimea.

In many countries of the world there is not a single sea, but in Crimea there are two of them: the Black Sea and the Azov Sea. The Black Sea forms three large bays off the coast of the peninsula: Karkinitsky, Kalamitsky and Feodosiya; There are three large bays near the Sea of ​​Azov: Kazantipsky, Arabatsky and Sivashsky.

Crimea in the north is connected to the mainland by a narrow eight-kilometer strip of land called the Perekop Isthmus. The Kerch Strait, whose width is 4-5 km, separates Crimean peninsula from Tamansky - western extremity Krasnodar region Russia. The total length of the peninsula's borders exceeds 2,500 km, the shores are poorly indented, except for the very winding coastline of part of the peninsula near Sevastopol. In the coastal strip of the Crimean plain there are 50 estuary lakes with a total area of ​​53 thousand km2. Of course, this is not as much as, say, in Finland or Norway, but the Crimean lakes are valuable because they are filled with brine, concentrated saline solution, which has absorbed the power of the sea, sun and earth.

At the beginning of the 20th century. About 40% of table salt was mined in Crimea Russian Empire. It is well known that D.I. Mendeleev said that using oil as fuel is tantamount to burning banknotes. To paraphrase the words of the great chemist, we can say that using Crimean salt as table salt is the same as salting soup with gold. The ecologically chaste chemical industry of the peninsula at the Saki and Krasnoperekopsk chemical plants produces various compounds of sodium, calcium, magnesium, and bromine from lake and Sivash salt. However, the medicinal use of the Crimean estuaries is much better known, but this will be a separate discussion.

Once upon a time, palaces were erected by monarchs and their entourage on the southern coast of Crimea. The ruler of the next historical period invited Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Winston Churchill to divide the post-war world here. Why did the highly respected guests of Crimea choose it over all other places on Earth? Yes, because they were attracted by the unique Crimean climate, whose undeniable advantages are caused by several reasons.

The first is the mentioned equidistance from the equator and the North Pole, which determines the long length of the summer day, and not the measly 12 hours in the tropics, and a sufficient amount of beneficial warmth - namely heat, and not equatorial heat or polar cold.

The second is the union of sea and mountains. Hot on sunny days In summer, Crimea is refreshed by a breeze, a cool breeze from the sea. In the cool evening hours it is replaced by warm air from the mountains.

The third is the unique position of the peninsula relative to the general circulation of the atmosphere, the predominance of westerly winds and stable anticyclones with clear weather and, as a result, a record number of sunny days, the absence of sweltering heat carried by air currents from Africa, and, naturally, minimal exposure to cold air masses from north, from which mountains serve as an additional barrier.

The Crimean mountains are small, their maximum height (Mount Roman-Kosh) reaches 1545 m, much less than Everest, but this height is quite enough to create a subtropical paradise on the South Coast, without simultaneously erecting an insurmountable barrier between warm sea and the northern, steppe part of the peninsula.

Perhaps in some other place on Earth the expression “golden mountains” is an exaggeration, a metaphor, but not in Crimea. Crimean marls serve as raw materials for the production of cement, facing slabs are made from marble-like limestones, and beautiful white buildings are built from blocks of the famous Inkerman stone from the time of Chersonesos to the present day. Due to their high strength, richness of color shades and good polishing properties, diabases of igneous origin are used for the manufacture of monuments and facing slabs. On Karadag and in other places one can find such minerals (gems) as agate, jet, onyx, opal, carnelian, brocade jasper.

Why are there gems? Even clay in Crimea is precious. Crimean bentonite formed from volcanic ash, popularly called keel, soap earth or mountain soap, has very unusual properties. Previously it was used for wine clarification, soap making, laundry and bleaching, but today it is used in high technology.

Flat plateaus Crimean mountains combine the properties of plains and mountains, representing another “golden mean” of Crimea. Unprotected from the merciless sun, the yayls seem to the uninitiated to be a symbol of dehydration, but this is not at all the case: underlain by porous limestones, they absorb precipitation like a sponge in order to, together with the shady forests, drop by drop accumulate water that feeds the Crimean rivers.

Crimea has everything, but in order not to jinx it, its residents like to grumble just in case. So how can you find a reason to grumble about this? paradise difficult enough, then out of habit they become annoyed at the lack of water. Indeed, there are only 1657 rivers on the peninsula and only 150 of them are less than 10 km long. The total length of the watercourses is 5966 km, more than the length of the Amur from the mouth to the sources of the Argun, but slightly less than the Nile.

However, we must honestly say that natural water resources the peninsulas were clearly insufficient in its steppe part. We've heard a lot of bad things about global reclamation projects, and that's probably true. Probably, the turn of the northern rivers to the south threatened the Earth with an environmental disaster, but the turn of the southern river to the south, i.e. the creation of the North Crimean Canal, solved many of the problems of the peninsula.

Crimean drinking water in general, it is slightly mineralized, which is beneficial for the human body, but if you are accustomed to water enriched with wastewater from industrial giants, do not be prematurely upset. After all, Crimea has everything, even black water. Water saturated with hydrogen sulfide mineral spring Adzhi-Su in the village of Kuibyshevo, Bakhchisarai region, forms a black sediment of biologically active gums and bitumens, healing in hot medicinal baths. In total, more than a hundred sources of healing mineral waters, replete with many microelements - from fluorine to radium, have been explored in Crimea.

Geographical position, climate, steppe areas on mountain tops, clear and black waters - everywhere we talk about the combination of opposite principles. If you mix all the colors into one, you will get a dirty gray color. To avoid misunderstandings, we will immediately make an official clarification: Crimea is the Golden Mean, not mediocrity. The colors of his palette sparkle without mixing, and at the same time create a unique flavor.

Combining steppe and subtropics, Crimea not only does not mix them, but complements them with a zone of forests and forest-steppe. Yayla is not a half-steppe, half-mountain, but a unique natural phenomenon for which it is difficult to find analogues. Combining different principles, Crimea preserves their originality and complements them with new, unique qualities. Natural sciences unanimously prove the island origin of Crimea - we will talk about this more than once and present scientific arguments - therefore, on the peninsula, in addition to the amazing combination of steppe and Mediterranean nature, there is a great variety of endemic plant and animal species found only on the peninsula.

Among the natural massifs of Crimea, man-made landscapes are scattered in a bizarre mosaic: intertwined architectural styles many centuries and peoples of the city, town and village, majestic parks, well-groomed fields, lush gardens, fragrant plantations of roses and lavender, unique vineyards. Since 1963, a period of intensive irrigated agriculture began in Crimea. Almost 40 types of vegetable crops are grown in open and closed ground. The quality of Crimean products is famous far beyond the borders of the autonomous republic.

Essential oil enterprises in the cities of Simferopol, Bakhchisaray, Alushta, Sudak and the urban village of Nizhnegorsk produce rose, lavender and sage oils. One of the leading industries in Crimea is food. The largest fishing port on the Black Sea with refrigerators, canning and ship repair plants was built in Sevastopol. However high level The development of the peninsula's food industry is due not only to the highly commercial agriculture of the peninsula and the rich resources of the seas. Its development is facilitated by a relatively high level of food consumption, especially in summer time. Thus, the issue of warmly treating guests is raised on a grand scale in Crimea.

Crimea is the unity of sea, steppe and mountains. It is worth removing a layer of soil from the surface of the earth in the steppe Crimea, and on the surface you will find a wonderful, easy-to-cultivate construction material- limestone-shell rock. Buildings with a layer of shell rock in their walls, like the sea, keep warm in winter and cool in summer.

One should not think, however, that only shell rock is hidden under the fertile Crimean soil. The iron ores of the Kerch basin lie so shallow that they are mined using opencast mining. These ores are unique in their high manganese content, so when smelting alloy steels, this element is added in minimal quantities or not at all.

Since the mid-60s. Industrial development of natural gas fields is underway on the Tarkhankut Peninsula, in Northern Crimea and on the Arabat Spit. An extensive system of gas pipelines made it possible to gasify most settlements, convert thermal power plants to environmentally friendly fuel and enter the country’s unified gas pipeline system.

The top of the industrial pyramid of the Crimean Autonomous Republic are high-tech industries: electronics, automotive, defense, construction of supertankers.

The comprehensive development of the Crimean industry is based on an extensive network of communications. There are two railway lines in Crimea. Maritime transport carries out small coastal connections in the Azov-Black Sea basin and distant international flights. However, the main transport of the autonomous republic is automobile. It accounts for about 90% of domestic freight and passenger traffic. In the early 60s. The mountain trolleybus route Simferopol - Yalta came into operation, making it possible to connect the capital of the republic with the Southern Bank using convenient and inexpensive transport.

Environmental safety of the Crimean industry has long traditions. Back in 1931, the first in the USSR, the most powerful at that time in Europe power plant powered by wind, was built in Balaklava. The generator blades had a diameter of 30 meters. The unique power plant was destroyed during the war. In 1986, a solar power plant with a capacity of 5 MW was built in Crimea. The total area of ​​mirrors is 40 thousand m2. Several environmentally friendly projects have been implemented on the peninsula, using tidal energy to generate electricity, solar and geothermal energy to supply heat to residential buildings, resorts and hotels.

The intercity trolleybus service very clearly demonstrates the level of environmental requirements for the development of the Crimean industry.

We could talk for a very long time about Crimean science, about the great scientists who worked here, but instead of a huge list of discoveries, we will limit ourselves to a single brief remark: several sciences were created in Crimea, including virology, marine physics, helioseismology.

People of many nationalities inhabit Crimea, all of them are representatives of an endemic species called “Crimeans”. Crimeans are hardworking, smart, hospitable and prone to fun. Men are wise, strong, women are kind and incredibly beautiful. In a word, they are the same as the rest of the people on Earth, and only one thing distinguishes them from the rest of the planet’s inhabitants: they are more patient with the geographical boasting of visitors. Crimeans listen carefully to their guests, treat them to amazing Crimean wines, feed them dishes made from organic Crimean products, take them to caves, nature reserves, beaches, dolphinariums, tasting rooms, arrange sea ​​excursions... Next is the entire content of the book.

The population of Crimea increases many times in summer and early autumn. When millions of guests go home, it turns out that there are about 2.5 million true Crimeans. According to 1998 data, 363.8 thousand people lived in the capital of Crimea, Simferopol, 167.4 thousand in Kerch, 371.4 thousand in Sevastopol, 113.5 thousand in Evpatoria. Considering the small number of the endemic species described above, we propose to include it in the Red Book and, if there is no way to stop all talk about the unsurpassed (?!) charm of other lands, then at least give the Crimeans a word in defense of their homeland.

Alas, this is not always possible, because in holiday season Crimeans are a minority on the peninsula. But they came up with a way out and told about themselves and their region in the coat of arms.

Coat of arms of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea

The columns are a symbol of the ancient Crimean civilization, a memory of Naples, Panticapaeum, Tmutarakan, Chersonese, Theodoro, and other cities and kingdoms that once existed on the territory of Crimea. The griffin is a symbol of the guardian and defender of Crimea. The blue pearl in his paw symbolizes the uniqueness of Crimea, the unity of all its peoples, religions and cultures. The Varangian shield is a symbol of the intersection of trade routes, and its red color is a symbol of courage and bravery of the peoples of Crimea. Rising Sun at the top is a symbol of rebirth, prosperity, warmth and light.

In general, everything that is reflected in the words of the wise writer is embodied: “Everyone is rewarded according to his faith...”

© Chapters from the book "All about Crimea. With love." Publishing house "World of Information", 2002 (text - G. Dubovis, responsible for the issue A. Ganzha, R. Tsyupko, editor T. Esadze)

Borders and geographical location. The Autonomous Republic of Crimea (from 1954 to 1991 Crimean region) is part of Russia.

Administrative borders in the north run along the Perekopsky Val and Sivash. In the northeast of the peninsula there is a long sand spit - the Arabat Spit, and its northern, wider half belongs to the Kherson region of Ukraine. And the opposite “corner” of Crimea is occupied by the hero city of Sevastopol, which has a special status and, for the most part, issues of economic life, is separate from the Crimean Republic.

The capital of Crimea, the city of Simferopol (about 400 thousand inhabitants), the center of business and cultural life, links together all the roads of the peninsula.

The equidistance of Crimea from the Equator and the North Pole, its border position at the junction of Europe and Asia, forever determined its role as a crossroads of peoples and civilizations with an extraordinary variety of natural and historical monuments, as well as modern economics and culture.

Square. 25 thousand square kilometers for an island or peninsula this is a lot. This is usually enough for the whole state. Crimea is slightly smaller than Belgium, Albania or Haiti, but larger than Israel, Cyprus, Lebanon, Jamaica. It can be noted that Crimea, like all these small countries, is distinguished by its diversity natural conditions, a combination of mountains and plains, favorable for Agriculture and has a convenient sea coast.

Relief. The plain Crimea differs little from the steppes of neighboring regions of Russia and Ukraine, but in the west they turn into the limestone ledges of Tarkhankut, and in the east into the hilly ridges of the Kerch Peninsula.

The Crimean Mountains stretch in three parallel ridges from Sevastopol to Feodosia for 150 kilometers. Their northern slopes are gentle, and their southern slopes are steep. The two lower ridges make up the Crimean foothills, cut into separate massifs by picturesque river valleys; and the Main Ridge stands as a continuous barrier, the height of which almost everywhere exceeds a thousand meters (the highest point of the city of Roman-Kosh, 1545).
From the cold winds, the ridge hides a narrow strip of land at its southern steep cliff - the famous Southern Coast of Crimea.

Climate. The southern coast of Crimea from Cape Aya in the west to Mount Kara-Dag in the east is called the sub-Mediterranean Sea for the proximity of the main features of its climate (sunshine, air temperature, precipitation regime), flora and fauna to the coast Mediterranean Sea, subtropics. The northern, flat part of Crimea has a continental climate of the temperate zone.

Summer in Crimea is hot and sunny everywhere, dry - only sometimes with short refreshing showers. Its boundaries can be considered mid-May and the end of September; Autumn pampers you with quiet sunny days (even weeks), but also treats you with plenty of rain. Winter is not much different from autumn, but in the mountains it is simply a miracle: dry frosty air, clean fluffy snow - tens of thousands of Crimeans go on weekends to the areas of the Angarsk Pass and Ai-Petri Mountains. In spring, the deep-water Black Sea warms up near Yalta and Alushta more slowly than in the western or east coast Crimea. Therefore, March and April with their lush flowering are especially good for west coast and in the Foothills.

The relative air humidity in Crimea is almost always and everywhere low - within 65 - 80%; it is easy to breathe here even in the heat. The Yalta region, according to long-term data, has the lowest relative humidity in Europe. The passion for exoticism and tourism to countries with a humid tropical climate has recently become literally unhealthy, especially for the cardiovascular system. It is worth recalling that for Europeans the dry subtropics are the healthiest climate.

Rare plants and animals, unique landscapes that the peninsula is so rich in, are under conservation protection. Their total area is about 700 square kilometers, which is more than 2.5% of the territory of Crimea, one of the highest indicators of reserve saturation for the CIS countries. Many of the protected areas are visited by tourists; here you are required to be especially careful about nature.

Population Crimea, including Sevastopol, is about 2 million 700 thousand people, this is quite a lot, its density exceeds the average, for example, for the Baltic republics by 1.5 - 2 times. In August, up to 2 million visitors are simultaneously on the peninsula.

Now the main part of the population is Russians, then Ukrainians, Crimean Tatars, a significant proportion of Belarusians, Jews, Armenians, Greeks, Germans, Bulgarians, Gypsies, Poles, Czechs, Italians. The small peoples of Crimea - the Karaites and Krymchaks - are small in number, but still noticeable in culture.

Russian continues to be the language of interethnic communication. Also, the official languages ​​of the republic are Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar.

Economy. Our cities are famous for mechanical engineering and instrument production. Crimea is one of the oldest granaries of the world. The gardens and vineyards of the sunny peninsula do not need special praise. And in terms of essential oil crops, Crimea simply has no equal. The food industry is of export importance. The honor of the Crimean brand is maintained by dozens of rural canning shops. Well, the finest Crimean muscats are the best in the world; wines of other brands also meet the most demanding taste.

Currency exchange. Currency exchange in Crimea has some peculiarities. Usually the most favorable exchange rate is in the center of Simferopol. The exchange rate at the railway station and at Simferopol airport is slightly lower. But the highest demand for currency is in Yalta and Alushta, so the exchange of hryvnia, dollar and euro is carried out there at the lowest exchange rate. Exchange offices are numerous and work almost without breaks or days off.

The Crimean Peninsula has long been called that for a reason natural pearl Europe. Here, at the junction of subtropical and temperate latitudes, as if in focus, the characteristic features of their nature are concentrated in miniature: plains and mountains, modern mud hills and ancient volcanoes, lakes and seas, steppes and forests, semi-desert landscapes of the Sivash region and the Black Sea sub-Mediterranean region.

The Crimean Peninsula is located in southern Ukraine at the same latitude as southern France and northern Italy.

The outlines of Crimea are very unique; some see them as a bunch of grapes, others as a flying bird, and still others as a heart. Each of us, looking at the map, immediately sees an irregular quadrangle in the middle of the blue sea with a wide protrusion of the peninsula in the west and a long, narrower protrusion of the Kerch Peninsula in the east. The Kerch Strait separates the Crimean Peninsula from the Taman Peninsula, the western tip of Russia.

The total length of the land borders of Crimea is more than 2500 km. Area – 27 thousand square meters. km.

Crimea is washed on almost all sides by the waters of the Black and Azov Seas. It could have been an island if not for the narrow, only 8 kilometers wide, Perekop Isthmus connecting it to the mainland.

The maximum distance from north to south is 207 km, from west to east – 324 km.

Extreme points: in the north - the village of Perekop, in the south - , in the east - , in the west - Cape Kara-Mrun.

The waters of the Black Sea (area - 421 thousand sq. km, volume - 537 thousand cubic km) wash Crimea from the west and south. The largest bays are: Karkinitsky, Kalamitsky and Feodosiya. The shores of the peninsula are heavily indented with numerous coves and bays.

From the east and northeast, the peninsula is surrounded (width 4-5 km, length 41 km) and the Sea of ​​Azov (area - 38 thousand sq. km, volume - 300 cubic km), which forms the Arabat, Kazantip, and Sivash gulfs.

The Crimean Mountains divided the peninsula into two uneven parts: a large steppe part and a smaller mountain part. They stretch from southwest to northeast from the surrounding area in three almost parallel ridges, separated by parallel green valleys. The length of the Crimean Mountains is about 180 km, width – 50 km.

The main ridge is the highest, the most famous mountain peaks are located here: – 1545 m, – 1525 m, – 1231 m. The southern slopes, which face the sea, are very steep, and the northern ones, on the contrary, are gentle.

The peaks of the Crimean mountains are treeless plateaus, which are called (translated from Turkic as “summer pasture”). Yayls combine the properties of both mountains and plains. They are connected by narrow, low ridges along which mountain passes pass. The routes from the steppe part of Crimea to the southern coast have long been located here.

The highest yaylas in Crimea: Ai-Petrinskaya (1320 m), Gurzufskaya (1540 m), Nikitskaya (1470 m), Yalta (1406 m). The limestone surface of the villages was dissolved for many centuries under the influence of rainwater; water flows made numerous passages, mines, deep wells, and amazingly beautiful caves in the thickness of the mountains.

The steppe occupies most of the territory of Crimea. It represents the southern edge of the East European, or Russian, Plain and decreases slightly to the north. Kerch Peninsula The Parpach ridge is divided into two parts: the southwestern - flat and the northeastern - hilly, which is characterized by alternating gentle depressions, ring-shaped limestone ridges, mud hills and coastal lake basins. However, mud volcanoes They have nothing in common with real volcanoes, since they do not emit hot lava, but cold mud.

In the flat part of Crimea, varieties of carbonate and southern chernozems predominate; dark chestnut and meadow-chestnut soils of dry forests and shrubs, as well as brown mountain-forest and mountain-meadow chernozem-like soils (on yailas), are less common.

More than half of the peninsula's territory is occupied by fields, about five percent by orchards and vineyards. The remaining lands are predominantly pastures and forests.

The forest area is 340 thousand hectares. The slopes of the Crimean Mountains are covered mainly by oak forests (65% of the total forest area), beech (14%), pine (13%) and hornbeam (8%). On the South Coast, the forests contain relict tall juniper, blunt-leaved pistachio, small-fruited evergreen strawberry, a number of evergreen shrubs - Crimean cistus, Pontian broom, red pyracantha, bush jasmine, etc.

The main source of river nutrition is rainwater - 44-50% of the annual flow; snow nutrition provides 13-23% and groundwater - 28-36%. The average long-term surface and underground flow of Crimea is just over 1 billion cubic meters of water. This is almost three times less than the volume of water supplied annually to the peninsula via the North Crimean Canal. Natural reserves of local waters are used to the limit (73% of reserves are used). The main surface flow has been regulated: a couple of hundred ponds and more than 20 large reservoirs have been built (on the Salgir River, Chernorechenskoye on the Chernaya River, Belogorskoye on the Biyuk-Karasu River, etc.).

The North Crimean Canal annually supplies the peninsula with 3.5 billion cubic meters of water, which made it possible to increase the area of ​​irrigated land from 34.5 thousand hectares to 400 thousand hectares (since the 30s of the twentieth century).

In Crimea, mainly along the coasts, there are more than 50 estuary lakes with a total area of ​​5.3 thousand square meters. km used to obtain salts and therapeutic mud: , Donuzlav, Bakal, Staroe, Krasnoye, Chokrakskoye, Uzunlarskoye, etc.

The Republic of Crimea occupies the territory of the Crimean Peninsula.

The territory of the Republic of Crimea is 26.1 thousand square meters. km.

Length: from west to east – 360 km, from north to south – 180 km.

Extreme points: in the south – Cape Sarych; in the west – Cape Priboyny; in the east - Cape Lantern.

The most important sea ​​ports– Evpatoria, Yalta, Feodosia, Kerch.

Related regions: Krasnodar region Russian Federation, Kherson region of Ukraine.

The climate of the peninsula differs in its different parts: in the northern part it is temperate continental, on the southern coast it has subtropical features. Crimea is characterized by a small amount of precipitation throughout the year, a large number of sunny days, and the presence of breezes on the coast.

The relief of the Crimean peninsula consists of three unequal parts: the North Crimean Plain with the Tarkhankut Upland (about 70% of the territory), the Kerch Peninsula and in the south - the mountainous Crimea stretches in three ridges. The highest is the Main Range of the Crimean Mountains (1545 m, Mount Roman-Kosh), consisting of individual limestone massifs (yayls) with plateau-like peaks, deep canyons. The southern slope of the Main Ridge stands out as the Crimean sub-Mediterranean. The Inner and Outer ridges form the Crimean foothills.

The Crimean peninsula is washed by the Black and Azov seas.

The natural reserve fund includes 158 objects and territories (including 46 of national importance, the area of ​​which is 5.8% of the area of ​​the Crimean Peninsula). The basis of the reserve fund is 6 nature reserves with a total area of ​​63.9 thousand hectares: Krymsky with the branch “Swan Islands”, Yalta Mountain Forest, Cape Martyan, Karadagsky, Kazantipsky, Opuksky.

Crimea is a peninsula richly endowed natural resources. Its depths and the adjacent shelf contain industrial deposits of iron ore, combustible gas, mineral salts, construction raw materials, oil and gas condensate.

Natural ones are more important recreational resources peninsulas: mild climate, warm sea, healing mud, mineral water, picturesque landscapes.

The largest rivers are Salgir, Indol, Biyuk-Karasu, Chornaya, Belbek, Kacha, Alma, Bulganakh. The longest river in Crimea is Salgir (220 km), the deepest is Belbek (water flow - 1500 liters per second).

There are more than 50 salt lakes in Crimea, the largest of them is Lake Sasyk (Kunduk) - 205 sq. km.

The population of Crimea as of January 1, 2013 is 1 million 965.2 thousand people. Including the economically active population is 970.3 thousand people, or less than 50% of the total population.

About 130 ethnic groups live in the Republic of Crimea. The largest ethnic groups are Russians (58.3%), Ukrainians (24.3%) and Crimean Tatars (12.1%).

Official languages: Russian, Ukrainian, Crimean Tatar.

Time zone: MSK (UTC+4).

Administrative-territorial structure: cities of republican significance - 11, districts - 14.

The capital of the Republic of Crimea is the city of Simferopol.

The representative body of the Republic of Crimea is the State Council of the Republic of Crimea.

The executive body of the Republic of Crimea is the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Crimea.

The Republic of Crimea has symbols: coat of arms, flag and anthem.

Crimea has long been rightfully called the natural pearl of Europe. Here, at the junction of temperate and subtropical latitudes, as if in focus, the characteristic features of their nature are concentrated in miniature: mountains and plains, ancient volcanoes and modern mud hills, seas and lakes, forests and steppes, landscapes of the Black Sea sub-Mediterranean region and the semi-deserts of the Sivash region...

The Crimean Peninsula is located in southern Russia at latitude southern France and northern Italy.

His outlines are unique, some see them as a flying bird, others as a bunch of grapes, and still others as a heart.

But each of us, looking at the map, immediately finds in the middle of the blue oval of the sea an irregular quadrangle of a peninsula with a wide protrusion of the Tarkhankut Peninsula in the west and a long, narrower protrusion of the Kerch Peninsula in the east. The Kerch Strait separates the Crimean Peninsula from the Taman Peninsula, the western tip of the Krasnodar Territory.
Crimea, washed on almost all sides by the waters of the Black and Azov Seas, could have been an island if not for the narrow, only 8 kilometers wide, Perekop Isthmus connecting it to the mainland.

The total length of the borders of Crimea– more than 2500 km.

Square– 27 thousand sq. km.

Maximum distance from north to south it is 207 km, from west to east – 324 km.

Extreme points: in the north – the village of Perekop (46°15′ north latitude), in the south – Cape Sarych (44°23′ north latitude), in the east – Cape Fonar (36°40′ east longitude), in the west – Cape Kara-Mrun (32°30′ E long.).

Water Black Sea(area – 421 thousand sq.

sq. km, volume - 537 thousand cubic km) wash Crimea from the west and south. The largest bays are: Karkinitsky, Kalamitsky and Feodosiya.
From the east and northeast, the peninsula is surrounded by the Kerch Strait (width 4-5 km, length 41 km) and Sea of ​​Azov(area - 38 thousand sq. km, volume - 300 cubic km), which forms the Kazantip, Arabat and Sivash bays.

Shorespeninsula strongly indented by numerous bays, coves and bays.

Crimean mountains divided the peninsula into two uneven parts: a large steppe and a smaller mountain one.

They stretch from southwest to northeast from the outskirts of Sevastopol to Feodosia in three almost parallel ridges, separated by longitudinal green valleys. The length of the Crimean Mountains is about 180 km, width – 50 km.

The main ridge is the highest, the most famous mountain peaks are located here: Roman-Kosh - 1545 m, Chatyrdag - 1525 m, Ai-Petri - 1231 m.

The southern slopes facing the sea are steep, while the northern slopes are gentle.

The peaks of the Crimean Mountains are treeless, undulating plateaus called yayls (translated from Turkic as “summer pasture”). Yayls combine the properties of plains and mountains. They are connected by narrow, low ridges along which mountain passes pass. The routes from the steppe part of Crimea to the southern coast have long been located here.

The beginning of the ascent to the Devil's Staircase pass, an ancient road that leads from forest areas mountain Crimea to the South Bank.

The highest yaylas in Crimea: Ai-Petrinskaya (1320 m), Yalta (1406 m), Nikitskaya (1470 m), Gurzufskaya (1540 m).

The limestone surface of the villages was dissolved by rainwater for many centuries; water flows made numerous passages, deep wells, mines, and amazingly beautiful caves in the thickness of the mountains.

The inner ridge of the Crimean Mountains is lower than the Main (the highest point, Mount Kubalach, reaches 739 m). It stretches from the Mekenzi Mountains near Sevastopol to Mount Agarmysh for 125 km.

The outer, or Northern, ridge is even lower - from 150 to 340 m, it is called the foothills.

The rocks from which it is composed lie at an angle: the southern slopes end with steep cliffs, and the northern slopes are gentle, long, and gradually turn into a plain.

Steppe occupies a large territory of Crimea. It represents the southern edge of the East European, or Russian, Plain and decreases slightly to the north. The Kerch Peninsula is divided by the Parpach ridge into two parts: the southwestern - flat and the northeastern - hilly, which is characterized by alternating ring-shaped limestone ridges, gentle depressions, mud hills and coastal lake basins.

However, mud volcanoes have nothing in common with real volcanoes, since they erupt not hot lava, but cold mud.

In the flat part of the peninsula, varieties of southern and carbonate chernozems predominate; dark chestnut and meadow-chestnut soils of dry forests and shrubs, as well as brown mountain-forest and mountain-meadow chernozem-like soils (on yailas), are less common.

More than 52% of the republic’s territory is occupied by arable land, 4.7% by orchards and vineyards.

The remaining lands are predominantly pastures and forests.

Expanses of Crimea

Square forests reaches 340 thousand.

ha. The slopes of the Crimean Mountains are occupied predominantly by oak forests (65% of the area of ​​all forests), beech (14%), hornbeam (8%) and pine (13%).

On the South Coast, in the forests grow relict tall juniper, evergreen small-fruited strawberry, blunt-leaved pistachio, a number of evergreen shrubs - Pontian broom, Crimean cistus, red pyracantha, bush jasmine, etc.

On the peninsula 1657 rivers and temporary drains.

Their total length is 5996 kilometers. However, the vast majority of them are small, almost all watercourses that dry up in the summer. There are only 257 rivers longer than 5 km.

The most significant of the rivers, according to their geographical location, are divided into several groups: rivers of the northern and northeastern slopes of the Crimean Mountains (Salgir, the longest river of the peninsula, - 232 km; Wet Indol - 27 km; Churuksu - 33 km, etc.); rivers of the northwestern slope (Chernaya - 41 km, Belbek - 63 km, Kacha - 69 km, Alma - 84 km, Western Bulganak - 52 km, etc.); rivers South Bank Crimea (Uchan-Su - 8.4 km, Derekoyka - 12 km, Ulu-Uzen - 15 km, Demerdzhi - 14 km, Ulu-Uzen East - 16 km, etc.); small rivers of the plain Crimea and the Kerch Peninsula.

The rivers of the northwestern slopes of the Crimean Mountains flow almost parallel to each other, until the middle of the flow they are typically mountainous.

Rivers northern slopes on the plain they deviate to the east and flow into the Sivash. The short rivers of the Southern Coast flowing into the Black Sea are typically mountainous throughout their entire length.

The Uchan-Su mountain river runs down to the sea, forming waterfalls in four places.

Crimea. Baydarsky reserve. Kozyrek waterfall during the snowmelt period (left).

One of the tributaries of the Black River during high water (right).

The main source of river nutrition is rainwater - 44-50% of the annual flow; groundwater provides 28-36% and snow nutrition - 13-23%. The average long-term surface and underground flow of Crimea is slightly more than 1 billion cubic meters. water. This is almost three times less than the volume of water supplied annually to the peninsula via the North Crimean Canal. Natural reserves of local waters are used to the limit (73% of reserves are used).

The main surface flow is regulated: several hundred ponds and more than 20 large reservoirs have been built (Simferopol on the Salgir River, Chernorechenskoye on the Chernaya River, Belogorskoye on the Biyuk-Karasu River, etc.).

The North Crimean Canal transports 3.5 billion tons of water annually to the peninsula.

m3 of water, which made it possible to increase the area of ​​irrigated land from 34.5 thousand hectares (1937) to 400 thousand hectares (1994).

In Crimea, mainly along the coasts, there are more than 50 lakes-estuaries with a total area of ​​5.3 thousand square meters. km used to obtain salts and medicinal mud: Saksky, Sasyk, Donuzlav, Bakal, Staroe, Krasnoe, Aktashskoye, Chokrakskoye, Uzunlarskoye, etc.

Sources:

All about Crimea: Reference and information publication / Under the general.

ed. D.V. Omelchuk. - Kharkov: Karavella, 1999.

Ena V.G. Nature of Crimea // Crimea: present and future: Sat. articles - Simferopol: Tavria, 1995.

In this article we will tell you about Crimea sk peninsula. Despite the fact that in last years More and more tourists are flocking to vacation on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey, as well as on tropical islands Thailand.

However, Crimea still still remains popular place recreation for hundreds of thousands of people. Foreign tourists primarily visit capital city Ukraine - Kyiv, which has many historical and architectural attractions.

Crimea Peninsula and the Sea of ​​Azov. View from space

In addition, in the city of Kyiv you can use the Internet directly in recreation parks.

Crimea map

And if one of the tourists did not take his tablet computer on the trip, then he can buy a laptop in Kyiv at affordable price in numerous FoxMart stores in the city, which offer a wide range of laptops from various world famous brands, such as: SAMSUNG, ACER, LENOVO, ASUS, HP, SONY and some others.

Thanks to the Internet and a laptop, you can learn a lot of necessary, useful and, of course, interesting information, for example, about the Crimean peninsula.

Peninsula Crimea located in the southern part of the Republic of Ukraine. Geographically Crimea The Russian Peninsula belongs to the Northern Black Sea region.

On the peninsula Crimea are located in the Autonomous Republic Crimea, the city of Sevastopol, as well as part of the Kherson region. Peninsula Crimea in the documents of the Russian Empire until the 20s of the 20th century it was called Taurida.
After creation Soviet Union The Tavrida Peninsula was renamed and received the name " Crimea».

Toponym " Crimea“probably comes from the Turkic word “kyrym”, which literally means - rampart, wall, ditch.

The Crimean peninsula is washed by: in the west and south - the Black Sea, in the east - the Sea of ​​Azov, including Sivash Bay. Peninsula Crimea goes far into the Black Sea.

The area of ​​the Crimean Peninsula is approximately 26,860 km², of which 72% is flat, 20% is occupied Crimea ski mountains, 8% are water bodies - lakes, rivers.
Length of the peninsula's coastline Crimea is over 1000 km.
The total length of the sea and land borders of the peninsula Crimea is more than 2500 km.
Greatest length Crimea of the Russian Peninsula in the direction from west to east between the picturesque capes Kara-Mrun and Fonar is approximately 325 km, and in the direction from north to south from the narrow Perekop Isthmus to Cape Sarych it is 205 km.

On the Black Sea coast there are largest bays: Karkinitsky Gulf, Kalamitsky Gulf, Feodosia Gulf.

On the coast of the Azov Sea there are the following bays: Sivash Bay, Kazantip Bay and Arabat Bay.
In the east Crimea peninsula between the Black Sea and Sea of ​​Azov is the Kerch Peninsula, and in the west the tapering part Crimea and forms the relatively small Tarkhankut Peninsula.
In the northern part of the peninsula Crimea It is connected to the continent by the rather narrow Perekop Isthmus, the width of which at its widest point does not exceed 8 km.

Peninsula Crimea according to the nature of the relief, it is divided into platform-plain, which occupies 70% of the entire territory, the rest falls on the folded mountainous surface. On the southern part of the peninsula Crimea beautiful spread out Crimea skie mountains. The most high mountain peninsula Crimea– Mount Roman-Kosh, which reaches a height of 1545 meters above sea level.

Northernmost point Crimea The Russian Peninsula is located on the Perekop Isthmus, its southernmost point is the beautiful Cape Sarych, the westernmost point is Cape Kara-Mrun (Priboyny) on the Tarkhankut Peninsula, the extreme eastern point of the peninsula is Cape Lantern on the Kerch Peninsula.

Picturesque nature of the Crimean peninsula

Crimea is a popular seaside resort located in southwest Russia. The main reasons why people flock to the peninsula are: the sea and the mountains. Crimea washed by two seas: the Black and Azov. Most of the resorts are located on the southern coast, whose climate is comparable to the Cote d'Azur.

Crimea: history of the name of the peninsula

There are several versions of the origin of the name of the peninsula: from Turkic “ Crimea"translated as "ditch".

Another version says that the name comes from the city of Kyrym, which was the former residence of the Golden Horde governor and became popular in the 13th century. This name was not the first for the peninsula - others are also known in history:

• Tavrika is the ancient name of the peninsula, derived from the Taurian tribe that previously inhabited these places.
• Tavria is a name that came into use in the 15th century.
• Tavrida - came into use in 1783, when the peninsula became part of the Russian Empire.

Also, Crimea in different years was identified with Cimmeria and Lesser Scythia.

During the years of Soviet power, the Crimean region existed, after Ukraine gained independence, the Autonomous Republic of Crimea existed, and since 2014, the Republic of Crimea has appeared as part of Russia.

Geographical position of Crimea briefly

Crimea is washed from the east by the Azov Sea, from the south and west by the Black Sea, and in the north of the peninsula is the salty Sivash Bay. Most of the territory of the peninsula is located in the temperate zone, and the South Coast is in the subtropical zone, thereby providing favorable geographical location of Crimea like a resort.

The peninsula is divided into 3 conventional parts: steppe, mountains, southern coast. Extreme points of Crimea:

• north – Perekop Isthmus;
• south – Cape Sarych (located at 44°23′14″ N);
• west – Cape Priboyny;
• east – Cape Lantern.

The most high point– Roman-Kosh (1545 meters), located on Babugan-yayla.

18 settlements in Crimea have city status. The most populated among them are Sevastopol, Simferopol and Kerch. The main resorts are Yalta, Alushta and Evpatoria.

The area of ​​Crimea is 27 thousand km².

Cape Sarych is the southernmost point of Crimea

The capital of Crimea is Simferopol, whose name translates as “gathering city.”

History of Crimea

Since ancient times, the peninsula has been an arena of military operations. Many nomadic tribes came here, then giving way to stronger ones. That's why history of Crimea contains many bloody pages and has preserved them in its legends and traditions.

The first settlers of the peninsula in the Middle Paleolithic were Neanderthals, whose sites were discovered in several places: Kiik-Koba, Chokurcha (considered the oldest human habitation in Europe).

A little later, in the Mesolithic, the Cro-Magnons appeared here.

These places were later inhabited by the Cimmerians in the 12th century BC. e., as well as the Tauri and Scythians who came to these lands in the 7th century BC.

e. Later, Greek settlers came to the lands of Taurida, who organized many cities on the coast and began trading with the local population. This is how the Bosporan kingdom, Chersonesos, Kerkinitis and a number of other cities appeared.

The Goths, Huns, Khazars, Byzantines, Tatars, Genoese, and Turks left their mark here.

For a long time (1441 - 1783) the Crimean Khanate was located here with its capital in Bakhchisarai.

Most of the time it was under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, and after coming under Russian rule, the Khanate was disbanded.

In 1475 these lands were captured Ottoman Empire, which defeated both the Genoese and the mountain principality of Theodoro. The Turks ruled here for 3 centuries, but in 1774 Prince Dolgoruky annexed Taurida to the Russian Empire.

Before 1954 Crimea was part of Russia until it was transferred to the Ukrainian SSR.

In 2014, the peninsula returned to Russia again.

The peninsula is full of unusual, interesting and mysterious things. I suggest you find out some Interesting Facts about Crimea:

You can find out more about Crimea on other pages of our website.

Where is Crimea?

Where is Crimea located on the map of Russia? The Crimean Peninsula is located in the northern part of the Black Sea, and from the northeast it is washed by the Sea of ​​Azov. In the north of Crimea it is connected with the mainland of Perekop by Isthmus (bay).

Now, of course, many Russians are interested and curious to know how long it takes to fly to Crimea from different cities Russia, because the Crimean peninsula has become part of the Russian Federation and will likely break the flow of tourists here.

On a detailed map of the Crimean coast you see that all coastline extends over 2.5 thousand kilometers.

It is also interesting that on Black Sea coast main resort towns- Sochi and Abkhazia, which are competitors of Crimea in terms of tourism, so it is recommended to read an interesting article about comparing these places for the quality of recreation and leisure - if it is better to relax: in Sochi or in Crimea?

There are many on the peninsula mountain peaks, of which the highest is Roman Kosh, height 1545 meters.

The northernmost point of the peninsula is the Perekop Strait, to the south - at Cape Miklavts, to the west - at Cape Kara-Mran, to the east - at the cape, on the Kerch Peninsula.

Geography of Crimea

The North Channel is the largest on the peninsula.

Detailed map of the Crimean coast

In Yandex and Google you can find detailed map cities of Crimea and cities where the most popular settlements on the peninsula will be identified as Yalta, Alushta, Alupka, Feodosia, Dzhalty, Sudak and others.

Sevastopol is a heroic city with many landmarks during World War II. The most famous natural and historical attractions are: Crimean caves: marble, red and Emine-Bayr-Khosar cave.

Map of cities and places

What is Crimea

climate and natural zones of Crimea

Answers:

Crimea, despite its relatively small territory, has a varied climate. The climate of Crimea is divided into three subzones: Steppe Crimea (most of Crimea, the north, west and center of Crimea). Crimean Mountains. Southern coast of Crimea. The climate of the northern part is temperate continental, on the southern coast - with features similar to subtropical.

average temperature January from −1… −3 °C in the north of the steppe zone to +1… −1 °C in the south of the steppe zone, on the southern coast of Crimea from +2… +4 °C. The average July temperature of the South Coast and the eastern part of Crimea: Kerch and Feodosia is +23...+25 °C. Precipitation ranges from 300-400 mm per year in the north to 1000-2000 mm in the mountains. In summer (in the second half of July) in the steppe part of Crimea, daytime air temperatures reach +35...+37 °C in the shade, at night up to +23...+25 °C.

The climate is predominantly dry, with seasonal dry winds prevailing. The Black Sea warms up to +25 °C in summer. The Sea of ​​Azov warms up to +27…+28 °C. The steppe part of Crimea lies in the steppe zone of temperate climate. This part of Crimea is characterized by long, dry and very hot summers and mild, little snowy winters with frequent thaws and very changeable weather.

The Crimean Mountains are characterized by a mountain type of climate with pronounced zonality in altitude. Summers are also very hot and dry, while winters are wet and mild. The southern coast of Crimea is characterized by a sub-Mediterranean climate.

Snow cover is only temporary, established on average once every 7 years, frosts only during the passage of the Arctic anticyclone.