Sea bast coordinates. Laptev sea

The Laptev Sea is the marginal sea of ​​the Arctic Ocean. Located between the northern shores of Siberia in the south, the Taimyr Peninsula, the Severnaya Zemlya Islands in the west and the Novosibirsk Islands in the east, and was named after the Russian polar explorers, the cousins ​​Dmitry and Khariton Laptev. The rugged North Sea has a challenging history of exploring and establishing precise boundaries.

Geographical position

The area of ​​the Laptev Sea is 672 thousand square meters. km. Largest river, flowing into the Laptev Sea - Lena with its large delta. The rivers also flow into the sea: Khatanga, Anabar, Olenek, Yana.

By the type of location, the Laptev Sea is marginal. The neighboring sea is the Kara Sea, the Laptev Sea is connected with it by the Vilkitsky Strait, as well as the East Siberian Sea, with which it is connected by the Sannikov and Dmitry Laptev straits.

Rice. 1. The Laptev Sea on the map

The coastline is highly indented and forms bays and coves of various sizes. The coastal landscape is varied, with low mountains. Large bays:

• Khatanga;
• Oleneksky;
• Thaddeus;
• Yansky;
• Anabarsky;
• bay of Maria Pronchishcheva;
• Ebelyakhskaya lip;
• lip Buor-Khaya.

Bottom relief

The maximum depth is 3385 meters, the average depth is 540 meters. More than half of the sea is occupied by a gentle continental shelf. Where the shelf is located, the average depth is about 50 meters. In the northern part of the sea, the bottom drops abruptly to the ocean floor with depths of about one kilometer. In shallow areas, the bottom is covered with sand and silt with admixtures of pebbles and boulders. At great depths, the bottom is covered with silt.

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The main characteristic of the Laptev Sea is its low water temperature. In winter, under the ice, the water temperature ranges from -0.8 ° C in the southeastern part to -1.8 ° C. Above a depth of 100 meters, the entire water layer has negative temperatures (down to -1.8 ° C). In summer, the nature of the surface water temperature distribution is largely related to the position of the ice edge, which determines the area of ​​the sea exposed to summer heating.

The salinity of the Laptev Sea increases rapidly with increasing depth. This indicator is strongly influenced by:

• melting ice;
• runoff of Siberian rivers.

Due to relatively weak winds and shallow depths, the Laptev Sea is relatively calm, with waves usually within 1 m.In July-August, waves up to 4-5 m in height can be observed in the open sea, and in the autumn period they reach 6 m.

Rice. 2. The Laptev Sea is almost always covered with ice

Frosty Arctic winters cause significant education sea ​​ice, which covers the sea area almost all year round. The development of ice is also promoted by the shallowness of the sea and the low salinity of its surface waters. As a result, the Laptev Sea is the largest source of Arctic sea ice.

Despite the freezing of the sea, navigation is the main human activity in the region, and Tiksi is one of the major ports.

Rice. 3. Port of Tiksi

Biological resources of the Laptev Sea

The features of the organic world of the Laptev Sea are due to its extremely harsh climate. The sea vegetation is represented by diatoms and an insignificant amount of green and blue-green algae. There are also about 30 species of zooplankton in the sea. The flora of the coast is represented by mosses, lichens and several species of flowering plants.

Mammals are constantly inhabited here: walrus, sea hare, seal, harp seal, arctic fox, reindeer, wolf, ermine, polar hare and polar bear.

Despite the extremely harsh climate, several dozen species of birds live on the sea coast. Some of them are sedentary and live here permanently (snow bunting, snowy owl, black goose), while others roam the circumpolar regions or migrate from the south, creating large colonies on the islands and the mainland coast (auk, ivory and polar gulls, guillemot).

To the main environmental issues Laptev Seas include:

• pollution from numerous factories and mines;
• recurring oil spills;
• sunken and floating decaying wood.

What have we learned?

According to the plan for the 8th grade of the geography course, we found out which ocean basin the Laptev Sea belongs to, is it marginal or inland, who discovered and after whom this northern sea was named. To briefly describe it, it is a shallow, not too salty sea of ​​the Arctic Ocean, with a harsh climate, which is covered with ice almost all year round.

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Located between the Taimyr Peninsula and the Severnaya Zemlya Islands in the west and the Novosibirsk Islands in the east.

Area 662,000 sq.

Depths up to 50 m prevail, the maximum depth is 3385 m.

Large bays: Khatangsky, Oleneksky, Faddeya, Yansky, Anabarsky, Maria Pronchishcheva Bay, Buor-Khaya. There are many islands in the western part of the sea.
The Komsomolskaya Pravda Islands are located in the southwestern part of the sea.
The rivers flow into the sea: Khatanga, Anabar, Olenek, Lena, Yana.
The main port is Tiksi.

Most of the year (October to May) Laptevih sea covered with ice. Ice formation begins at the end of September and takes place simultaneously throughout the entire area of ​​the sea. In winter, in its shallow eastern part, an extensive fast ice with a thickness of up to 2 m is developed. The boundary of the fast ice distribution is a depth of approximately 25 m, which in this area of ​​the sea is removed several hundred kilometers from the coast. The fast ice area is about 30% of the entire sea area. In the western and northwestern parts of the sea, landfast ice is small, and in some winters it is completely absent. Drifting ice is located to the north of the fast ice zone.

average temperature air in January is about –30 ° С, in the coastal part there are frosts down to –60 ° С. Most of the year is covered with ice; along the coast there is a wide fast ice, to the north the Siberian polynya stretches, to the east of the Vilkitsky Strait the Taimyr ice massif is preserved. Salinity from 10 (or less) in the south to 34 ‰ in the north; semi-daily tides, up to 0.5 m.
V Laptevih sea well pronounced hot flashes, which have an irregular semi-daily character everywhere. The tidal wave enters from the north from the Central Arctic Basin, fading and deforming as it travels south. The magnitude of the tide is usually small, mainly about 0.5 m. Only in Khatanga Bay, the range of tidal level fluctuations exceeds 2 m in syzygy. Other rivers flowing into Laptevih sea, the tide hardly sets. It attenuates very close to the estuaries, since the tidal wave is extinguished in the deltas of these rivers.

Fauna and flora of the Laptev Sea

are typically arctic. Phytoplankton is represented by marine diatoms and diatoms of freshened waters. The most widespread species of zooplankton here are planktonic marine ciliates, rotifers, copepods and amphipods. Benthic organisms include foraminifera, polychaete worms, isopods, bryozoans, and molluscs. Fish are represented by Siberian whitefish, arctic char, omul, nelma, sturgeon, etc.

Mammals include walruses, seals and beluga whales, sea hares, and seals; bird colonies on the banks; there are many commercial fish: char, muksun, nelma, taimen, perch, sturgeon, sterlet. Polar bears live on ice islands and large ice fields in the open sea. Colonies of sea gulls live near the coasts.

Laptevih sea- the marginal sea of ​​the Arctic Ocean. The sea surface area is 662,000 km². It is located between the northern coast of Siberia in the south, the Taimyr Peninsula, the Severnaya Zemlya Islands in the west and the Novosibirsk Islands in the east. Historical names: Tatarskoe, Lenskoe (on maps of the XVI-XVII centuries), Siberian, Arctic (XVIII-XIX centuries). In 1883, the polar explorer Fridtjof Nansen named the sea after Nordenskjold. This name remained with him until 1935. In 1913, at the suggestion of the oceanographer Yu.M. Shokalsky, the Russian Geographical Society approved current name- in honor of the cousins ​​Dmitry and Khariton Laptev, who explored this harsh territory in the 18th century. It was officially confirmed only by the decision of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR of June 27, 1935. In the language of the indigenous people, the Yakuts, the name sounds like Laptevtar.

The banks are heavily indented. Large bays: Khatangsky, Oleneksky, Faddeya, Yansky, Anabarsky, Maria Pronchishcheva Bay, Buor-Khaya. There are several dozen islands in the western part of the sea and river deltas. Frequent storms and currents due to melting ice lead to their strong erosion, for example, the Semyonovsky and Vasilievsky Islands, discovered in 1815, have already disappeared. The most significant groups of islands are Severnaya Zemlya, Komsomolskaya Pravda and Thaddeus. The largest single islands: Bolshoy Begichev (1764 km²), Belkovsky (500 km²), Maly Taimyr (250 km²), Stolbovoy (170 km²), Starokadomsky Island (110 km²), and Sandy (17 km²). The Komsomolskaya Pravda Islands are located in the southwestern part of the sea. The rivers flow into the sea: Khatanga, Anabar, Olenek, Lena, Yana. Some rivers form large deltas.

Sailing

The coast of the Laptev Sea has long been inhabited by the aboriginal tribes of northern Siberia, such as the Yukaghirs and Chuvans. The traditional occupations of these tribes were fishing, hunting, nomadic reindeer herding, and hunting wild reindeer. Starting from the 2nd century, the gradual assimilation of the Yukaghirs by the Evens and Evenks began, and from the 9th century by the much more numerous Yakuts, and later by the Koryaks and Chukchi. The Russians began to explore the coast of the Laptev Sea and nearby islands around the 17th century, rafting down the course of Siberian rivers. In 1629, Siberian Cossacks descended along the Lena River to the mouth. In 1633, the detachment of Ivan Perfiryev went from Zhigansk down the Lena, then half of the detachment, led by Ivan Rebrov, reached the mouth of the Olenek River, and Perfiryev himself went to Yana. By 1638, the Khatanga River was discovered and industrialists from the Lena climbed it, moved along the inland waters of the Taimyr to Pyasina and hunted on the banks of the Yenisei. In 1735, Lieutenant Vasily Pronchishchev sailed from the Lena River to the mouth of the Anabar and to the eastern coast of Taimyr on the Yakutsk doublet-boat. After Pronchishchev died from scurvy in 1736, his work at Yakutsk was continued by Khariton Laptev, whose cousin Dmitry Laptev in 1739 sailed on the Irkutsk boat from the mouth of the Lena to the east to the mouth of the Khroma River, which flows into the East Siberian Sea. The strait between the two seas is named after Dmitry Laptev. And the Siberian Sea itself is named after the Laptevs, as they were the first to map its shores.

Navigation in the Laptev Sea became possible thanks to the work (1821-1823) of Lieutenant Peter Anjou, who described the coast of the mainland and all the Novosibirsk islands, which he traveled on sledges in search of the never-found Sannikov Land. Anjou conducted the first studies of the prevailing winds of the Laptev Sea, its mobile and pack ice. He made measurements of the depths, moving on the water in a boat, then on the ice in a sleigh.

The first who managed to sail across the entire Laptev Sea from Cape Chelyuskin in the west to Cape Svyatoy Nos in the east was the Swedish Baron Adolf Erik Nordenskjold. His steam-sailing vessel "Vega", accompanied by the steamer "Lena", anchored at Cape Chelyuskin on August 19, 1875, reached the mouth of the Lena River on August 27, where the "Lena" went to Yakutsk. On August 30, Vega was in the Dmitry Laptev Strait off the coast of Bolshoi Lyakhovsky Island. In 1893, the Norwegian research schooner Fram, Fridtjof Nansen, passed through almost the entire Laptev Sea, which froze into the ice near the New Siberian Islands, from where it began to drift northward.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the sea was crossed several times by Russian expeditions on the icebreaking ships "Taimyr" and "Vaygach". Since 1932, the Northern Sea Route has been running across the Laptev Sea, with regular flights since 1935. Here, the shortest navigation period on the entire Northern Sea Route is only in August and September. The base port is Tiksi; there are also ports at the mouths of the rivers - Khatanga, Ust-Olenek, Nizhneyansk.

Bottom relief

The Laptev Sea is located in the shelf zone, the continental slope and occupies a small area of ​​the ocean floor. In connection with this location, the bottom relief is a plain, which drops off sharply in the north. Depths up to 50 m prevail, the maximum depth is 3385 meters, the average depth is 540 meters. In shallow areas, the bottom is covered with sand and silt with admixtures of pebbles and boulders. Near the coast, river precipitation accumulates at a high rate, up to 20-25 centimeters per year. At great depths, the bottom is covered with silt.

Climate and hydrological regime

The Laptev Sea has an arctic continental climate and, due to its remoteness from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, is one of the harshest among the Arctic seas. The polar night and polar day last about 3 months a year in the south and 5 months in the north. The coldest month is January. The average temperature in January is up to -31 ° C and -34 ° C, and the minimum is -50 ° C. In July, the temperature rises to 0 ° C + 5 ° C, however, it can reach + 22-24 ° C on the coast in August. Strong winds, blizzards and snowstorms are common during the winter. Snow falls even in summer and alternates with fogs.

The sea is characterized by low water temperatures. In winter, the water temperature under the ice ranges from -0.8 ° C to 1.8 ° C. In summer, in ice-free areas of the sea, the uppermost layer of water can warm up to 4-6 ° C, in bays up to 8-10 ° C. The salinity of sea water near the surface in the northwestern part of the sea in winter is 34 ‰, in the southern part - up to 20-25 ‰. Near river mouths, it is less than 10 ‰. The melting of ice and the runoff of Siberian rivers have a strong effect on the salinity of surface waters. Most of the river flow (about 70%) falls on the Lena. Other rivers that make a significant contribution to the total flow: Khatanga, Olenek, Yana and Anabar. Tides are up to 50 centimeters high on average. The magnitude of the tides is significantly reduced by the ice cover. In Khatanga Bay, due to its funnel shape, the tidal wave can reach 2 meters. Due to the relatively weak winds and shallow depths, the Laptev Sea is relatively calm, with waves usually within 1 meter. In July-August, waves up to 4-5 m in height can be observed in the open sea, and in autumn they can reach 6 meters.

The frosty winters of the Arctic cause significant formation of sea ice, which covers the sea area almost all year round. The development of ice is also facilitated by the shallowness of the sea and the low salinity of its surface waters. The Laptev Sea is the largest source of Arctic sea ice.

Flora and fauna

Flora and fauna are scarce due to the harsh climate. The vegetation of the sea is represented mainly by diatoms, of which there are more than 100 species. In the sea, 39 species of fish were recorded, mostly typical of the brackish aquatic environment. The main ones are various types of grayling and whitefish, such as muksun, chir, omul. Sardines, Bering Sea omul, polar smelt, navaga, Arctic cod, flounder, Arctic char and nelma are also widespread. Mammals are constantly inhabited here: walrus, sea hare, seal, harp seal, hoofed lemming, arctic fox, reindeer, wolf, ermine, polar hare and polar bear. The beluga whale makes seasonal migrations to the coast.

Several dozen species of birds live here. Some of them are sedentary and live here permanently. These are snow bunting, sea sandpiper, snowy owl and black goose. There are also those who roam the polar regions or migrate from the south, creating large colonies on the islands and the coast of the mainland. These include auk, guillemot, ivory gull, guillemot, charadriiformes, and polar gulls. Skuas, terns, fulmars, glaucous gulls, long-tailed ducks, eiders, loons and ptarmigan are also found. In 1985, the Ust-Lensky Nature Reserve was organized in the Lena River delta. In 1993, all the islands of the Novosibirsk archipelago were also included in its buffer zone.

Economic value

The Laptev Sea is the only Russian sea where there is none inhabited island with a permanent population, excluding polar stations and military facilities. Hunting and fishing are poorly distributed and concentrated mainly in river deltas. Hunting for marine mammals is practiced only by the indigenous people. In particular, walrus hunting is allowed only for scientific expeditions and local tribes who need it to exist. The Northern Sea Route is the most important way of delivering goods to remote regions of Russia - the north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Yakutia and Chukotka. The Laptev Sea is a place for various scientific research. Scientists study how water circulates, observe the ice balance, and make hydrometeorological forecasts.

Ecology

Water pollution is relatively low and is mainly due to the operation of numerous factories and mines located on the Lena, Yana and Anabar rivers. Waste from these enterprises contains phenols, copper and zinc and is constantly washed into the sea with the flow of river waters. Another constant source of pollution is the urban-type settlement Tiksi. During the navigation period, as well as in the process of oil production, there are periodic oil spills. Another major source of pollution is sunken and floating decaying wood caught in the water as a result of decades of continuous timber rafting.

Posted Mon, 27/04/2015 - 06:59 by Cap

The Laptev Sea (Yakut. Laptevtar Baygallara) is the marginal sea of ​​the Arctic Ocean. Located between the northern coast of Siberia in the south, the islands of Severnaya Zemlya in the west and.
The sea is named after Russian polar explorers - cousins ​​Dmitry and Khariton Laptev. In the past it was known by various names, the last of which is the Nordenskjold Sea.
The sea has a harsh climate with temperatures below 0 ° C for more than nine months a year, low salinity, sparse flora and fauna, and a low coastal population. Most of the time, with the exception of August and September, it is under ice.

Laptev Sea map


For thousands of years, the sea coast was inhabited by the indigenous tribes of the Yukaghirs, and later the Evens and Evenks, who were engaged in fishing, hunting and nomadic reindeer herding. Then the shores were inhabited by Yakuts and Russians. The development of the territory by Russian explorers began in the 17th century from the south, along the channels of rivers flowing into the sea.

There are several dozen islands in the Laptev Sea, on many of which well-preserved remains of mammoths are found.
The main human activities in this area are mining and navigation along the Northern Sea Route; fishing and hunting are practiced but not commercially important. The largest settlement and port is Tiksi.

Extent and boundaries
Basic physical and geographical features. Between the archipelago of Severnaya Zemlya and in the west lies the sea, which bears the name of the Laptev brothers. It is limited by natural boundaries and conventional lines. Its western border runs along the east from Cape Arkticheskiy (Komsomolets Island), then through the Red Army strait along the eastern coast of Komsomolets Island. October Revolution to Cape Anuchin, across the Shokalsky Strait to Cape Sandy on the island. Bolshevik and along its eastern coast to Cape Vaigach, then along the eastern border of the Vilkitsky Strait and further along the mainland coast to the top of the Khatanga Bay.
The northern border of the sea runs from Cape Arctic to the point of intersection of the meridian of the northern tip of the island. Kotelny (139 ° E) with the edge of the continental shelf (79 ° N, 139 ° E), the eastern border from the specified point - to the western coast of the island. Kotelny, further along the western border of the Sannikov Strait, bends around the western shores of the Bolshoi and Maly Lyakhovsky islands and then goes along the western border of the Dmitry Laptev Strait. Southern border the sea runs along the mainland coast from Cape Svyatoi Nos to the top of the Khatanga Bay. Within these boundaries, the sea lies between the parallels 81 ° 16 ′ and 70 ° 42 ′ N. NS. and meridians 95 ° 44 ′ and 143 ° 30 ′ E. etc.

By geographic location and hydrological conditions other than the ocean, with which the sea communicates freely, it belongs to the type of continental marginal seas. Within the accepted boundaries, the Laptev Sea has the following dimensions: area - 662 thousand km2, volume 353 thousand km3, average depth 533 m, maximum depth 3385 m.

The Laptev Sea on the shores of the northernmost sea

Physical and geographical location
The sea surface area is 672,000 km².
The largest river flowing into the Laptev Sea (and the second largest of the Arctic rivers after the Yenisei) is the Lena with its large delta. The rivers also flow into the sea: Khatanga, Anabar, Olenek, Yana.

The shores are heavily indented and form bays and coves of various sizes. The coastal landscape is varied, with low mountains.
Large bays: Khatangsky, Oleneksky, Faddeya, Yansky, Anabarsky, Maria Pronchishcheva Bay, Buor-Khaya.

In the western part of the sea and river deltas, there are several dozen islands with a total area of ​​3784 km². Frequent storms and currents due to ice melting lead to severe erosion of the islands, for example the Semyonovsky and Vasilievsky Islands, discovered in 1815, have already disappeared.
Most Komsomolskaya Pravda and Thaddeus.
The largest single islands: Bolshoy Begichev (1764 km²), Belkovsky (500 km²), Maly Taimyr (250 km²), Stolbovoy (170 km²), Starokadomsky Island (110 km²), and Sandy (17 km²)

Bottom relief
Depths up to 50 m prevail, the maximum depth is 3385 meters, the average depth is 540 meters. More than half of the sea (53%) is a shallow continental shelf with an average depth of less than or slightly more than 50 meters; moreover, the bottom areas south of the 76th parallel are at a depth of less than 25 meters. In the northern part of the sea, the bottom drops abruptly to the ocean floor with depths of about one kilometer (22% of the sea area). In shallow areas, the bottom is covered with sand and silt with admixtures of pebbles and boulders. Near the coast, river precipitation accumulates at a high rate, up to 20-25 centimeters per year. At great depths, the bottom is covered with silt.
The continental slope is cut by the Sadko trench, which passes in the north into the Nansen Basin with depths of more than 2 kilometers; the maximum depth of the Laptev Sea is also noted here - 3385 meters (79 ° 35 ′ N 124 ° 40 ′ E).

polar lights in the Laptev sea

Climate
The Laptev Sea has an arctic continental climate and, due to its remoteness from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, is one of the harshest among the Arctic seas. The polar night and polar day last about 3 months a year in the south and 5 months in the north. The air temperature remains below 0 ° C 11 months of the year in the north and 9 months in the south.
The average temperature in January (the coldest month) varies depending on the location between -31 ° C and -34 ° C, and the minimum is -50 ° C. In July, temperatures rise to 0 ° C (maximum 4 ° C) in the north and 5 ° C (maximum 10 ° C) in the south, however, it can reach 22-24 ° C on the coast in August. The maximum of 32.7 ° C was recorded in Tiksi. Strong winds, blizzards and snowstorms are common during the winter. Snow falls even in summer and alternates with fogs. Winds in winter blow from the south and south-west from average speed 8 m / s and subside by spring. In summer, they change direction to the north, and their speed is 3-4 m / s. The relatively low wind speed leads to low convection in surface waters, which occurs only to a depth of 5-10 meters.

Tiksi Bay Laptev Sea

HYDROLOGY OF THE SEA
Hydrological characteristics.
The large continental runoff in general, the spread of freshened waters over vast areas of the sea, together with other factors (the severity of the climate, free water exchange with the Arctic Ocean, year-round existing ice on large areas) noticeably affect the hydrological conditions of the Laptev Sea. This is primarily manifested in the values ​​of distribution and spatio-temporal variability of oceanological characteristics in the sea under consideration.

For most of the year, the water temperature is close to freezing point. In cold seasons, it rapidly decreases in autumn, and in winter on the surface it changes over the sea space from −0.8 ° (near Mostakh Island) to −1.7 ° (near Cape Chelyuskin). Similar values ​​are observed at this time in other regions. In the first months of spring warming up, the ice melts, so the water temperature remains almost the same as in winter. Only in coastal areas, especially near estuarine areas, which are cleared of ice earlier than others, the water temperature rises. Its values ​​generally decrease from south to north and from east to west. In summer, the sea surface warms up. In August, in the south (Buor-Khaya Bay), the surface water temperature can reach + 10 ° and even + 14 °, in central regions it is equal to + 3-5 °, at the northern tip of the island. Kotelny and near the Chelyuskin metro station + 0.8-1.0 °. In general, the western part of the sea, where the cold waters of the Arctic basin enter, is characterized by lower values ​​(+ 2–3 °) of water temperature than the eastern part, where the bulk of warm river waters are concentrated, therefore the surface temperature here can reach + 6–8 °.

The vertical distribution of water temperature is not the same in cold and warm seasons. Its change with depth is clearly expressed only in summer. In winter, in areas with depths of up to 50-60 m, the water temperature is the same from the surface to the bottom. In the coastal zone, it is -1.0-1.2 °, and in the open sea about -1.6 °. At great depths, at levels of 50-60 m, the water temperature rises by 0.1-0.2 °. This is due to the influx of other waters, since salinity increases somewhat at the same time.

In the north, in areas of a deep trench, the negative temperature extends from the surface to about 100 m. From here, it begins to rise to 0.6-0.8 °. This temperature persists up to about 300 m, and below it slowly drops again to the bottom. High temperatures in the 100-300 m layer are associated with the penetration of warm Atlantic waters from the Central Arctic Basin into the Laptev Sea.

In summer, the top layer 10-15 m thick warms up well and has a temperature of 8-10 ° in the southeastern part and 3-4 ° in the central part. Deeper than these horizons, the temperature drops sharply, reaching −1.4–1.5 ° at the 25 m horizon. These values ​​or those close to them remain until the very bottom. In the western part of the sea, where warming is less than in the east, such sharp differences in temperature are not observed.

The salinity in the Laptev Sea is not the same and changeable in space and time. Its differences are very large (from 1 to 34 ‰), but desalinated waters with a salinity of 20-30 ‰ prevail. The distribution of salinity over the surface is very complex. In general, it increases from the southeast to the northwest and north.

In winter, with minimal river runoff and intense ice formation, salinity is highest. Moreover, in the west it is higher than in the east. At Cape Chelyuskin it is almost 34 ‰, and at Fr. Boiler room only 25 ‰. At the beginning of spring, salinity remains quite high, but in June, when the ice begins to melt, it begins to decrease. In summer, at maximum runoff, salinity is characterized by low values ​​(see Fig. 26, b). The southeastern part of the sea is most desalinated. In Buor-Khaya Bay, salinity drops to 5 ‰ and below, to the north of it it is slightly higher, to 10-15 ‰. More salty waters (30–32 ‰) are spread in the west of the sea. They are located slightly north of the line about. Petra - M. Anisy. Thus, the desalinated waters wedge out to the north in the eastern part of the sea, and the salty waters descend in a wide tongue to the south in the western part of the sea.

In autumn, the river runoff decreases, and in October ice formation begins and the surface water becomes saline. Salinity generally increases with depth. However, its vertical distribution has seasonal differences in different regions of the sea. In winter, in shallow waters, it increases from the surface to 10-15 m, and then remains almost unchanged to the bottom. At great depths, a noticeable increase in salinity begins not from the surface itself, but from the underlying horizons, from which it slowly increases to the bottom. The spring type of vertical distribution of salinity, which differs from the winter type, begins with the time of intense ice melting. At this time, salinity sharply decreases in the surface layer and retains rather high values ​​in the lower horizons.

In summer, in the zone of influence of river waters, the upper layer of 5-10 m is very much freshened; below, a very sharp increase in salinity is observed. In the layer from 10 to 25 m, the salinity gradient in places reaches 20 ‰ per 1 m. Hence, the salinity either remains unchanged or gradually increases by tenths of a ppm. In the northern part of the sea, salinity increases comparatively rapidly from the surface to 50 m, from here and up to 300 m it rises more slowly within the range from 29 to 33–34 ‰, deeper it hardly changes.

In autumn, in the southern regions, the salinity values ​​increase with depth, and the summer jump is gradually leveled out. In the north, the same salinity covers the upper layer, and below it increases with depth. The temperature and salinity of the water determine its density, and in the Laptev Sea big influence salinity has an effect on the density. In accordance with the change in salinity and temperature in space and time, the density of water also changes. It increases from the southeast to the northwest. In winter and autumn, the water is denser than in summer and spring. Density increases with depth. In winter and early spring, it is almost the same from surface to bottom. In summer, a jump in salinity and a temperature at a horizon of 10-15 m determine here a sharply expressed jump in density. In autumn, salinization and cooling of surface waters increases their density.

The density stratification of waters is clearly traced from late spring to early autumn; it is most pronounced in the southeastern and central regions of the sea and at the ice edge. The varying degrees of vertical stratification of waters gives rise to unequal opportunities for the development of mixing in different regions of the Laptev Sea. Laptevih sea

Wind mixing in the ice-free areas of this sea is poorly developed due to the relatively calm wind situation in the warm season, high ice coverage of the sea and stratification of its waters. During spring and summer, the wind mixes only the uppermost layers up to 5-7 m thick in the east and up to 10 m in the western part of the sea.

Strong autumn-winter cooling and intense ice formation cause active, but different from place to place, the development of convection. It begins in the northeast and north, then occurs in the central part, in the south and southeast of the sea. Due to the relatively low degree of stratification and early ice formation, density mixing penetrates deepest (up to horizons of 90-100 m) in the north of the sea, where its distribution is limited by the density structure of the waters. In the central regions, convection reaches the bottom (40-50 m) by the beginning of winter, and in the southern part, subject to the influence of continental runoff, even at shallow (up to 25 m) depths, it spreads to the bottom only by the end of winter as a result of a significant increase in salinity after due to winter ice formation, which is explained here by the stratification of waters in depth.

The natural features of the Laptev Sea determine the markedly pronounced heterogeneity of its waters. Due to a certain similarity of the considered and Kara seas, their hydrological structure and the mechanism of its formation are similar and are shown in the section on the Kara Sea. Thus, the Laptev Sea (like the Kara Sea) is dominated by surface Arctic waters with their inherent characteristics and seasonal stratification in temperature and salinity. In zones of strong influence of coastal runoff, as a result of mixing of river and surface Arctic waters, water is formed with a relatively high temperature and low salinity. Large gradients of salinity and density are created at their interface (horizon 5-7 m). In the north, in a deep trench under the surface Arctic water, warm Atlantic waters are widespread, but their temperature is somewhat lower than in the trenches of the Kara Sea. They penetrate here 2.5-3 years after the start of the journey at Svalbard. In the Laptev Sea, which is deeper than the Kara Sea, the horizons from 800-1000 m to the bottom are occupied by cold bottom water with a temperature of -0.4-0.9 ° and almost uniform (34.90-34.95 ‰) salinity. Its formation is associated with the sinking of cooled sea waters along the continental slope to great depths... The decisive role in the hydrological conditions of the Laptev Sea belongs to the processes occurring in the surface Arctic waters and in the zones of their mixing with river waters.

The general circulation of the waters of the Laptev Sea is not yet sufficiently clear in details, especially with regard to movement in the lower horizons, vertical components, etc. Quite definite ideas exist about constant currents on the sea surface. In general, this sea is characterized by cyclonic circulation of surface waters. It is formed by a coastal stream moving along the mainland from west to east, where it is enhanced by the Lena current. With further movement, most of it deviates to the north and northwest and, in the form of the Novosibirsk Current, goes beyond the sea, connecting with the Transarctic Current. At the northern tip of Severnaya Zemlya, the East Taimyr Current branches off, which moves south along the eastern shores of Severnaya Zemlya and closes the cyclonic ring in the sea. A small part of the coastal stream flows through the Sannikov Strait into the East Siberian Sea.

sunbathing on the shore of the Laptev sea

ICE SITUATION
For most of the year (from October to May), the entire Laptev Sea is covered with ice of varying thickness and age (see Fig. 28). Ice formation begins at the end of September and takes place simultaneously throughout the entire area of ​​the sea. In winter, in its shallow eastern part, an extremely extensive fast ice up to 2 m thick is developed. The boundary of the fast ice distribution is a depth of 20–25 m, which in this area of ​​the sea passes at a distance of several hundred kilometers from the coast. The fast ice area is approximately 30% of the area of ​​the entire sea. In the western and northwestern parts of the sea, landfast ice is small, and in some winters it is completely absent. Drifting ice is located to the north of the fast ice zone.

With an almost constant removal of ice from the sea to the north in winter, significant areas of polynyas and young ice remain behind fast ice. The width of this zone varies from tens to several hundred kilometers. Its individual areas are called the East Severozemelskaya, Taimyr, Lenskaya and Novosibirsk polynyas. The last two at the beginning of the warm season reach enormous sizes (thousands square kilometers) and become centers of ice cleansing from the sea. Ice begins to melt in June - July, and by August significant areas of the sea are freed from ice. In summer, the ice edge often changes its position under the influence of winds and currents. The western part of the sea is generally more ice-covered than the eastern one. From the north, a spur of the oceanic Taimyr ice massif descends into the sea, in which heavy perennial ice often occurs. It stably persists until new ice formation, depending on the prevailing winds, moving either north or south. The local Yansky ice massif, formed by fast ice, usually melts in situ by the second half of August or is partially carried to the north beyond the sea.

Andrey's Island Laptev Sea

Flora and fauna
Flora and fauna are scarce due to the harsh climate. The vegetation of the sea is represented mainly by diatoms, of which there are more than 100 species. For comparison, green, blue-green algae and flagellates - about 10 species each. The total phytoplankton concentration is 0.2 mg / l. There are also about 30 species of zooplankton in the sea with a total concentration of 0.467 mg / l. The flora of the coast consists mainly of mosses, lichens and several species of flowering plants, including polar poppy, saxifrage, crumbs and small populations of polar and creeping willows. Vascular plants are rare and are represented mainly by shrapnel and saxifrage. Non-vascular, on the other hand, are very diverse: mosses of the genera Ditrichum, Dicranum, Pogonatum, Sanionia, Bryum, Orthothecium, and Tortula, as well as lichens of the genera Cetraria, Thamnolia, Cornicularia, Lecidea, Ochrolechia, and Parmelia.
In the sea, 39 species of fish were recorded, mostly typical of the brackish aquatic environment. The main ones are various types of grayling and whitefish, such as muksun, chir, omul. Sardines, Bering Sea omul, polar smelt, navaga, Arctic cod, flounder, Arctic char and nelma are also widespread.
Mammals are constantly inhabited here: walrus, sea hare, seal, harp seal, hoofed lemming, arctic fox, reindeer, wolf, ermine, polar hare and polar bear. The beluga whale makes seasonal migrations to the coast (for flying). Laptev Sea walruses are sometimes classified as a separate subspecies, Odobenus rosmarus laptevi, but this issue remains controversial.
Several dozen species of birds live here. Some of them are sedentary and live here permanently, such as snow bunting, sea sandpiper, snowy owl and brent goose. While others - wander in the polar regions or migrate from the south, creating large colonies on the islands and the coast of the mainland. The latter include auk, kittiwake, guillemot, ivory, guillemot, charadriiformes, and polar gulls. Skuas, terns, fulmars, glaucous gulls, long-tailed ducks, eiders, loons and ptarmigan are also found.
In 1985, the Ust-Lensky Nature Reserve was organized in the Lena River delta. In 1993, it was also included in its buffer zone. The territory of the reserve is 14 330 km². It contains numerous species of plants (402 species of vascular plants), fish (32 species), birds (109 species) and mammals (33 species), many of which are included in the Red Data Books of the USSR and Russia.

Khatanga Bay Laptev Sea

History and development
The coast of the Laptev Sea has long been inhabited by the aboriginal tribes of northern Siberia, such as the Yukaghirs and Chuvans. The traditional occupations of these tribes were fishing, hunting, nomadic reindeer herding, and hunting wild reindeer. Starting from the 2nd century, the gradual assimilation of the Yukaghirs by the Evens and Evenks began, and from the 9th century by the much more numerous Yakuts, and later by the Koryaks and Chukchi. Many of these tribes moved to the north from the territories of Lake Baikal, avoiding clashes with the Mongols. All these tribes practiced shamanism, but the languages ​​were different. In the 17th-19th centuries, the number of Yukaghirs decreased due to epidemics and civil strife.

Russian assimilation
The Russians began to explore the coast of the Laptev Sea and nearby islands around the 17th century, rafting down the course of Siberian rivers. Many early expeditions do not appear to have been documented, as evidenced by the graves found on the islands by their official discoverers. In 1629, Siberian Cossacks sailed the entire Lena in boats and reached its delta. They left a record that the river flows into the sea. In 1633, another group reached the Olenek River delta.
In 1712, Yakov Permyakov and Mercury Vagin investigated eastern part the Laptev Seas and the Bolshoi Lyakhovsky Island, which they had discovered two years earlier. On the second occasion, however, they were killed by the mutinous Cossacks of their detachment. In the spring of 1770, the industrialist Ivan Lyakhov succeeded. Having found a fossil mammoth bone there, upon his return, he asked for a monopoly right to collect it, and as a result received it by a special decree of Catherine II. During his sleigh trip, he described several other islands, including the Kotelny, which he named so because of the copper cauldron found on it. In 1775 he made detailed map Big Lyakhovsky Island.

Within the framework of the Great Northern Expedition, two groups were engaged in the exploration of the Laptev Sea:
At the head of the Lena-Yenisei detachment, on June 30, 1735, Vasily Pronchishchev set off from Yakutsk down the Lena on a double-dinghy "Yakutsk" with a crew of more than 40 people. He explored the eastern coast of the Lena delta, mapping it, stopped for the winter at the mouth of the Olenek River. Despite the difficulties, in 1736 he managed to paddle north beyond the 77th latitude, almost to Cape Chelyuskin - the extreme northern point of the mainland. However, due to poor visibility, the travelers were unable to see the land.
On the way back, Pronchishchev himself and his wife, Tatyana Pronchishcheva, perished: on August 29, Pronchishchev went on a scout on a boat and broke his leg. Returning to the ship, he lost consciousness and soon died of a fatty embolism. The wife (her participation in the expedition was unofficial) survived her husband by only 14 days and died on September 12 (23), 1736. The bay of Maria Pronchishcheva ("Maria" - due to a mistake made in the preparation of the publication of the maps) in the Laptev Sea was named after her.
In December 1737, Khariton Laptev was appointed the new leader of the detachment. Under his leadership, the detachment again reached Taimyr, transferred wintering to Khatanga, and after the ship was crushed by ice, continued the description of the Taimyr shores from land. One of the groups of this detachment, led by Semyon Chelyuskin, managed to reach the northern tip of the peninsula, which now bears his name, by land.
At the head of the Lena-Kolyma detachment, Dmitry Laptev (who replaced P. Lassineus who died during the wintering in 1736) on the boat "Irkutsk" described sea ​​coast from the Lena delta to the strait into the East Siberian Sea, later named after him.

A detailed mapping of the Laptev Sea coast was carried out by Peter Anjou, who in 1821-1823 traveled about 14,000 km across this territory on sledges and boats, in search of Sannikov Land, thus demonstrating that large-scale coastal studies can be carried out without ships. The Anjou Islands (northern part of the New Siberian Islands) were named in his honor. In 1875, Adolf Erik Nordenskjöld was the first to sail across the Laptev Sea on the steamer Vega.
In 1892-1894, and then in 1900-1902, Baron Eduard Toll explored the Laptev Sea on two separate expeditions. He carried out geological and geographical research on the Zarya ship on behalf of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. During his second expedition, Toll went missing somewhere on the New Siberian Islands under unclear circumstances. He was able to note large, economically significant accumulations of perfectly preserved mammoth bones on the beaches, in reservoirs, river terraces and riverbeds of the Novosibirsk Islands. Later scientific studies showed that these clusters formed over about 200,000 years.

Etymology of the name
Historical names: Tatarskoe, Lenskoe (on maps of the 16th — 17th centuries), Siberian, Arctic (18th — 19th centuries). In 1883, the polar explorer Fridtjof Nansen named the sea after Nordenskjold.
In 1913, at the suggestion of the oceanographer Yu.M. Shokalsky, the Russian Geographical Society approved the current name - in honor of the cousins ​​Dmitry and Khariton Laptev, but it was officially confirmed only by the decision of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR of June 27, 1935.

camp in Oleneksky Bay Laptev Sea

Pyasina, Upper and Lower Taimyr, Khatanga.

The southern shores of Severnaya Zemlya are located only 55 kilometers from the northern tip of Asia - Cape Chelyuskin - and are visible on a clear day. It is now well known that Russian navigators quite early, at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th centuries, in the Laptev Sea by the strait separating the Northern Land from the mainland. Perhaps these brave sailors had to see a tall, bizarre mountainous country, and we owe them the first information about her. True, on the old geographical maps this country has fantastic outlines. But what's in it! After all, the continents on the world maps of the 15th and 16th centuries had no less fantastic forms; Greenland had no less bizarre outlines on the maps of the 16th and even the 18th century, despite the fact that it became known to Europeans in the 9th, 10th and especially in the 11th and 12th centuries.

- Russian archipelago in the Arctic Ocean. Administratively it is part of the Taimyr (Dolgan-Nenets) municipal district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
The area of ​​the archipelago is about 37 thousand km². Uninhabited.
The northernmost island point of Asia is located on Severnaya Zemlya - Cape Arctic on the island of Komsomolets.

History
The archipelago was discovered on September 4, 1913 by the hydrographic expedition of 1910-1915 by Boris Vilkitsky. First, it was named by the members of the expedition with the word "Taiwai" (after the first syllables of the expedition icebreakers "Taimyr" and "Vaigach"). Official name The "Land of Emperor Nicholas II" in honor of the then reigning Russian emperor, the archipelago received on January 10 (23), 1914, when it was announced by order No. 14 of the Minister of the Navy. Disputes continue about who was the initiator of this name. It is known that Boris Vilkitsky was his supporter both before the appearance of Order No. 14 and two decades later. The archipelago was originally thought to be one island.

January 11, 1926 Presidium of the All-Russian Central The Executive Committee by his decree, he renamed the Land of Emperor Nicholas II to Severnaya Zemlya. The island of Tsarevich Alexei was renamed into Maly Taimyr Island. Subsequently, in 1931-1933, the islands forming the archipelago were discovered, which received from the Soviet discoverers (Nikolai Urvantsev and Georgy Ushakov) the names Pioneer, Komsomolets, Bolshevik, October Revolution, Schmidt.

On December 1, 2006, the Duma of the Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) Autonomous Okrug adopted a resolution proposing the former name of the Land of Emperor Nicholas II, as well as renaming Maly Taimyr Island into Tsarevich Alexei Island, October Revolution Island - into St. Alexandra Island, Bolshevik Island - into the island of St. Olga, the island of Komsomolets - to the island of St. Mary, the island of Pioneer - to the island of St. Tatyana and the island of Domashny - to the island of St. Anastasia.

However, after the unification of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) Autonomous Okrug, the Legislative Assembly of the Krasnoyarsk Territory did not support this initiative.

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SOURCE OF INFORMATION AND PHOTOS:
Team nomad
Shamraev Yu.I., Shishkina L.A. Oceanology. L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1980
http://tapemark.narod.ru/more/14.html
Ust-Lensky State Natural Reserve
MI Belov On the trail of polar expeditions. Part II. On archipelagos and islands
Lyakhov Ivan, Great Soviet Encyclopedia
http://znayuvse.ru/geografiya/zagadka-zemli-sannikova
Dmitry Laptev, Khariton Laptev, Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Vise V. Yu. The Laptev Sea // Seas of the Soviet Arctic: Essays on the history of research. - 2nd ed. - L .: Publishing house of Glavsevmorput, 1939. - P. 180-217. - 568 p. - (Polar Library). - 10,000 copies.
The history of the discovery and development of the Northern Sea Route: In 4 volumes / Ed. Ya.Ya. Gakkel, A.P. Okladnikova, M.B. Chernenko. - M.-L., 1956-1969.
Belov MI Scientific and economic development of the Soviet North 1933-1945. - L .: Hydrometeorological Publishing House, 1969. - T. IV. - 617 p. - 2,000 copies
http://www.photosight.ru/
photo E. Gusev, S. Anisimov, L. Schwartz.

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This sea is bounded by natural boundaries and conventional lines. Sea waters well connected with. This sea has the status of continental marginal seas.

There are about several dozen islands in the waters of the Laptev Sea. Most of them are located in the western zone of the sea. Here the islands are located both in small groups and separately. The following groups of skeletons are located here: Komsomolskaya Pravda, Vilkitsky and Thaddeus. Among the single skeletons, the largest are: Starokadomsky, Maly Taimyr, Bolshoy Begichev, Sandy, Stolbovoy and Belkovsky. A large number of small islands are found in river deltas.

The coastline of the sea is quite uneven, there are a large number of bays, coves, and capes. The eastern shores of the islands of Severnaya Zemlya and the Taimyr Peninsula are heavily indented. To the east of it there are large bays: Khatangsky, Anabarsky, Oleneksky and Yansky. There are also bays (Kozhevnikova, Nordvik, Tiksi), gulfs (Vankina and Buor-Khaya) and peninsulas (Khara-Tumus, Nordvik). The shores that are washed by the Laptev Sea are different. Some shores have low mountains, some are lowlands.

The Laptev Sea is located in the shelf zone, the continental slope and occupies a small area of ​​the ocean floor. Due to this location is, which ends abruptly in the north. There are several hills and banks on this plain. There is a small groove opposite the mouth. A narrow and rather long trench extends from Stolbovoy Island to the north. Another trough is located at the Olenek Bay. In the east of the Laptev Sea, there are two banks Semenovskaya and Vasilievskaya.

Most of the sea is shallow. The shallowest part is located in the south of the sea. Half of the sea is up to 50 m deep. Moving to the north, the depth of the sea increases. First, there are minor changes in depth (from 50 m to 100), and then the depth increases sharply from 2000 m and more.

The climatic conditions of the Laptev Sea are rather harsh compared to other seas. This is due to the location of the sea near, distance from the waters and the adjacent location of the mainland. The climatic conditions of the sea are close to continental. Although there are features of the marine. On the Laptev Sea, one can trace such a continental climate feature as a strong change in air temperature throughout the year. But under the influence of the sea, this fluctuation is not as pronounced as on land.

Different centers influence the sea climate at different times of the year. In the cold period, the high region dominates over the sea. In autumn, the winds of alternating rule are replaced by southern winds, and their strength increases to stormy ones.

In winter, the sea can be divided into three zones, which have slightly different climatic conditions. The southeastern part of the sea is dominated by the Siberian one. In the north, the influence of the Polar Maximum affects. The western part is periodically affected by the Icelandic minimum. The Siberian anticyclone has the greatest impact on the vastness of the Laptev Sea. Thus, in winter, mainly southern and south-western winds blow, the speed of which is about 8 m / s. At the end of winter, their strength weakens, and calms are observed. During this period, a strong cooling is noticeable. in January it drops to - 26 - 29 ° С. In general, the weather in winter is cloudless and calm. Sometimes, formed south of the sea, contribute to the emergence of powerful northern ones. Such storms continue for several days, after which they cease.

In the warm season, the high pressure area is replaced by a low trough. Spring winds have no constant direction. Along with the southerly winds, there are also northerly ones. These winds are generally gusty and light. At the same time, the air temperature is constantly increasing. But the weather is still quite cold. In summer, northern winds prevail, the speed of which does not exceed 3-4 m / s. Powerful winds are not typical for summer. At this time, it rises and reaches its highest mark in August + 1-5 ° С. In confined spaces, the air temperature can be significantly higher. For example, in the Tiksi Bay, a temperature of + 32.5 ° C was recorded. In summer, cyclones often prevail, while it becomes cloudy and rainy.

Fishing and hunting for sea animals is poorly developed, mainly sea fishing is carried out near river mouths. The Laptev Sea has economic significance, since transportation is carried out here. The port of Tiska is of great importance in the dispatch and delivery of goods.

The coastal waters of the Laptev Sea contain a high concentration of phenol, which comes along with the waters. The high content of phenol in river and coastal waters is due to the huge number of sunken tree species. The most polluted are the waters of the Neelov Bay. The waters of the Tiksi and Buor-Khaya bays are polluted. The ecological state of Buluncan Bay is marked as catastrophic. The content of a large amount of toxic substances in coastal waters is due to the discharge of untreated water from Tiksi. Also, the sea contains a large amount of oil products in areas of developed shipping.