Transport in india name. Industry, agriculture, transport

India is one of the richest countries in natural terms. Favorable climate, colossal agro-climatic resources. The reserves of some types of mineral raw materials (iron and manganese ores, chromites, titanium, zirconium, muscovite) are of world importance. There are large reserves of coal, non-ferrous metal ores, and gold. Many areas and coastal waters are promising for oil. Numerous rivers are a source of irrigation and hydropower. The vast land resources of India, whose territory is only not much less area all countries Western Europe... The abundance of warmth in the monsoon subtropical and tropical climate makes it possible to collect two or three crops per year over a large area.

A diversified industrial complex was created. As a result of the "green revolution", grain production increased several times, thanks to which mass hunger was eliminated in the country.

Along with the further development of the country's traditional industries ( Agriculture, light industry), the extractive and various branches of the manufacturing industry received significant development. Today India is one of the world's largest producers and exporters of coal, iron and manganese ores. The enterprises of ferrous metallurgy, heavy and transport engineering, electrical equipment, for the production of consumer electronics, chemicals, etc.

India is the first developing country to start developing nuclear energy.

The structure of industrial production was previously dominated by light industry. At present, the share of light and food industries is decreasing (although it is still quite significant).

Mechanical engineering and metalworking are developing (including the automobile industry and other branches of transport engineering; the electronic industry).

High-tech industries (electronic industry, information technology) are developing at the fastest pace with the support of the state.

The creation of a powerful base for the production of software, microprocessors, personal computers continues.

The country has reached the world level in the production of supercomputers. India has its own space industry.

Traditionally, the largest industrial centers - Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Delhi - retain the leading role in the territorial structure of the Indian economy. The development of these centers is causing economic growth in the territories adjacent to them. Between the cities are laid railways and highways, along which a kind of "growth corridors" have emerged, which attract the main industrial new buildings of the country. These are the Rihan-Singrauli fuel and energy complex, oil refineries in Barauni, Koyali, Mathura, industrial centers in Bokaro, Durgapur, Visakhapatnam, Bokaro, Rourkele, Bhilai, etc. “Growth corridors” in the modernization of the territorial structure of the Indian economy play a very important role.

Energy. The creation of a modern energy base began with the construction of a hydroelectric power station. They are being built as part of complex hydraulic engineering units, including power plants and irrigation systems.

The use of coal, oil and gas is expanding in the fuel industry. Thus, coal accounts for ѕ of the production of primary energy carriers. Coal production in 2000 amounted to 310 million tons, which is 7.5% of world production. Oil production is 36.7 million tons, but the volume of oil imports is still significant. The development of Indian oil fields (on the shelf of the Gulf of Cambay) was assisted by a former Soviet Union and Western countries. More than a dozen oil refineries are currently operating in India.

Nuclear power in India is based on its own raw materials (uranium, thorium). There are 14 power units with a capacity of 2994 MW, including in Tarapur (Maharashtra state) and Rana Pratar Nagar (Rajasthan state).

Ferrous metallurgy is represented by enterprises located in the east of the country. As a result of intensive development of deposits of coal, iron and manganese ores, a coal and metallurgical base of the country “Indian Ruhr.

Large metallurgical plants have been built and are operating: in Bhilai (Madhya Pradesh state); in Bokaro (Bihar state); in Visakhapatnam (Adhra Pradesh state, the newest and most modern enterprise in the industry). The industrial hubs of Jamshedpur, Durgapur, and Rourkela are also distinguished (See Appendix 2).

Non-ferrous metallurgy is also developed in the east of the country. The aluminum industry is distinguished, based on local bauxite resources (Asansol, Korba). India's share in primary aluminum production is 5.75% of world production and is 215 thousand tons in 2000.

The engineering industry in India produces a variety of products: machine tools, diesel locomotives, ships, cars, tractors, airplanes and helicopters.

The leading centers of mechanical engineering are Bombay, Kolkata, Madras, Hyderabad, Bangalore. Heavy engineering is represented in the cities of Durgapur, Chittarajan, Ranchi, Bhopal (north-east of the country); in Hardwar (north) - power engineering. The largest carriage building plant is located in Madras. Precision engineering is represented in Hyderabad, aviation and electrical engineering in Bangaloy, and shipbuilding in Visakhapatnam. Many engineering plants in India were also built with the help of the former USSR.

In terms of the volume of production of the radio-electronic industry, India came out on the 2nd in Foreign Asia. The country produces a variety of radio equipment, color televisions, tape recorders, communications, computers. In terms of the number of scientific and engineering personnel, India is second only to some of the developed countries of the world. However, India still does not fully satisfy its needs for mechanical engineering products, but this industry is developing intensively.

In the chemical industry, the production of mineral fertilizers is distinguished. The importance of petrochemicals is growing. Resins, plastics, chemical fibers, synthetic rubber are produced. Pharmaceuticals are well developed. The chemical industry is represented in many cities of the country. The largest of them are: Koyali (Gujarat), Bombay, Mathura (Uttar Pradesh), Madras, Khaldia (near Calcutta). The location of the main oil refineries near seaports is explained by the fact that they are focused on using mainly imported oil.

Light industry is a traditional branch of the Indian economy. The cotton and jute industries are particularly prominent. In the production of cotton fabrics, India is one of the leading countries in the world, and in the production of jute products (technical, packaging, furniture fabrics, carpets) it takes 1st place. The largest centers the cotton industry is Bombay and Ahmedabad, and the jute industry is Calcutta. There are textile factories in all major cities of the country. In India's exports, products from the textile and clothing industry account for 25%.

The food industry produces goods for both domestic consumption and export. Indian tea is the most widely known in the world. Its production is concentrated in Kolkata and in the south of the country. In terms of tea exports, India ranks 1st in the world.

It should be noted the widespread use of handicraft folk crafts - the production of fabrics, jewelry, souvenirs. Labor-intensive small and handicraft industry for the foreseeable future will remain an important sphere of employment for the majority of the industrial population of India.

The high hereditary qualifications of Indian craftsmen ensure the stable development of such a specific industry as the diamond industry. In history foreign trade India has no other example of such a rapid expansion of exports as the growth in diamond exports.

India is a land of ancient agricultural culture. The South Asian region is home to rice, cotton, eggplant, cucumber, lemon, orange, mango, sugar cane, sesame seeds. It is still one of the most important agricultural regions in the world today.

The agricultural sector of the Indian economy employs 50% of the economically active population. However, mechanization and fertilization are clearly underutilized. In many villages, a natural and semi-commercial way of life is still preserved (about a third of farms do not sell their products).

The leading branch of agriculture in India is crop production (4/5 of the value of all products). The sown area is 140 million hectares. but there are practically no land resources for new development. Agriculture needs irrigation (40% of the cultivated area is irrigated).

The main part of the cultivated area is occupied by food crops: rice, wheat, corn, etc. India has two agricultural seasons - summer and winter, which is associated with the agro-climatic features of the monsoon climate. Rice, cotton, jute are grown in summer; in winter - wheat, barley, etc.

Most of the harvest is harvested in the summer, during the monsoon season. The main areas for rice cultivation are river deltas and plains with fertile soils in places where there is a lot of rainfall. Wheat is sown there, mainly in winter, with artificial irrigation. Other major crops - corn, barley, millet - are cultivated without irrigation. The cultivation of legumes and potatoes is widespread.

The traditional Indian export is spices, the main place among which is black pepper, as well as cloves and cardamom. They are grown in the South of India - mainly in the state of Kerala.

Almost all known fruits grow in India, both tropical and subtropical, and characteristic of the temperate zone. There are many varieties of mangoes. In terms of collecting bananas, India ranks second in the world. The fruits of papaya, guava and chica can be found throughout the country all year round. V mountain ranges Citrus fruits are widely cultivated in Central, South and North-East India, pineapples are widely cultivated in the valleys of the Northeast and in the coastal lowlands of the South. In areas with a temperate climate - in the Kashmir Valley and the state of Himachal Pradesh, extensive apple orchards are laid out. However, per capita fruit consumption is very low.

The main industrial crops in India are cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, tobacco, oilseeds (rapeseed, peanuts, etc.). Short staple cotton is grown without irrigation in the Deccan Highlands, while long staple cotton is cultivated on irrigated land. India is the third tobacco growing country. India is the world's largest tea producer. It accounts for 1/3 of the world collection. Tea plantations in the north-east and south of the country are confined to the foothill regions. The main tea producing states in India are Assam, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Hence the name of the three most famous varieties of Indian tea - Assamese, Darjeeling (from the Darjeeling district in West Bengal) and Nilgirpie (from the Nilgiri mountains in South India). The total area of ​​tea plantations is 382 thousand hectares. There are nearly 13,300 tea farms in India, 1,200 of which are large. The country ranks 1st in terms of the area of ​​sugar cane plantations. They also grow rubber plants, coconut trees, bananas, pineapples, mangoes, citrus fruits, spices and spices.

As a result of measures taken by the state for the development of agriculture, in combination with favorable conditions, the harvest of grain and leguminous crops has grown significantly and amounted to almost 230 million tons (2001). India has practically gotten rid of grain imports.

Livestock is the second most important branch of agriculture in India, far behind crop production. Cattle (buffalo, cows, oxen) are used on peasant farms mainly as a draft force. V last years great attention is paid to the development of the dairy industry. In terms of the total volume of milk production, India came in third place in the world. India ranks 2nd in the world in the production of animal butter (butter and ghee).

Fishing. In India, about 2.5 million tons of fish are caught per year (7th place in the world), including 2/3 - sea fish. Marine fishing is most developed in the coastal southern and western states, river fishing - in the East and Northeast of the country. For the inhabitants of a number of areas, especially Bengal, fish is one of the essential foodstuffs. The main marine fisheries on the Malabar coast are shrimps, which are exported frozen mainly to the United States and Japan. Frogs are also exported.

The use of seafood can improve the food situation in the country.

Among developing countries, India stands out for its relatively developed transport network. Many roads were built during the colonial regime.

In domestic traffic the main role railways play, the length of which is over 60 thousand km. Railways account for 55% of India's land freight traffic, which is 800 thousand. tons of cargo and 9 million passengers daily. In terms of freight traffic, India ranks 5th in the world. The main highways run along the Ganges Valley, as well as along sea ​​coasts... From major cities(Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Delhi), railway lines have been laid inland (double-track, wide-gauge railways). But the condition of the road network and rolling stock is often unsatisfactory.

National highways connect big cities and often duplicate railways. Automobile transport ranks second in domestic transport. Total length highways India 1970 thousand km. Including roads with hard, so-called "all-weather" coverage is 960 thousand km. However, only about 1/3 of the settlements in India have access to such roads. Most of Indian roads, especially in the outback, are unpaved. In the rainy season, they become difficult to pass, and thousands of Indian villages are then cut off from the outside world.

River transport is not of great economic importance. The length of inland waterways is 16180 km. Foreign trade transportation is mainly carried out by sea transport. The role of the domestic merchant fleet is growing. standard of living;

As Dr. Marshall clearly noted, "The most effective economic fact of our time is not the development of manufacturing, but transport services." And this is true. Features of the development of transport in India are the basis of the economic infrastructure. It helps in improving trade and industry.

Briefly about transport in India

Transportation removes the clutter and facilitates the movement of goods from producers to consumers. It also helps to eliminate regional disparities.

Transportation has become very important for the development of the economy, for rapid economic growth. Transport is known today as a symbol of civilization.

Rail transport in India is the most important form of transportation system. The first railway line was laid between Bombay and Thane in 1853. After that, the railway services developed even more. At the time of independence, the total length of the route was 53,596 km with 8209 engines, 19,536 passenger bogies and 206,000 freight cars.

The British have created an extensive rail network. This was necessary in order to exercise and maintain strict control over the territory of India, as well as open up a source of food and raw materials for the country for its industries.

At present, the local railway is the largest enterprise in the country, with a total investment of about Rs. It is the largest enterprise in Asia (ranked 4th in the world). It provides direct employment for nearly 18 lahs.

Advantages and features of railway transport

They are also worth talking about. Here is a list of the advantages of railway transport:

1. Development of agriculture.

2. New sources and areas of production.

3. Growth of markets and specializations.

4. Assistance in domestic trade.

5. Mobility of labor and capital.

6. Checking for price fluctuations.

7. Eliminate hunger.

8. Employment.

9. Strategic importance.

10. Social value.

Disadvantages of railways

Despite the rapid development of railways in India, challenges remain in the path of sustained growth.

1. Bad condition rolling stock.

The main problem facing Indian Railways is that the tracks are old. They cause many serious rail accidents. This also leads to speed limits.

2. Travel without tickets.

Another problem facing India. A large number of passengers really travel without buying tickets! Some "hares" just sit on the roof and go like that.

Next to railways, road transport plays a key role in the country's transport system.

Types of roads

Roads in India have been classified as follows:

1. National Automobiles:

They refer to the main roads that connect the state, capitals, ports and large cities.

2. State highways:

These are the main roads of the state. They connect the capital and cities of the state. State Govts are responsible for their content.

3. Regional roads:

They connect district highways and production areas. Their condition is monitored by district councils.

4. Village roads:

They connect villages with district roads. Panchayats (local government bodies) build these roads.

5. Border roads:

They were built with the help of the border road organization. This company has built a highway with a length of 18,500 km.

Means of road transport

The two main means of road transport in India are:

1. Cowsled.

This is the main mode of transport in Indian villages. According to F.P.Bhatia, there are about 1 million carts in India. They provide jobs, respectively, a million people.

2. Motor transport.

It appeared in India after 1913. For proper control over it, the 1939 Law on vehicles... It is currently superseded by the 1988 Act. It was amended in 1994. Currently, there are 303 Lak vehicles, while in 1947 there were only two.

Benefits of road transport

1. Expansion of agriculture is possible. Have public transport there is no such feature in India.

2. Production of perishable food.

3. Benefits for industries.

4. Employment.

5. Less investment.

6. Flexibility.

7. Saving time and costs.

Road transport problems

1. Bad roads.

They are practically unsuitable for driving in India. Per 100 sq. km in India, the road is 34 km long. For comparison, in Japan - 270 km. And in West Germany - a length of 167 km in length per 100 sq. km. The government should spend more on road development.

2. Large taxes.

Heavy tax burden on motor vehicles in India. For one vehicle in India, it is 3500 rupees. In America - 860 in the same currency, and in Great Britain - 470.

3. There is no proper maintenance.

In India, roads are not properly maintained. Less than 0.1% of national income is spent on road maintenance in India, while in Japan it is 3% of national income.

It is the cheapest way to travel both long and short distances. Water transport does not use the most expensive resources, as in the case of air transport. However, in ancient times, shipping was one of the major industries in India, known as the Queen of the Eastern Seas.

Modes of transport in India

1. Inland waterways.

It has played a very important role in the Indian transportation system since ancient times. Its length is 14544 km. The rivers Ganges, Brahmaputra, Godavari, Krishna are navigable. Organized carriage of goods is limited to West Bengal, Assam and parts of the Northeast Region and Goa.

In 1945, the Central Commission for Irrigation and Energy was established to develop the internal water transport... Later, in 1967, the Central Inland Waterway Corporation was established, and in 1986, the Indian Inland Waterways Authority, which was a step forward and should help accelerate development.

2. Coastal transport.

India has a long coastline, 7516 km, with 11 large and 139 small working ports and a vast territory. Despite its importance (being the cheapest and most energy efficient mode of transport), there has been a sharp decline in coastal shipping operations. The number of ships fell from 97 in 1961 to 56 in 1980, and the gross registered tonnage fell from 3.1 lakh to 2.5 lakh during the same period. In 1995-96, it rose to 6.3 lakh.

Since independence, seven major ports have been built at Kandla in Gujarat, Khaldu near Calcutta, Nava Sheva in Mumbai, Paradip in Orissa, and Karnataka in Goa. Major ports are being modernized, expanded and refurbished. India currently has 450 ships, including tankers, liners and cargo carriers.

3. Ocean transport.

India has built a fleet from scratch. In 1951, 24 Indian ships were developed with a total value of 0.17 million. The fleet at the end of December 1994 was 438 ships for 6.3 million. In 1993-1994, the volume of foreign trade amounted to 122.3 million tons, which is 34% from the total volume of sea cargo.

Advantages of water transport

1. Important for foreign trade.

2. Defense of the country.

3. Cheap vehicle.

4. Transportation of heavy loads.

5. Useful during natural disasters.

6. Less maintenance costs.

Disadvantages of water transport

1. Limited area.

Rivers and oceans are free gifts from nature. Accordingly, the operational area remains fixed. Unlike railways and highways, humans cannot build waterways.

2. Slow speed.

The failure of the monsoons leads to a drop in water levels in rivers, making navigation difficult.

3. Less security.

Everything is obvious here. The danger of flooding boats and ships is always great.

He is the fastest in this country. And the development of transport in India in this area can be promising. On this moment there are several dozen airlines in the country. The most popular is Air India, and it flies to 89 destinations around the world.

Benefits of air transport

Below is a description of transport in India.

1. High speed.

2. Transportation of expensive and light goods.

3. The minimum cost.

4. No geographic restrictions.

6. Strategic importance.

Disadvantages of air transport

1. High costs.

Air transport in India is getting more expensive every day with increasing operating costs.

2. Refusal to cooperate with personnel.

Indian airlines face challenges due to lack of cooperation from workers, such as pilot strikes, etc.

3. Obsolete aircraft.

It changes very quickly. Aircraft in India are outdated. They are no longer safe. Consequently, it is difficult for Indian airlines to compete with global airlines.

4. Significant investment.

The creation of aviation facilities requires huge investments. The government is unable to increase the number of aircraft and airports in the country.

5. There are no educational institutions.

The country lacks adequate facilities to train a large number of pilots. On the privatization of airlines, we again face the problem of a sufficient number of trained personnel.

6. Maximizing risks.

On air transport risks are increasing every day due to crime and terrorism, violence, theft, etc. all over the world.

For 2009 the general network highways the country is 3 320 410 km, making it the third longest in the world. Indian Federal Highway Network ( National highways) connects all major cities and state capitals in the country. For 2005 their length was 66,590 km, of which 200 km were designated as expressways. According to NHAI ( National Highways Authority of India), highways provide about 65% of freight and 80% passenger transportation. Federal roads provide 40% road traffic, although they make up only 2% of the total road network. Over the past few years, the average growth in the number of vehicles has been 10.16% per year.

In India, bicycles and motorized transport are widespread: motorcycles and scooters. These modes of transport are accessible to the general public and are easy to use on busy city streets.

Railways

Railways first appeared in India in 1853, operated by a state-owned company Indian railways... The total length of the tracks is 64,015 km, and thus ranks fourth in the world. The country's railways carry over 6 billion passengers and over 350 million tons of cargo annually.

Public transport

Buses

Buses occupy more than 90% of public transport in Indian cities and are a cheap and fairly convenient means of transportation for all classes of the population. Bus companies are primarily owned by state governments.

Autoshaws

Quite popular transport is also auto rickshaws(knock knock), which are an indoor three-wheeled scooter, usually without doors. They are usually yellow, black or green in color, but their appearance depends on the area. Tuk-tuk is a cheap and fast transport, convenient for moving in large cities. Among its disadvantages is the fact that drivers often overestimate the fare or refuse to drive to a certain place, it is also very dangerous transport: frequent accidents and lack of security systems. Mumbai is the only city where autorickshaw access to some parts of the city is prohibited by law, and a rationed fee has also been introduced here.

Taxi

Most of Taxi in the country - cars made in India. Their colors depend on the state, for example, in Delhi and Maharashtra, most cars are yellow and black, and in West Bengal they are yellow. Private taxi operators often do not have a particular specific coloring, but all of them, by law, must be registered and have a meter.

Railway transport

Ports

13 main ports countries: Navi Mumbai, Mumbai, Kolkata, Paradip, Vishahkapatnam, Ennore, Chennai, Cochin, New Mangalore, Mormugao, Kandla and Port Blair. There are also 187 small and medium ports.

Aviation

Largest state airline India - Air India, provides most of the international air travel. The largest domestic air carriers are also Kingfisher airlines and Jet airways connecting more than 80 cities in India, as well as performing some international flights... The Mumbai-Delhi air corridor is one of the busiest in the world. There are more than 355 civil airports in the country, 250 of which are covered. Airports them. Indira Gandhi and them. Chhatrapati Shivaji provide more than half of all air traffic in South Asia.

Pipeline transport

Length pipelines for crude oil it is 20,000 km, for oil products - 268 km, gas pipelines - 1,700 km. (data for 2008)

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Excerpt from Transport in India

2.8. Development of the transport complex.

Among developing countries, India stands out for its relatively developed transport network. Many roads were built during the colonial regime.

In domestic traffic, the main role is played by railways, the length of which is over 60 thousand km. Railways account for 55% of India's land freight traffic, which is 800 thousand. tons of cargo and 9 million passengers daily. In terms of freight traffic, India ranks 5th in the world. The main thoroughfares run along the Ganges valley and along the sea coasts. From large cities (Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Delhi), railways have been laid inland (double-track, wide-gauge railways). But the condition of the road network and rolling stock is often unsatisfactory due to long-term use, lack of funds for reconstruction. There is a large volume of transportation of goods and passengers.

National highways connect major cities and often duplicate railways. Automobile transport ranks second in domestic transport. The total length of highways in India is 1970 thousand km. Including roads with hard, so-called "all-weather" coverage is 960 thousand km. However, only about 1/3 of the settlements in India have access to such roads. Most Indian roads, especially in the hinterland, are unpaved. In the rainy season, they become difficult to pass, and thousands of Indian villages are then cut off from the outside world.

River transport is not of great economic importance. The length of inland waterways is 16180 km. Foreign trade transportation is mainly carried out by sea transport. The role of the domestic merchant fleet is growing. The largest seaports- Bombay, Calcutta, Madras. India has 736 merchant marine vessels with a total capacity of 6.5 million tons. However, 62.9% of the country's sea freight traffic is carried out by foreign ships.

2.9. Socio-economic development of certain areas. The reasons for the unevenness in their socio-economic development. Equalization of levels of economic development.

Individual regions of India differ significantly in terms of the level of socio-economic development and economic specialization. Each such area covers several states connected by a single geographic and economic community, less often it is limited to one large state.

The economic-geographic regionalization of India is carried out by different researchers - Indian and foreign - in different ways. Some regional differences in the economic life of this great country are given by the economic regions allocated on its territory: North-East, West, South and Central-North.

North-East India is the most diversified economic region, within which a powerful industrial complex of the country has developed. The unique combination of minerals determines the active industrialization of the region, its transformation in the years of independence into the main coal and metallurgical base of India. In the valley of the river. Damodar concentrates about 60% of the country's coal deposits, including almost all the proven reserves of coking coal. The southern part of the Chota-Nagpur plateau is rich in high-quality iron ores. There are also concentrated large reserves of manganese ores and bauxite, well-known uranium deposits. There are abundant reserves of non-metallic minerals - mica, refractory clays, limestones, etc.

On this basis, various groups of industries are developing: ferrous metallurgy (there are four large metallurgical plants out of five), heat and power engineering, the mineral fertilizer industry and building materials, heavy metal-intensive machine building (production of mining and metallurgical equipment, excavators, vehicles - locomotives, railway cars), as well as the automotive industry, etc.

At the same time, the main crops of rice are concentrated in North-East India, almost all the production of jute and tea. The most important region-forming nucleus here is Calcutta and its agglomeration, which unites more than 70 cities. Kolkata, the former capital of British India, received an impetus for development during the colonial period. Kolkata today is a city of sharp social contrasts. Transport, housing, energy problems, as well as problems of water supply and food are very acute here. Today, almost all states of Northeast India are involved in its sphere of influence.

For some economic and geographical features Western india resembles the North-East: their latitudinal location is approximately the same, the levels of their economic development are similar. However, the difference in specialization appears quite clearly.

Western India is the main oil-bearing region of the country. Oil and gas exploration is underway in Gujarat in the Ankleshwar and Cambay Bay areas, as well as in the area of ​​the Bombay coastal loop ("Bombay Vault"). 12 million tons of iron and 5-6 million tons of manganese ore are mined annually in Goa. Gujarat accounts for 60% of the total Indian production of table salt.

The main agricultural crops in the West are groundnuts (peanuts), cotton, sugarcane (in Maharashtra). In arid regions, millet is sown, in the coastal lowlands and irrigated lands of river valleys - rice. Some areas are famous for their fruits. Livestock raising is comparatively developed, mainly dairy farming. There are many fishing farms along the entire coast of the Arabian Sea. Frozen fish from Gujarat goes even to the markets of Delhi. Maharashtra and Gujarat are the leading industrial states of India. Here one third of the enterprises of the organized sector of the country's manufacturing industry and 27% of those employed in it are concentrated. The traditionally developed cotton industry in recent decades has been widely supplemented by oil refining and petrochemistry, enterprises of medium and precision engineering. The chemical industry is developing rapidly, including the production of artificial fibers. The economic "heart" of Western India is Mumbai (Bombay) - the country's main seaport, one of the largest industrial, trade, transport, financial and cultural centers.

The economic potential of South India is noticeably inferior to the two regions considered above. Its economy is based on agriculture.

South India is an important rice-growing region, a major producer of cotton and oilseeds, coconuts, and the main tobacco-growing region. Millets are also widely cultivated as food crops. In the Nilgiri mountain range, there are plantations of tea, coffee (4/5 of the total Indian collection of coffee - in Karnataka) and rubber-bearing hevea (90% of plantings - in Karal). Important place occupies the production of spices and herbs: 96% of the collection of black pepper, about 755 - cardamom and 40% - of ginger comes from Kerala. The state is also a major supplier of cashew nuts. Sericulture is developed in Karnataka (4/5 of all Indian silk production).

Of the mineral resources of South India, bauxite, mica, manganese ore, lignites, and copper should be distinguished. Iron ore is mined in Selam (Tamil Nadu). Titanium and ilmenite are extracted from the coastal monazite sands of Kerala. In Kolar (Karnataka) there is the only gold mine in India - one of the deepest in the world; work in it is being carried out at a depth of 2895 m. uranium ore deposits are being developed in Anhra Pradesh. This state also accounts for 100% of the proven reserves of tungsten in India.

South India is actively expanding its industrial potential. The traditional industries - the processing of agricultural raw materials and the textile industry - have been supplanted in recent years by transport, medium and precision engineering, metallurgy, oil refining (Chinai, Hyderabad, Visakhapatni, etc.). South India is actively involved in the implementation of the Indian space program. There is a Satellite Development Center in Bangalore. In Trivandrum - the center for space science and technology, which operates the Tumba cosmodrome, from where meteorological rockets are launched. On the island of Sriharikota, north of Madras, a cosmodrome has been built to launch more powerful rockets, including the launch of artificial earth satellites into orbit.

The largest city in South India - Madras - the administrative center of the state of Tamil Nadu. It is the fourth largest city, one of the main ports and industrial hubs in the country.

Northern India, which coincides with the largest state - Uttar Pradesh, accounts for 9% of the territory and 1/6 of the country's population. It is the historical center of Indian culture. The ancients sacred cities Hardwar, Varanasi, Mathura inspired Indian philosophers, thinkers, poets and storytellers.

Uttar Pradesh is an agricultural state (86% of the population lives in rural areas), is the largest producer of cereals (about 21% of total Indian production), including wheat, rice, barley, corn, potatoes, fruits. The region provides half of the sugar cane. North India is one of the last places in India in terms of industrial production and the pace of economic development. Traditionally, the leading industrial sectors here have been the sugar industry, the production of vegetable oils and the processing of leather (Kanpur and Agra). Important centers for the training of scientific personnel are concentrated in Uttar Pradesh: hundreds of colleges, dozens of universities.

Central India is, in fact, the country's largest state in terms of area, Madya Pradesh (443.5 thousand km?). About 1/3 of the state's territory is covered with forests. Central India is still one of the most backward parts of the country. About 80% of the population lives in rural areas. Only 14% of the cultivated areas are irrigated. Main food crops: in the east - rice, in the west and northeast - wheat and just (jovar). The main industrial crop is coarse short-staple cotton. Oilseeds and sugarcane are cultivated. Programs for the widespread introduction of soybeans are being implemented. The industry is represented by cotton and butter factories, as well as sawmills, extraction of manganese ores. And bauxite. This state ranks 1st in the country for the extraction of limestone, thanks to which a large cement industry arose here. large-scale development of refractory clays and kaolin will be introduced. The only diamond deposit in India is being developed in Panna. At the same time, during the years of independence, industrial construction has noticeably revived here. With the help of the USSR, a metallurgical plant was built in Bhilai, an aluminum plant in Korba, and a number of enterprises in the machine-building, light industry, and electric power industry were built.

2.10. Foreign economic relations, export, import. Participation in international economic unions.

Foreign trade is of great importance for the country's economy. However, India is still weakly involved in the international division of labor. Foreign trade turnover - 104 billion dollars, 2001 (exports - $ 43 billion; imports - $ 61 billion).

The country exports fabrics, finished garments, jewelry and precious stones, agricultural and food products, machinery, as well as ore minerals, medicines and other goods. India accounts for 21% of world tea exports.

India exports iron ore mainly to Japan and also to some European countries.

In the commodity structure of imports, a large share of fuel resources, machinery, equipment, weapons, lubricating oils.

The largest trading partners of India are the USA (19.3% of exports and 9.5% of imports) Germany, Japan, Great Britain. Despite the Association for Regional Cooperation of South Asian Countries (SAARC) created in 1985, the scale of foreign trade with the closest neighbors of this bloc (Pakistan, Bangladesh, etc.) is small. India's trade ties with the countries of Southeast Asia are expanding.

India is a member of such organizations as:

AFBR - African Development Bank;

ADBR - Asian Development Bank;

TKK - Commodity Credit Corporation;

WHO - World organization health care;

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But let's take a look at everything that includes the geography of India's transport, and tell you more about how best to travel around this amazing country.

Trains

The most, as in any former British colony, is the railway. He connects almost everything here. settlements, and is very cheap.

But, if a tourist decides to use the services of railway workers, it is worth buying tickets at separate tourist offices, firstly, here you will avoid colossal queues. Secondly, although it is a little more expensive, it will be possible to purchase a ticket for a carriage with normal conditions and comfortable seating.
In total, there are three main branches of intercity trains.

Express "Shatabi"- walks between state capitals and just large industrial centers.
Express "Rajdhani"- connects the capital Delhi with administrative centers states.
Other express trains connect non-capital cities.

except fast trains, there is also a suburban service, which is distinguished by an extremely low level of service. It is better for an ordinary tourist not to travel in such trains, as there is a risk to life, health and material values.

If you want to see the distantly located cities of India, it is better to buy a universal ticket Indian Pass. This can be done both at the station and in the offices of travel agencies. For a week, a pass in a class carriage A1 (our SV) will cost about $ 270, but the price of an AC2 car (first class) will cost $ 130.

If you are offered cheap second class (AC3) or sleeping bag tickets, you better refuse. In such cars it is very dirty, crowded and there is always a risk of running into an adventure. Although the cost of tickets, with rare exceptions, does not exceed 20 rupees.

Airplane

Now let's talk about what the air of India is. Air traffic between cities within the country itself is developing rapidly. And the ticket prices, for the most part, are comparable to the railroad ones for the high classes. This allows a tourist to view many more sights of the country in a short time.

On average, a round-trip ticket around the country costs $ 80-100. Of course, not everyone wants to spend that kind of money. But if you do not want to waste hours on the train, then to save money it is better use Indian low-cost airlines Indigo or SpiceJet.

Automobile

A tourist who wants to see the real live India better to take a car. It should be noted that this type of transport is suitable only for experienced drivers. Given the chaos on the roads and left-hand traffic, this is a rather dangerous business. Speaking of the price here, a reliable minivan or SUV will cost a tourist around Rs 1,800-2,000 per day. When ordering a car for a week, the rental price can be reduced by 10-15%. But it depends on the rental.

If you are not confident in your abilities, it is better to pay a little extra and hire a transport right away with a local driver. So, in popular tourist centers Delhi or Goa, the first 80 km by car or minivan will cost you 1200 and 1800 rupees, respectively. After that, each next kilometer will amount to 13-15 rupees to the total cost.

A private car will be the best option for a group of tourists, but if you are traveling on your own, a scooter will be the best means of transportation. Its rent will cost only 200-300 rupees per day.

It should be noted separately that there is almost always no gasoline in rented vehicles. The rental will offer you to refuel with them, but the cost of such fuel can be several times higher than the usual retail price. So buy a few liters just to get to the nearest gas station.
And at the end I would like to add - it will not be a problem to pick up transport for travel here!